Chapter -4

3-Phase Induction Machines

 3-Phase Induction Machines
 A induction machine can be used as either induction generator or
induction generator
 An induction machine is a transformer with rotating secondary winding
 An induction machine is a singly fed ,thus it doesn't require commutator
,brush.
• This result in more rugged ,reliable and maintenance free
 The absence of brush eliminates the electrical losses due to the brush
voltage drop and the mechanical loss due to the friction between the
brushes and the commutators
 An induction machine carries alternating current in both the stator and
rotor winding
 There are two basic type of induction machine , single phase and poly
phase induction machine
 Single phase induction machine is favored for domestic application
 On the other hand the poly phase induction machines are used in the
commercial , industrial and utility applications
3-Phase Induction Machines
3-Phase IM mechanical construction
3-Phase IM mechanical construction
 The essential component of Induction machines are : stator , rotor and
enclosure
 The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as electromagnets
3-Phase IM mechanical construction
Stator
 The outer (stationary) member of an induction motor is called
the stator and is formed by stacking thin-slotted, highly
permeable steel laminations inside a steel or cast-iron frame.
 Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow
cylinder.
 Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
 Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds,
form an electromagnet.
 The stator windings are connected directly to the power source.
3-Phase IM mechanical construction
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic
circuit.
It can be found in two types:
Squirrel cage
Wound rotor
However, the most common type of rotor is the
“squirrel cage” rotor.
Squirrel Cage Rotor
3-Phase IM mechanical construction
 The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit and can be found into two
type
Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in the rotor slots and
shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
 Most common type of rotor

 Wound rotor type:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals
can be connected to external circuits through slip rings and
brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.
 Construction(rotor)
Wound Rotor

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Short circuits all

rotor bars.

/rotor winding
 Operating principle
 When the stator winding of the three phase induction motor is
connected to a three phase power supply ,it produces a rotating
magnetic field that
 Is constant in magnitude and revolves around the periphery of
the rotor at the synchronous speed

120 f
ns 
p
Where; p = is the number of poles, and
f = the frequency of supply

 The revolving field induces an emf in the rotor winding

 As the rotor windings form a closed loop, the induced emf in each coil
gives rise to an induced current
 When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field ,it
experience a torque that tends to rotate
 The torque thus developed is called the starting torque
 Operating principle
Slip Ring Rotor

•The rotor contains windings similar to stator.

•The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.
 Operating principle
Slip and Rotor speed
1. Slip s
– The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from the
speed of Rotating magnetic field. The % difference of the speed is
called slip.
ns  nr
s OR nr  ns (1  s)
ns

– Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)
– under normal operating conditions, s= 0.01 ~ 0.05, which is very
small and the actual speed is very close to synchronous speed.
– Note that : s is not negligible
 Operating principle
Slip and Rotor speed
• Rotor Speed
– When the rotor move at rotor speed, nr (rps), the stator flux will
circulate the rotor conductor at a speed of (ns-nr) per second.
Hence, the frequency of the rotor is written as:
f r  (ns  nr ) p
 sf
• Where; s = slip
f = supply frequency
Note :
At stator : ns  120 f
p

ns p
 f  .....( i )
120
At Rotor : ns  nr  120p f
( ns  nr ) p
 fr  .....( ii )
120
(ii )  (i ) : f  s. f
 Operating principle
Torque producing mechanism
 When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase
voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the windings,
hence the stator is energized.
 A rotating flux Φ is produced in the air gap. The flux Φ
induces a voltage Ea in the rotor winding (like a transformer).
 The induced voltage produces rotor current, if rotor circuit is
closed.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ, producing torque.
The rotor rotates in the direction of the rotating flux.
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
Conventional equivalent circuit
 Note:
● Never use three-phase equivalent circuit. Always
use per- phase equivalent circuit.
● The equivalent circuit always bases on the Y
connection regardless of the actual connection of
the motor.
● Induction machine equivalent circuit is very similar
to the single-phase equivalent circuit of
transformer. It is composed of stator circuit and
rotor circuit
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
• Step1 Rotor winding is open
(The rotor will not rotate)

f f

• Note:
– the frequency of E2 is the same as that of E1 since the rotor is at
standstill. At standstill s=1.
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
Step2 Rotor winding is shorted
(Under normal operating conditions, the rotor winding is shorted. The slip is s)

f fr

Note:
the frequency of E2 is fr=sf because rotor is
rotating.
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
• .Step3 Eliminate f2

Keep the rotor current same:

 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
• Step 4 Referred to the stator side
.

• Note:
– X’2 and R’2 will be given or measured. In practice, we do not have to
calculate them from above equations.
– Always refer the rotor side parameters to stator side.
– Rc represents core loss, which is the core loss of stator side.
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
.
• IEEE recommended equivalent circuit

• Note:
– Rc is omitted. The core loss is lumped with the
rotational loss.
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines
.
• IEEE recommended equivalent circuit
I1
X1 R1 X 2' R2'
1 s
V1 R2'
Xm s

Note: R2 can be separated into 2 PARTS

s
R2 R2 (1  s )
 R2 
s s
• Purpose :
– to obtain the developed mechanical
 Analysis of Induction Machines
• . For simplicity, let assume RR '
ZR   jX R ' ;
Is=I1 , IR=I2 s
(s=stator, R=rotor)
Z m  Rc // jX m ; Rc  neglected
Z m  jX m ; Rc  neglected
Z s  Rs  jX s ;
ZTotal  Z s  Z m // Z R 
Is1 Im1 IR1
Zs

Vs 1
I s1 
Vs1 Zm ZR

ZT
 Power flow diagram
.
3Vs I s cos 1hp  746W

Pin (Motor) Pdeveloped

Pin (Rotor) Pmechanical Pout, Po
Pair Gap Pconverted
Pin (Stator) (Pag) (Pm)

RR ' 1 s 
3I R ' 2 3I R '2 RR '  
s  s 

Pstator copper Pcore loss Protor copper Pwindage, friction,

loss, (Pscu) (Pc) loss (Prcu) etc
2 (P - Given)
2 V  3I R '2 RR '
3I s Rs 3 RM 
 Rc 
 Power flow diagram
• Ratio:
.
Pag Prcu Pm

RR ' 1 s 
2
3I R ' 2
3I R ' RR ' 3I R ' RR ' 
2

s  s 
1 1
1 1
s s
1 s 1 s
Ratio makes the analysis simpler to find the value of the particular power if we have
another particular power. For example:
Prcu s

Pm 1  s
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit

well-designed three-phase induction motor usually meets most of the following

guidelines

1. The stator winding resistance is kept small in order to reduce the stator
copper loss.
2. The stator winding leakage reactance is minimized by reducing the
mean-tum length of each coil.
3. Thin laminations of low-loss steel are used to cut down the core loss.
Thus, the equivalent core-loss resistance is usually high.
4. The permeability of steel selected for laminations is high, and the
operating flux density in the motor is kept below the knee of the
magnetization curve. Thus, the magnetization reactance is usually high.
 Equivalent Circuit Parameters

 The equivalent circuit parameters and the performance of a three –phase in

induction motor can be determined by performing four test
a) The stator resistance test
b) The blocked rotor
c) No load test
d) The load test

The stator resistance test

 This test is performing to determine the resistance of each phase of the winding
of the stator.
 Let R be the dc value of the resistance between any two terminals of the motor;
then the per-phase resistance is

 The measured value of the dc resistance can be multiplied by a factor ranging from
1.05 to 1.25 in order to converter it from dc value to ac values. This is done to
account for the skin effect
 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
The Blocked-Rotor Test
 This test, also called the locked-rotor test, is very similar to the
short-circuit test of a transformer. In this case, the rotor is held
stationary by applying external torque to the shaft
 The voltage is carefully increased from zero to a level at which
the motor
draws the rated current
 Since the rotor-circuit impedance is relatively small under
blocked-rotor condition(s = 1), the applied voltage is considerably
lower than the rated voltage of the motor.

 Thus the excitation current is quite small and can be

neglected. Under this assumption, the approximate Typical connection
equivalent circuit of the motor is given in Figure to perform test on
IM
on a per-phase basis. The total series impedance is
 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
The Blocked-Rotor Test
Since 𝑅1 , is already known from the stator resistance test, the equivalent rotor
resistance is

It is rather difficult to isolate the leakage reactance's 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 .

For all practical purposes, these reactance's are usually assumed to be equal
 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
The No-Load Test
 In this case the rated voltage is impressed upon the stator windings and the motor
operates freely without any load.
 This test, therefore, is similar to the open-circuit test on the transformer except that
friction and windage loss is associated with an induction motor.
 Since the slip is nearly zero, the impedance of the rotor circuit is almost infinite.

 Let 𝑊𝑜𝑐 , 𝐼𝑜𝑐 and 𝑉𝑜𝑐 ,, be the power input, the input current, and the rated
applied voltage on a per-phase basis under no-load condition.
 Let 𝑃𝑓𝑤 be the windage and frictional loss ,Then the power loss in 𝑅𝑐

Hence the core loss resistance is

 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
The No-Load Test
 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
The Load Test

 To experimentally determine the speed-torque characteristics and the efficiency of an

induction motor, couple the motor to a dynamometer and connect the three phase stator
windings to a balanced three-phase power source.
 If need be, the direction of rotation may be reversed by interchanging any two supply
terminals
 Efficiency
Pout
 100%
Pin
if Plosses are given,
Po  Pin  Plosses
Po  Pm  P
otherwise,
Pin  3 Vs I s cos 
Pout  x hp  746W  746 x Watt
 Maximum Efficiency Criterion

Considering the core loss as part of rotational loss , the input power to
the motor using the approximate equivalent circuit

Differentiating η with respect to 𝐼2 and setting the derivative equal to zero,

we obtain

It simply states that the efficiency of an induction motor is maximum when the sum of the stator and the rotor copper
losses is equal to the rotational loss
 Torque Equation

• Torque, can be derived from power equation in term of

mechanical power or electrical power.
2 n
Power, P  T , where   (rad / s)
60
60P
Hence, T 
2 n

Thus,
60Pm
Mechanical Torque, Tm 
2nr
60Po
Output Torque, To 
2nr
 Torque Equation
• Note that, Mechanical torque can written in terms of circuit
parameters. This is determined by using approximation method

R ' Hence, Plot Tm vs s

Pm  3I R ' R (1  s ) and Pm  rTm
2

s
Tmax
 2 RR '  Tm
3 I ' (1  s )
Pm  R s 
Tm   
r  r 
 
... Tst
...
...

 3(VRM ) 2   sRR ' 

Tm    2
 2 ns   ( RR ' )  ( sX R ' ) 
2 s=1 smax ns

smax is the slip for Tmax to occur

36
 Torque Equation
Starting Torque, s  1
 
 3(V )  
2
RR ' 
s
Tst     2
 2  ns    ( Rs  RR ' )  ( X s  X R ' ) 
2

  60  

 RR ' 
smax   
 ( R s )  ( X R ' ) 
2 2

 
 3(V ) 2   
1
Tmax  s  
   ns    Rs  ( Rs )  ( X s  X R ' ) 
2 2
 22  60    
    
37
 Speed Control

• There are 3 types of speed control of 3 phase

induction machines
i. Varying rotor resistance
ii. Varying supply voltage
iii. Varying supply voltage and supply frequency

38
 Varying rotor resistance
• For wound rotor only
• Speed is decreasing
T
• Constant maximum torque
• The speed at which max R1< R2< R3
torque occurs changes R1
nr1< nr2< nr3
R2
• Disadvantages: R3
T
– large speed regulation
– Power loss in Rext – reduce
the efficiency
nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n
s NL

39
 Varying supply voltage
• Maximum torque changes
• The speed which at max
torque occurs is constant (at T

max torque, XR=RR/s V1

V
decreasing
• Relatively simple method – V2 V1> V2 > V3
nr1> nr2 > nr3
uses power electronics circuit V3

for voltage controller

T
• Suitable for fan type load
• Disadvantages :
– Large speed regulation since ~ nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n
ns s NL

40
 Varying supply voltage and supply frequency

• The best method since

supply voltage and supply T f
decreasing
frequency is varied to
keep V/f constant
• Maintain speed regulation
T
• uses power electronics
circuit for frequency and
nr3 nr2 nr1 nNL1 n
voltage controller nNL3 nNL2

• Constant maximum
torque 41
Exercise taken from bhag.S.Guru

42
Exercise taken from bhag.S.Guru

43
Exercise taken from bhag.S.Guru

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