Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
The HanoiCTT
Chapter 2
}Objectives
1
The HanoiCTT
GENERAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
}Networking History
The HanoiCTT
• Standalone Device.
– Duplication of equipments and resources.
– Inability to communicate efficiently.
– Lack of networking management.
• LAN.
– Connects devices that are close together.
• WAN.
– Interconnects LANs across a large area.
2
}Analyzing network in layers
The HanoiCTT
What
What is
is flowing
flowing ??
Data
Data
What
What different
different forms
forms flow
flow ??
Text,
Text, Graphic,
Graphic, Video
Video ...
...
What
What rules
rules govern
govern flow
flow ??
Standard,
Standard, Protocol
Protocol ...
...
Where
Where does
does the
the flow
flow occur
occur ??
Cable,
Cable, Atmosphere
Atmosphere ......
}Communication
The HanoiCTT
• Transmission of information
• Examples:
– Speaking.
– Smoke signal.
– Body language.
– Morse.
– Telephone.
– Broadcast systems (radio, television).
– Internet
3
}Communication characteristics
The HanoiCTT
• Addresses
– What are the source and the destination of a communication
process?
• Media
– Where does the communication take place?
• Protocols
– How to make the communication process effectively?
Packets
Protocols
• Address
– Hello Mr.A, I am B
• Media
– Atmosphere
• Protocol
– Language
– Speed
– Handshaking
4
}Data Communication
The HanoiCTT
• Address
– Source address, Destination address
• Media
– Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere
• Protocol
– Format
– Procedure
}LAN Media
The HanoiCTT
5
}Protocol
The HanoiCTT
}Protocol examples
The HanoiCTT
• In transportation
• In communication
• In social
Brainstorming
6
The HanoiCTT
OSI MODEL
Standard
• Interconnection
Proprietary
• Development
• Simplification
TCP/IP DECNET
7
}OSI model development
The HanoiCTT
}OSI model
The HanoiCTT
8
}A layered model
The HanoiCTT
• Reduces complexity.
• Standardizes interfaces.
• Facilitates modular engineering.
• Ensures interoperable technology.
• Accelerates evolution.
• Simplifies teaching and learning.
9
}7 layers of the OSI reference model
The HanoiCTT
Data representation
Interhost communication
End-to-end connections
Access to media
Binary transmission
10
}7 layers of the OSI reference model
The HanoiCTT
Data representation
Interhost communication
11
}7 layers of the OSI reference model
The HanoiCTT
End-to-end connections
12
}7 layers of the OSI reference model
The HanoiCTT
Access to media
Binary transmission
• Transmission of an unstructured
bit stream over a physical link
between end systems.
– Electrical, mechanical,
procedural and functional
specifications
– Physical data rate
– Distances
– Physical connector
13
}7 layers of the OSI reference model
The HanoiCTT
Data representation
Interhost communication
End-to-end connections
Access to media
Binary transmission
}Air-
Air-mail
The HanoiCTT
14
}Encapsulation
The HanoiCTT
15
}Layer-
Layer-to-
to-layer communications
The HanoiCTT
Provide services
Request services
}Peer-
Peer-to-
to-peer communications
The HanoiCTT
16
}Protocols
The HanoiCTT
17
}TCP/IP model development
The HanoiCTT
• Layer 4: Application
• Layer 3: Transport
• Layer 2: Internet
• Layer 1: Network access
18
}The application layer
The HanoiCTT
19
}The internet layer
The HanoiCTT
20
}TCP/IP protocol stack
The HanoiCTT
21
}Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)
The HanoiCTT
Similarities:
– Both have layers.
– Both have application layers, though they
include very different services.
– Both have comparable transport and
network layers
– Packet-switched technology is assumed.
– Networking professionals need to know
both.
Differences:
– TCP/IP combines the presentation and
session layer issues into its application
layer.
– TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and
physical layers into one layer.
– TCP/IP appears simpler because it has
fewer layers.
– Typically networks aren't built on the OSI
protocol, even though the OSI model is
used as a guide.
22
}Focus of the CCNA curriculum
The HanoiCTT
}Summary
The HanoiCTT
23
The HanoiCTT
24