Design of Electrical Machine

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION

Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design - Electrical Engineering Materials – Space

factor – Choice of Specific Electrical and Magnetic loadings - Thermal considerations - Heat
flow – Temperature rise - Rating of machines – Standard specifications.

1. Define specific electric loading.

The specific electric loading is defined as the number of armature (or stator)
ampere conductors per metre of armature (or stator) periphery at the air – gap
Total armature ampere conductors Iz Z
Specific electric loading ac
Armature periphery at air gap πD

2. What are the major considerations in electrical machine design.

1. Cost
2. Durability
3. Compliance with the performance specification and consumer requirement.

3. What is meant by peripheral speed? Write the expression for peripheral

speed of a rotating machine.
The peripheral speed is translational speed is that may exist at the surface of rotor
while it is rotating.
Peripheral speed = Va = πDrn (m/s)
Dr = Diameter of rotor (m)
n = Speed of rotor (rps)

4. What is meant by magnetic loading?

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 The magnetic loading is the total flux around the armature periphery at the air gap.
Total magnetic loading = P = No of poles x flux/pole
5. Mention the main areas of design of electrical machines. [NOV/DEC 2012]
The main areas of design of electrical machines involve the dimensioning of the:
Magnetic circuit
Electric circuit
Insulation system

6. What are the important specifications of a DC machines as per IS 4722:1968?

1. Generator or motor, 2. Field excitation, 3. Type of field excitation, 4. Field

exciting voltage and current, 5. Rated output power, 6. Rated voltage, 7. Type of
enclosure, 8. Type of duty, 9.Rated current, 10. Speed

7. How materials are classified according to their degree of magnetism?

Classification of based on their degree of magnetism:

Ferromagnetic material
Paramagnetic material
Diamagnetic material

8. Compare radial and axial cooling of machine.

Radial
Radial cooling of machine
This method is used for cooling rotors
Air is forced through sub – slots only
Axial
Axial cooling of machine
This method used for stator
The air is forced through the air gap
from both ends

9. What is specific electric loading?

The specific electric loading is defined as the number of armature ampere
conductors per meter of armature periphery at the air gap.
Total armature ampere conductors
Specific electric loading ac=
Armature periphery at air gap
Iz Z
ac =
D
10. What is peripheral speed?
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10. What is peripheral speed?

The peripheral speed is a translational speed that may exist at the surface of the
rotor while it is rotating.
Peripheral speed Va = πDr in m/sec

11. Define gap contraction factor for slots and ducts.

a) Ratio of reluctance of air gap of slotted armature to reluctance of air gap of
smooth armature is called gap contraction factor for slots
Ys
K gs
Ys K cs w s
b) Ratio of reluctance of air gap with ducts of reluctance of air gap without ducts
is known as gap contraction factor for duct

L
K gd
L K cd nd w d
12. Define field form factor.
Average flux density Pole arc
Kg
Maximum flux density pole pith

13. List the advantages of direct cooling of rotating electrical machines.

1) Increase the machine rating.

2) The temperature gradients across slot insulation, teeth and surface barriers and
almost completely eliminated with the result that winding temperature are
considerably brought down.

14. How is magnetic leakage flux different from useful magnetic flux?
Useful magnetic flux is the flux established along useful path of magnetic circuit
whereas leakage magnetic flux which is established along paths that is not useful

15. What are the assumptions made to calculate the slot leakage?

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 1) The current in the slot conductors is uniformly distributed over their cross
section.
2) The leakage path is straight across the slot and around the iron at the bottom.
3) The permeance of air paths is only considered. The reluctance of iron paths is
assumed as zero.
16. How heat is produced in a rotating electrical machine?
It is produced on account of hysteresis loss, eddy current loss, friction loss,
winding loss and copper loss.

17. Distinguish between continuous rating and short time rating of electrical
machines.
Continuous Rating Short Time Rating
The continuous rating of a motor may Short time rating of a motor may be
be defined as the load that may be defined as its output at which it may be
carried by the machine for an indefinite operated for a certain specified time
time without the temperature rise of any without exceeding the maximum
part exceeding the maximum permissible value of temperature
permissible value.

18. What is the difference between real and apparent magnetic flux densities in
rotating machine?
Apparent flux density Real flux density
Apparent flux density is defined as Real flux density defined as

Total flux in a slot Actual flux in tooth

B app B real
Tooth area Tooth area
Bapp Breal 4 X 10 7 ( K s 1) Since some of the flux passes at real
(Ks-1) through slot, the real flux

Lys density is always less than the apparent

Where K s flux density
Liwt

19. What is optimum design?

Minimum loss (or) Maximum efficiency

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 Minimum cost
Minimum volume
Minimum weight
20. What is magnetic circuit?
The magnetic circuit is the path of magnetic flux. The mmf of the circuit creates
flux in the path against the reluctance of the path. The equation which relates flux,
mmf and reluctance is given by,
Flux= mmf/Reluctance

21. What is carter coefficient? What is the usefulness in the design of dc

machines?
The carter coefficient is a parameter that can be used to estimate the contracted or
effective slot pitch in case of armature with open or semi enclosed slots. It is a
function of the ratio of Wo/ lg, Where Wo is slot opening and lg is air – gap length.
The carter coefficient is also used to estimate the effective length of armature
when ducts are employed. In this case it will be a function of W d/ lg Where Wd is
the width of duct.
22. List the methods used for estimating mmf for teeth .
Graphical method
Three ordinate method (simpson’s rule)
Bt 1/3 method
23. What is real and apparent flux density? Or Distinguish between real and
apparent flux densities in the tooth section of slot?
The real flux density is due to the actual flux through a tooth. The apparent flux
density is due to total flux that has to be passing through the tooth. Since some of
the flux pass through slot, the real flux density is always less than the apparent or
total flux density.
Total flux in a slot pitch Actual flux in a tooth
B app B real
Tooth area Tooth area
24. Define slot space factor or insulation factor.

The slot space factor is defined as the ratio of conductor area to slot area.

Slot space factor = Conductor area/ Slot area

25. List the different types of slots that are used in rotating machines.
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 Parallel sided slots with flat bottom

Tapered slots with flat bottom

Parallel sided slots with circular bottom

Tapered slots with circular bottom

Circular slots

26. What is fringing flux?

The bulging of magnetic path at the air – gap id called fringing. The fluxes in the
bulged portion are called fringing flux.

27. Write any two differences between magnetic and electrical circuits.

When the current flows in electric circuit the energy is spent continuously,
whereas in magnetic circuit the energy is needed only to create the flux but not
to maintain it.

Current actually flows in the electric circuit, whereas the flux does not flow in
a magnetic circuit but it is assumed to flow.