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By: Alexander Papazov

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The Central and
Peripheral
Nervous Systems
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Part 1: The Central Nervous System
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Strokes

▪ Strokes take place when a blood vessel to the brain gets


clogged, and the brain becomes oxygen deficient. A person that
has suffered from a stroke can experience many symptoms.
Most of them are related to normal everyday functions such as
speaking or just the ability to see.
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Broca’s Area

▪ An average healthy man


may suffer from a stroke,
and bounce back fairly
quick, but they still may
have disabilities. For
example, they may suffer
from broca’s aphasia. This
condition follows a stroke,
and impairs a person’s
ability to speak.
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The CNS and the PNS

▪ As you may know from


the last Power Point, the
nervous system (NS) is
split in two. The central
nervous system (CNS),
and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS).
The CNS includes the.
Brain and spinal chord,
whereas the PNS is made
up of all the other nerves.
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CPG’s
▪ You might have been
wondering how reflexes
work. If you don’t know that it
is happening, then what is?
There is a function called the
reflex arc. The fist step is one
of the principal functions,
sensory input. However,
instead of integration, central
pattern generators (CPG’s)
pick up the signal and
automatically send out a
signal. Since it never gets to
your brain, you have no
control over it.
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Protecting the Brain

▪ There are many layers


separating the brain
from the outside world.
Firstly, there is your
skin. Then there are
the three meninges,
the dura matter,
arachnoid, and pia
matter. In between the
pia matter and the
arachnoid there is
some cerebrospinal
fluid to top it off.
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The Frontal Lobe

▪ The frontal lobe is


found at the front of the
brain. It controls motor
skills, and tells you
what is right and
wrong. Since this part
is not fully developed
by age 16-18, people
that are younger have
a higher risk of
smoking, or making
bad decisions.
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Occipital Lobe

▪ The back part of the


brain contains the
occipital lobe. This is
the lobe that controls
seeing the world
around you.
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Parietal Lobe

▪ The parietal lobe


processes touch, pain,
and pressure.
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Temporal Lobe

▪ The temporal lobe


controls language. It
contains wernicke’s
area which is essential
to understand written
language. Wenicke’s
area also helps with
verbal language but
broca’s area (slide
one) helps with that.
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The Hyppocampus

▪ The hippocampus is
part of the limbic
system. The limbic
system controls
memories and
emotions.
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Amygdala

▪ The amygdala is
superior to the
thalamus but inferior
to the top of the
hippocampus. It
controls social
behavior.
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The Cerebellum and the Brain Stem

▪ The cerebellum
governs muscular
activity, and the brain
stem communicates
information from the
body, to the brain.
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The Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
Oblongata

▪ The midbrain, pons,


and medulla oblongata
control most of your
involuntary functions.
However, the midbrain
is the most important
since it carries out
most of those
involuntary functions.
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The Center of the Brain

▪ In the center of the


brain you will find
glands and parts of the
brain that carry out
harder, more complex
functions. The
thalamus,
hypothalamus,
epithalamus, and
mammillary bodies are
found there, and they
control homeostasis
and alertness.
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Part 2: The
Peripheral
Nervous
System
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What does the PNS do?

▪ The PNS (Peripheral


Nervous System) puts your
brain in touch with your
environment, and allows it
to respond. Without it, your
brain would hallucinate
without the constant flow of
information.
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Sensory Nerve Receptors

▪ Each type of sensory nerve


receptor responds to different
kinds of stimuli.
Thermoreceptors respond to
temperature, photoreceptors
to light, chemoreceptors to
chemicals,
mechanoreceptors to
pressure, touch, and
vibration, and then special
nociceptors for pain.
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Reflex Arc

▪ The reflex arc is the way your


body responds to pain. First
there is a stimulating event.
An example of such an event
would be stepping on a tack.
Then reception would take
place, that means your
nociceptors pick it up.

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