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MATHEMATICS
FORM 3
Authors
Chiu Kam Choon
Vincent De Selva A/L Santhanasamy
Punithah Krishnan
Raja Devi Raja Gopal
Editor
Premah A/P Rasamanie
Designers
Lim Fay Lee
Nur Syahidah Mohd Sharif
Illustrators
Asparizal Mohamed Sudin
Mohammad Kamal B Ahmad
ii
Contents
Introduction v
CHAPTER Indices 1
1 1.1 Index Notation 2
1.2 Law of Indices 6
Saiz sebenar
iii
CHAPTER Angles and Tangents of Circles 128
6
6.1 Angle at the Circumference and Central Angle Subtended
by an Arc 130
6.2 Cyclic Quadrilaterals 144
6.3 Tangents to Circles 150
6.4 Angles and Tangents of Circles 160
Answers 252
Glossary 262
References 263
Index 264
Saiz sebenar
iv
Introduction
This Form 3 Mathematics Textbook is prepared based on Kurikulum Standard Sekolah
Menengah (KSSM). This book contains 9 chapters arranged systematically based on Form
3 Mathematics Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran (DSKP).
At the beginning of each chapter, students are introduced to stimulating materials related
to daily life to stimulate their thinking about the topic. In addition, Learning Standard and
word list also give a visual summary about the chapter’s content.
Exploring
Exploring Era
Era
History of ancient academy or original exploration
of the chapter in Mathematics.
WORD B A N K Word list contained in each chapter.
TIPS
Exposes students to additional knowledge that they
need to know.
Presents mind-stimulating questions for enhancement
SMART MIND of students’ critical and creative thinking. Saiz sebenar
v
Description
SMART FINGER
1,234567.89
7 8
4 5
1 2
AC 0
9 ÷
6 x
3 -
. +
Shows the use of scientific calculators in calculations.
P R O J E C T
Enables students to carry out assignments and then
present their completed work in class.
Test students’ understanding on the concepts they
MIND TEST
have learnt.
Indicates HOTS questions to help in developing
students’ higher order thinking skills.
Prepares more diversified exercises which
Dynamic Challenge incorporate the elements of LOTS, HOTS, TIMSS
and PISA assessment.
Saiz sebenar
vi
Symbols and Formulae
SYMBOLS
√ root > is more than or equal to
π pi , is less than
a : b ratio of a to b < is less than or equal to
A × 10n standard form where ∆ triangle
1 < A , 10 and n is an integer ∠ angle
= is equal to ° degree
≈ is approximately equal to ' minute
≠ is not equal to '' second
. is more than
FORMULAE
am × an = am + n sin θ
tan θ = ——–
am ÷ an = am – n cos θ
(am)n = amn
Pythagorean theorem:
a0 = 1
1 c2 = a2 + b2
a–n = —
an c b
1
b 2
= c2 – a2
a—n = n√ a
m 1
— 1
a a 2
= c2 – b2
a—n = (am) n = (a—n )m
m Distance between
a—n = n√ am = (n√ a )m = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
two points
I = Prt
MV = P(1 + —) r nt
n
(
Midpoint = ———,
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
2
———
2 )
A = P + Prt
opposite side vertical distance
sin θ = ——————– Gradient, m = ————————
horizontal distance
opposite side
hypotenuse
e
us
adjacent side y2 – y1
ten
hypotenuse x2 – x1
hy
θ
opposite side y-intercept
tan θ = ——————– adjacent m = – —————
adjacent side side x-intercept
Download the free QR Code scanner to your mobile devices. Scan QR Code or visit
the website http://bukutekskssm.my/Mathematics/F3/Index.html to download files for
brainstorming. Then, save the downloaded file for offline use.
Note: Students can download free GeoGebra and Geometer’s Sketchpad (GSP)
software to open related files.
http://bukutekskssm.
my/Mathematics/F3/ Saiz sebenar
Index.html
vii
CHAPTER Indices
1
What will you learn?
Why
Why dodo you
you learn
learn this
this chapter?
chapter?
Why do you learn this chapter?
• Writing a number in index notation enables the
number stated in a simple and easily understood
form. Various operations of mathematics that
involve numbers in index notation can be
performed by using laws of indices.
• Concept of index is used in the fields of science,
engineering, accounting, finance, astronomy,
computer and so on.
http://bukutekskssm.my/Mathematics/F3/
ExploringEraChapter1.pdf
WORD B A N K
• base • asas
• factor • faktor
• index • indeks
• fractional index • indeks pecahan
• power • kuasa
• root • punca kuasa
• index notation • tatatanda indeks
Saiz sebenar
1
1.1 Index Notation
1
LEARNING
STANDARD
The development of technology not only makes most of our daily tasks
Represent repeated
easier, it also saves cost of expenses in various fields. For instance, multiplication in index form
the use of memory cards in digital camera enables users to store and describe its meaning.
photographs in a large number and to delete or edit unsuitable
photographs before printing.
DISCUSSION CORNER
Discuss the value of the
capacity of a pen drive.
BULLETIN
The nuclear fission of
uranium U-320 follows the
pattern 30, 31, 32, …
In the early stage, memory cards were made with a capacity of 4MB. The capacity was
increased with time and the needs of users. Did you know that the value of capacity of memory
cards is calculated using a special form that is 2n?
In Form 1, you have learnt that 43 = 4 × 4 × 4. The number 43 is written in index notation, 4
is the base and 3 is the index or exponent. The number is read as ‘4 to the power of 3’.
Hence, a number in index notation or in index form can be written as;
an Index
Base
You have also learnt that 42 = 4 × 4 and 43 = 4 × 4 × 4. For example;
4 × 4 = 4 2 The value of index is 2
Repeated two times The value of index is the same as the number of times
4 is multiplied repeatedly.
4 × 4 × 4 = 4 3 The value of index is 3
Repeated three times
The value of index is the same as the number of times
4 is multiplied repeatedly.
Example 1
Write the following repeated multiplications in index form an. REMINDER
(a) 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 (b) 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3
25 ≠ 2 × 5 43 ≠ 4 × 3
1 1 1 1 1 an ≠ a × n
(c) (–2) × (–2) × (–2) (d) — × — × — × — × —
4 4 4 4 4
Saiz sebenar
(e) m × m × m × m × m × m × m (f) n × n × n × n × n × n × n × n
2
Chapter 1 Indices
Solution:
(a) 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 56 (b) 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 = (0.3)4
1
repeated six times repeated four times
( )
CHAPTER
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
(c) (–2) × (–2) × (–2) = (–2)3 (d) — × — × — × — × — = —
4 4 4 4 4 4
repeated three times
repeated five times
(e) m × m × m × m × m × m × m = m7 (f) n × n × n × n × n × n × n × n = n8
repeated seven times repeated eight times
From the solution in Example 1, it is found that the value of index in an index form is the same as
the number of times the base is multiplied repeatedly. In general,
an = a × a × a × … × a ; a ≠ 0
n factors
n0 (0.2)9 6
n
9
x20 ( )
1
2—
3
2
x
4
2
8 8
3. Convert the numbers or algebraic terms in index form into repeated multiplications.
(a) (–3)3
( ) (b) (2.5)4
2
(c) —
5
3 4
1 3
(d) – 2 — ( )
(g) (—
m )
1 6 7
8
k
(e) (f) (–p) (h) (3n)5
Saiz sebenar
3
How do you convert a number into a number in index LEARNING
form? STANDARD
1
A number can be written in index form if a suitable base is selected. You Rewrite a number in index
form and vice versa.
CHAPTER
Example 2 FLASHBACK
Write 64 in index form using base of 2, base of 4 and base of 8. 4 × 4 × 4 = 43
Solution:
4
Chapter 1 Indices
Example 3
32 2
Write ——– in index form using base of —.
1
3 125 5
CHAPTER
Solution:
Repeated Division Method Repeated Multiplication Method
—
2 2 2 2 2
×—×—×—×—
2 ) 32 5 ) 3 125
5 5 5 5 5
2 ) 16 5 ) 625
2 ) 8 4
n=5 n=5 5 ) 125 —–
2 ) 4 25
5 ) 25
2 ) 2 5 ) 5 8
—–
1 1 125
16
—–
32
Hence, ——– = —
3 125
2
5( ) 5 625
32
——–
3 125
32
Hence, ——– = —
3 125 ( )
2
5
5
1. Write each of the following numbers in index form using the stated base in brackets.
(a) 81
[base of 3] (b) 15 625
64
[base of 5] (c) —–
125 [
base of —
4
5 ]
(d) 0.00032 [base of 0.2] (e) – 16 384 [base of (– 4)] (f)
1
—
16 [
base of – — ( )]
1
4
How do you determine the value of the number in index form , an?
The value of an can be determined by repeated multiplication method or using a scientific
calculator.
Example 4
Calculate the values of the given numbers in index form. QU I Z
(a) 25 (b) (0.6)3 (m)4 = 16
What are the possible
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 values of m?
4 × 2 0.36 × 0.6
8 × 2 0.216
16 × 2 0.63 = 0.216
32
Hence, 25 = 32 Hence, 0.63 = 0.216 Saiz sebenar
5
Example 5 SMART FINGER
1,234567.89
7 8
4 5
1 2
AC 0
9 ÷
6 x
3 -
. +
REMINDER
(a) 54 = 625 5 ^ 4 = Negative or fractional base
1
( (–) 7 ) ^ 3 =
calculator to calculate
3 ( )
2 4 16
(c) — = —–
81
( 2 ab/c 3 ) ^ 4 =
values of given numbers.
(d) (1—) = —–
3 264 DISCUSSION CORNER
( 1 ab/c 3 ab/c 5 ) ^ 2 =
5 25
Calculate questions (c),
(e) (– 0.5)6 = 0.015625
( (–) 0 . 5 ) ^ 6 = (d) and (e) in Example 5
without using brackets.
Are the answers the
same? Discuss.
MIND TEST 1.1c
1. Calculate the value of each of the following numbers in index form.
(a) 94
(b) (– 4)5 (c) (2.5)3 (d) (– 3.2)3
3
(e)
( )
—
5
8 6 3 3 ( ) 1
(f) – —
4 2
(g) 1 —
2
( ) 1 3
(h) – 2 — ( )
1.2 Law of Indices
6
Chapter 1 Indices
1
(c) 54 × 52
(5 × 5 × 5 × 5) × (5 × 5) = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 56
CHAPTER
54 × 52 = 5
54 × 52 = 5
Discussion:
What is your conclusion regarding the relationship between multiplication of numbers in index
form and repeated multiplication?
1
(c) 2k2 × 4k3 (d) 3m4 × —m5 × 12m
6
= (2 × 4)(k2 × k3) 1
= (3 × — × 12) (m4 × m5 × m1)
Operation of 6
the coefficients
= 8k 2 + 3 = 6m4 + 5 + 1 SMART MIND
= 8k 5 = 6m10 a b 8 If m × m = m , such
that a > 0 and b > 0,
what are the possible
MIND TEST 1.2a values of a and b?
8
Chapter 1 Indices
1
5 factors
(a) 45 ÷ 42
CHAPTER
—
4 5 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 43
= —————––––
42 4×4 3 factors (Remainder)
2 factors
45 ÷ 42 = 4 3 3=5–2
45 ÷ 42 = 4 5–2
6 factors
(b) 26 ÷ 22
—
2 6 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24
= —————––––—–
22 2×2 4 factors (Remainder)
2 factors
26 ÷ 22 = 2
26 ÷ 22 = 2
5 factors
(c) (–3)5 ÷ (–3)3
( —
–3)5 (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × (–3) = (–3) × (–3) = (–3)2
— = —————––––—–––——––
(–3)3 (–3) × (–3)× (–3) 2 factors (Remainder)
3 factors
(–3)5 ÷ (–3)3 = (–3)
(–3)5 ÷ (–3)3 = (–3)
Discussion:
What is the relationship between division of numbers in index form and repeated
multiplication?
In general, am ÷ an = a m – n
Example 8
Simplify each of the following.
(a) 54 ÷ 52 (b) (–3)4 ÷ (–3)2 ÷ (–3) (c) m4n3 ÷ m2n
(d) 25x2y3 ÷ 5xy (e) 12m10 ÷ 4m5 ÷ m2 (f) –16p8 ÷ 2p5 ÷ 4p2
Solution:
(a) 54 ÷ 52 (b) (–3)4 ÷ (–3)2 ÷ (–3) (c) m4n3 ÷ m2n
= 5 4 – 2 4 2
= (–3) ÷ (–3) ÷ (–3) 1 = m4n3 ÷ m2n1
= 52 = (–3)4 – 2 – 1 = m4 – 2 n3 – 1
= (–3)1 = m2 n2
= –3 Saiz sebenar
9
(d) 25x2y3 ÷ 5xy (e) 12m10 ÷ 4m5 ÷ m2 (f) –16p8 ÷ 2p5 ÷ 4p2
12 –16
= 25x2y3 ÷ 5x1y1
= — (m10 ÷ m5 ÷ m2) = —– (p8 ÷ p5) ÷ 4p2
4 2
1
5
Operation of the
1y2 coefficients = 3m5 – 2 = –8p3 ÷ 4p2
=
5x 8 (p3 ÷ p2)
= 5xy2 = 3m3 = – —
4
= –2p3 – 2
= –2p1
= –2p
10
Chapter 1 Indices
1
3 factors
(b) (54)3
CHAPTER
54 × 54 × 54 (54)3 = 5
= 54 + 4 + 4
3 times 4 is added 3 times = 5
= 54(3)
6 factors
(c) (43)6
43 × × 43 × 43 × 43 × 43
43 (43)6 = 4
= 43 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
6 times 3 is added 6 times
= 4
= 43(6)
Discussion:
What is your conclusion regarding the index form raised to a power and repeated multiplication
in index form?
Example 9
1. Simplify each of the following.
(a) (34)2 (b) (h3)10 (c) ((–y)6)3
2. Determine whether the following equations are true or false.
(a) (42)3 = (43)2 (b) (23)4 = (22)6 (c) (32)6 = (272)4 Saiz sebenar
11
Solution:
1. (a) (34)2 (b) (h3)10 (c) ((–y)6)3
= (–y)6(3)
1
= 34(2)
= h3(10)
= (–y)18
CHAPTER
= 3 8 = h30
2. (a) (42)3 = (43)2 (b) (23)4 = (22)6 (c) (32)6 = (272)4
left right left right left right
Left: Left: Left:
(42)3 = 42(3) = 46 (23)4 = 23(4) = 212 (32)6 = 32(6) = 312
Same Same
Right: Right: Right:
(43)2 = 43(2) = 46 (22)6 = 22(6) = 212 (272)4 = (33(2))4 Not the
same
Hence, (42)3= (43)2
Hence, (23)4 = (22)6 = 36(4)
is true. is true. = 324
Hence, (32)6 = (272)4
is false.
How do you use law of indices to perform operations of multiplication and division?
(am × bn)q
= (am)q × (bn)q (ambn)q = amq bnq
= amq × bnq
(am ÷ bn)q
( )
am
q amq
= (am)q ÷ (bn)q —– =
—
–
bn bnq
= amq ÷ bnq
Example 10
12
Chapter 1 Indices
Solution:
FLASHBACK
(a) (73 × 54)3 (b) (24 × 53 × 112)5
am × an = am + n
1
= 73(3) × 54(3) = 24(5) × 53(5) × 112(5) am ÷ an = am – n
CHAPTER
= 79 × 512 = 220 × 515 × 1110 (am)n = amn
(e)
( )
25
4
—2
3
2x3 4
(f) —–7
3y ( ) DISCUSSION CORNER
5(4)
2 24 x3(4)
= —– = —––– Why is 1n = 1 for all
32(4) 34y7(4) values of n?
220
16x12 Discuss.
= —– 8
= —–––
3 81y28
( ) ( )
5
–3a 6 2a5 3
(e) (m3n4p2)5 (f) (2w2 x 3)4 (g) ——– (h) —––
b4 3b4
2. Simplify each of the following.
(a) (
113 × 42 2
——–—
112 )
33 × (62)3
(b) ————
64
(c) ( )
42 3 42
—–
63 63
÷ —– (d)
((– 4)6)2 × (–52)3
———————
(– 4)6 × (–5)2
x2y6 × x3 (h3k2)4 (m5 n7)3 (b2d4)3
(e) ————
2
(f) ———
2
(g) ———– (h) ———
xy (hk) (m2n3)2 (b2d3)2
3. Simplify each of the following.
(2m2n4)3 × (3mn4)2 (5xy4)2 × 6x10y 24d 3e 5 × (3d 3e 4)2
(a) ———————–
7 12
(b) ——————
4 6
(c) ——————––
12m n 15x y (d 5e 6) × (6de 2)3 Saiz sebenar
13
1 LEARNING
How do you verify a0 = 1 and a–n = — ; a ≠ 0?
an STANDARD
1
Verify that a0 = 1
Brainstorming 4
CHAPTER
1
In pairs and a–n = ––
n ; a ≠ 0.
a
Aim: To determine the value of a number or an algebraic term with
a zero index.
Steps:
1. Study and complete the following table.
2. What is your conclusion regarding zero index?
m×m×m×m×m
(d) m5 ÷ m5 m5 – 5 = m0 ———————––– =1 m0 = 1
m×m×m×m×m
(c) 54 ÷ 54
(e) n6 ÷ n6
Discussion:
1. Are your answers similar with other groups?
2. What is your conclusion regarding zero index?
Therefore, a number or an algebraic term with a zero index will give a value of 1.
In general, a0 = 1 ; a ≠ 0
1
How do you verify a–n = ––– ?
an
Brainstorming 5 In groups
1
Aim: To verify a–n = —n .
a
Steps:
Saiz sebenar
1. Study and complete the following table.
14
Chapter 1 Indices
Solution Conclusion
Division in
index form from the
Law of indices Repeated multiplication
1
solution
CHAPTER
2×2×2 1 1 1
(a) 23 ÷ 25 23 – 5 = 2–2 —————–––– = –––– = –– 2 –2 = ––2
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 2 × 2 22 2
m×m 1 1 1
(b) m2 ÷ m5 m2 – 5 = m–3 –––——————— = ——––––– = ––3 m –3 = –––
m×m×m×m×m m×m×m m m3
(c) 32 ÷ 36
(e) p4 ÷ p8
Discussion:
1. Are your answers similar with other groups?
2. What is your conclusion? Scan the QR Code or visit
http://bukutekskssm.my/
From Brainstorming 5, it is found that; Mathematics/F3/Chapter1
AlternativeMethod.mp4
1 to watch a video that
2–2 = —
22 describes alternative
1
1 method to verify a–1 = —.
m–3 = —3 an
m
BULLETIN
1
In general, a–n = ––n ; a ≠ 0 Negative index is a
a
number or an algebraic
Example 11 term that has an index of
a negative value.
1. State each of the following terms in positive index form.
1 TIPS
(a) a –2 (b) x – 4 (c) –––
8–5 1
♦ a–n = ––
1 3 – 8 an
(d) ––– –9 (e) 2m –3 (f) — n 1
y 5 ♦ an = –––
a–n
(g)
( )
2
–10
–– (h)
3
x –7
––
y ( ) ( ) ( )
a –n
♦ –– = ––
b a
b n
n20
(d)
4
8 m 15
(e) –– (f)
5
––
n ( ) ( ) SMART MIND
( ) = (––3
) (h) (––x y ) = (––y x )
CHAPTER
2 3 – 8 3 2 –10 10 –7 7
(e) 2m–3 = —3 (f ) — n = —– (g) ––
m 5 5n8 3 2
1 1 1 20 1
2. (a) —4 = 3– 4 (b) —5 = m–5 (c) 75 = — (d) n = —–
3 m 7–5 n–20
( ) ( )
4 8
5 4
5
–8
(e) –– = –– (f) –– = –– ( ) ( )
m 15 n –15
n m
TIPS
(24)2 × (35)3 (4xy2)2 × x5y
3. (a) 32 × 34 ÷ 38 (b) ————— (c) —————
(28 × 36)2 (2x3y)5 y0 = 1
= 32 + 4 – 8
28 × 315
42x2y4 × x5y1 y1 = y
= 3–2 = ———– = —————
1 216 × 312 25x15y5
= —
= 28 – 16 × 315 – 12
32 16
= 2– 8 × 33 = — x2 + 5 – 15 y4 + 1 – 5
32
33
1
= —8 = — x– 8 y0
2 2
1
= —–8
2x
(—2
(k)
) (l)
5 (– —3
–12
) (m)
7 (—yx 2x 1
) (n)
–14
(—– )
3y
(o) (—)
–10
2x
– 4 –5
16
Chapter 1 Indices
1
1
—
Relationship between n√a and a n relationship between
CHAPTER
fractional indices and
In Form 1, you have learnt about square and square root as well as cube roots and powers.
and cube root. Determine the value of x for
x2 = 9
(a) (b) x3 = 64 TIPS
Solution: ♦ 9 = 32 ♦ 64 = 43
x2 = 9
(a) Square roots are used (b) x3 = 64
to eliminate squares.
√x2 = √32 3√x3 = 3√43 Cube roots are used to
eliminate cubes.
x = 3 x = 4
Did you know that the values of x in examples (a) and (b) above can be determined by raising the
index to the power of its reciprocal?
Example 12
1
—
1. Convert each of the following terms into the form a n .
2√36
(a) (b) 3√–27 (c) 5√m (d) 7√n
2. Convert each of the following terms into the form n√a .
1 1 1 1
— — — —
(a) 125 5 (b) 256 8 (c) (–1 000) 3 (d) n 12
3. Calculate the value of each of the following terms.
1 1
— —
5√–32
(a) (b) 6√729 (c) 512 3 (d) (–243)5
Solution:
1 1 1 1
— — — —
1. (a) 2√36 = 36 2 (b) 3√–27 = (– 27) 3 (c) 5√m = m 5 (d) 7√n = n 7
1 1
– 1 1
— — —
2. (a) 125 5 = 5√125 (b) 2568 = 8√256 (c) (–1 000) 3 = 3√(–1 000) (d) n12 = 12√n
Saiz sebenar
17
(c) 512 3 = 83(–3) (d) (–243) 5 = (–3)5 (—5 )
1 1 1– 1 1
— 1
(b) 6√729 = 729 6
— —
3. (a) 5√–32 = (–32) 5
= (–3)1
(—5 ) = 36 (—6 )
1
= (–2)5
1
= 81
1
= –3
=8
CHAPTER
= (–2)1 = 31
= –2 =3 TIPS
You can use a scientific
calculator to check the
1.2g answers.
MIND TEST
1. Convert each of the following terms into the form a–n .
1
3 125 (b)
7 2 187 (c) 5√–1 024 10
(a) √ √ (d) √n
2. Convert each of the following terms into the form n√a.
1 1 1 1
— — — ––
(a) 4 2 (b) 32 5 (c) (–729) 3 (d) n 15
3. Calculate the value of each of the following terms.
1 1
3 343 (b)
5 –7 776 — —
(a) √ √ (c) 262 144 6 (d) (–32 768) 5
m 1 1
What is the relationship between a—n and (am)— n )m, n√am dan (n√a)m?
n , (a—
m 1 1
From the two laws of indices above, we can convert a—n into (am)— n , (a—
n )m, n am and (n a)m.
√ √
Calculate the value of each of the following. Complete the table as shown in example (a).
m 1 1
a—n (am)—n (a—n )m n
√a
m (n√a)m
1 1 3√642
(a) 64—3
2
(642) 1 —
3 (64 ) —3 2 (3√64)2
(—3 )
=4( ) 3— 1
(2) 3
= √4 096 = 42
= 4 096 3
= 163 ( 3 )
1
—
= 42 = 16 = 16
= 16 = 16
3
(b) 16—4
2
(c) 243—5
Are your answers in (b) and (c) the same when you use different index forms? Discuss.
Saiz sebenar
18
Chapter 1 Indices
Example 13
–1 –1
1. Convert each of the following into the form (am) n and (a n )m.
1
3 2 3
— — —
(a) 81 2 (b) 27 3 (c) h 5
CHAPTER
2. Convert each of the following into the form n√am and (n√a)m.
2 5 2
— — (c) m—
(a) 343 3 (b) 4 096 6 5
Solution:
3 1 2 1 3 1
— — — — — —
1. (a) 81 2 = (813) 2 (b) 27 3 = (272) 3 (c) h 5 = (h3) 5
3 1 2 1 3 1
— — — — — —
81 2 = (81 2 )3
27 3 = (27 3 )2 h 5 = (h 5 )3
2 5 2
— — (c) m—5 = 5√m2
2. (a) 343 3 = 3√3432 (b) 4 096 6 = 6√4 0965
2 5 2
— —
343 3 = (3√343)2 4 096 6 = (6√ 4 096)5 m—5 = (5√m)2
(—1681) (—hk )
3 2
m
— 5
— 3
— 3
— 2
— — —
an 729 6 121 2 w7 x5 4 3
1
—
(am) n
1
—
(a n )m
n m
√a
(n√ a )m
Example 14
1. Calculate the value of each of the following.
5 5
(a) 9—2 (b) 16—4
Solution:
5 5
1. (a) 9—2 (b) 16—4
5 5
Method 1 9—2 = (√9)5 = (3)5 = 243 —
Method 1 16 4 = (4√16)5 = 25 = 32
5 5
Method 2 9—2 = √95 = √59 049 = 243
Method 2 16—
4
= 4√165 = 4√1 048 576 = 32
Saiz sebenar
19
MIND TEST 1.2i
1
2
— 2
— 2
— 3
—
(a) 27 3 (b) 32 5 (c) 128 7 (d) 256 8
4
— 2
— 3
— —3
(e) 64 3 (f) 1 024 5 (g) 1 296 4 (h) 49 2
1
— 3
— 2
— 3
—
(i) 2 401 4 (j) 121 2 (k) 2 197 3 (l) 10 000 4
2. Complete the following diagrams with correct values.
(a) (b) 3
�√6 561� —
25�
�
— 3� 5� 125�
27 3
81 125
4 3 �
9�
— — —
243� 3 125� 625 4
Example 15
1. Simplify each of the following.
—3 —1 1
—
(–3x)3 × (2x3y– 4)2 √ m n 4 × (mn3) 3 (2h)2 × (16h8) 4
(a) ——————––– (b) ——————–– 1 (c) ——————–
1
108x4 y3 (m–1 √n3)—6 (8—3 h)–2
Solution:
3 1 1
—
— —
(–3x)3 × (2x3y– 4)2 √m n 4 × (mn3) 3 (2h)2 × (16h8) 4
(a) ——————––– (b) ——————–– 1 (c) ——————– 1
108x4 y3 (m–1 √n3)— 6 (8— 3 h)
–2
4× m3 n ( 3)
1 3 1 3— 1
3x3 × 22x3(2)y– 4(2) m— 2 n— —
22h2 × 16—4 h8(—4 )
1 1
(–3) ——————–—–– ——————–– = —
—————–
= =
m–1(–6 )n—2 (–6 )
1 3 1 1
108x4 y3 8—(–2) 3 h(–2)
1
2 h × 2 (—4 )h8(— 4 )
—1 — 3 — 1 1
2 n 4 × m 3 n1 2 2 4
–27x3× 4x6y–8 m
= ——————–
= —————— = ——————–
108x y 4 3 m 6 n 4– —1 1
— 2 3 3( 1
– ) (–2)h (–2)
2h2 × 21h2
( )
2
= m 2 + 3 ( 6)n 4 + 1 4
3
–27 × 4 1
— —––– —1 1 1
–—
= ————–
= ——— x3 + 6 – 4 y – 8 – 3 2–2 h–2
108 1 n—
3
= –1 x5 y–11 = m 2
= 22 + 1 – (–2) h2 + 2 – (–2)
3
—
= mn 2 = 25 h6
x5
= – —–
Saiz sebenar = 32 h6
y11
20
Chapter 1 Indices
Example 16
1. Calculate the value of each of the following.
1
1 1 3
— 1
–— 4
— 3
—
49—2 × 125– —3 16 4 × 81 4 (243 5 × 5 2 )2
CHAPTER
(a) ———————– (b) —————– (c) —————–
4√2 401 × 5√3 125 1
(26 × 34)—2 4√81 × √254
Solution:
1 1 3
— 1
–— 4
— 3
—
49—2 × 125– —3 16 4 × 81 4 (243 5 × 5 2 )2
(a) ——————— (b) —————– (c) —————
4√2 401 × 5√3 125 1
(26 × 34)—2 4√81 × √254
24 ( 4 ) × 34 ( 4 )
2(—) 13(– —) 1 3 1 4 (2) 3 (2)
7 2 × 5 3
— –— —
243 5 × 5 2
—
= ——————–
4 —1
5 1
— = —————–– = ————––––––
(7 ) 4 × (5 ) 5 26 (—2 ) × 34 (—2 )
3 1 2 1 1 4
— —
81 4 × 25 2
71 × 5–1 23 × 3–1
3 ( 5 )× 5
8
5— 3
= ———– = ———–
71 × 51 23 × 32 = ————––
3 (4) ×5 (2)
4—1 2—4
1
— 2 1
9 512 × 3 343 × 121
√ √ √ (24 × 36) 2 × 3√8 × √81 64—3 × 3√125 × (2 × —
5)
–3
(d) ————————––––––
1 3 1
(e) ———————–—–
3 1
(f) —————————–
(64)—3 × (81)—4 × (14 641)—
4 16—4 × 27—
3 42 × 4√625
m 1 n
÷ 812m .
— (– —) —
3. Given m = 2 and n = –3, calculate the value of 64 3 × 512 n
2
1 and b = —, —a
4. Given a = — calculate the value of 144a ÷ 64b × 256 b . Saiz sebenar
2 3
21
How do you solve problems involving laws of indices? LEARNING
STANDARD
Solve problems involving
1
laws of indices.
CHAPTER
FLASHBACK
Example 17 Common prime factors
3
— of 6 and 12 are 2 and 3.
Calculate the value of √3 × 12 ÷ 6 without using a calculator.
2
Example 18 REMINDER
♦ If am = an
Calculate the value of x for the equation 3x × 9x + 5 ÷ 34 = 1. then, m = n
♦ If am = bm
Understanding the Planning a strategy then, a = b
problem The question is an equation.
Calculate the value of Hence, the value on the left side Checking Answers
variable x which is part of the equation is the same as You can check the answer
of the indices indeks. the value on the right side of the by substituting the value of
equation. Convert all the terms x into the original equation.
into index form with base of 3. 3x × 9x + 5 ÷ 34 = 1
Left Right
22
Chapter 1 Indices
1
into the original equation.
CHAPTER
Understanding Planning a Implementing the strategy 2
3x × 32x = 315
the problem strategy If am an,
Left Right
3x2 × 32x = 315 then, =m = n. Substitute x = 3
Calculate All the
3x2 + 2x = 315
the value of bases Solve the Left: Right:
x2 + 2x = 15 quadratic 2
x which is involved in 2 equation using 3(3) × 32(3) 315
part of the the equation x + 2x – 15 = 0 factorisation = 39 × 36
indices. are the (x – 3)(x + 5) = 0 method. = 39 + 6
same. x – 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 = 315 The same value
x = 0 + 3 x = 0 – 5 Substitute x = –5
Making a conclusion x = 3 x = –5 Left: Right:
2
The possible values of x for 3(–5) × 32(–5) 315
2
the equation 3x × 32x= 315 = 325 × 3–10
are 3 and –5. = 325 + (–10)
= 315 The same value
Example 20 FLASHBACK
Simultaneous linear
Solve the following simultaneous equations. equations in two
1 variables can be solved
25m × 5n = 58 and 2m × —n = 2 using substitution
2
method or elimination
Solution: method.
1
25m × 5n = 58 2m × —n = 2
2
52(m) × 5n = 58 Checking Answers
52m + n = 58 2m × 2–n = 21 Substitute m = 3 and n = 2
2m + n = 8 1 2m + (–n) = 21 into original simultaneous
equations.
m – n = 1 2
25m × 5n = 58
Equation 1 and 2 can be solved by substitution method. Left Right
23
Example 21
1
CHAPTER
My equation is
3(9x) = 27y.
My equation is
16(4x) = 16 y.
Chong and Navin performed an experiment to determine the relationship between variable x and
variable y. The equation Chong obtained was 16(4x) = 16 y, while the equation Navin got was
3(9 x ) = 27y as the findings of the experiment they performed. Calculate the value of x and of y
which satisfy both the experiments Chong and Navin have performed.
Solution:
16(4x) = 16y 3(9x) = 27y
You can also substitute
42(4x) = 42(y) 3(32x) = 33(y) y = 3 into equation
42 + x = 42y 31 + 2x = 33y 2 or 3 .
2 + x = 2y 1 1 + 2x = 3y 2
Dynamic Challenge
Test Yourself
1. State whether each of the following operations which involves the laws of indices is true or
false. If it is false, state the correct answer.
a5 = a × a × a × a × a
(a) (b) 52 = 10 (c) 30 = 0
(d) (2x3)5 = 2x15 (e)
m0n0 = 1 1
(f) 2a– 4 = —–
2a4
Saiz sebenar —2
(g) 32 5 = (2√32)5 m
(h) —
n( ) = (—mn )
–4 4 1 625
(i) (5m—4 )– 4 = —–
m
24
Chapter 1 Indices
1
5□ × 55 53(□)
CHAPTER
( )
1
—
5□
3
512 ÷ 5□
1
—
5□ 59 (√25)□
56 × 5□
——––
52 ( )
1
—
5
□
(5□)—2
3
(□√125)□
( ) –2
Operations that
involve laws 1
–— 3
—
20 3– 4 5 2 –3 (5–1 × √25)3
as 7 × 5 as
of indices
as as
Value
Skills Enhancement
1. Simplify each of the following.
1
(a) (mn4)3 ÷ m4n5 (b) 3x × — y4 × (xy)3 (c) √xy × 3√xy2 × 6√xy5
6
2. Calculate the value of each of the following.
1 2 3
(a) 64—3 × 5–3 (b) 7–1 × 125—
3 (c) (256)—8 × 2–3
3 2 3 1
(d) 24 × 16– —4 (e)
√49 × 3–2 ÷ (√81)–1 (f) (125)—3 × (25)– —2 ÷ (625)– —4
25
Self Mastery
1 2 5 5 3 1 2
CHAPTER
— — — — — — —
(a) 4 3 × 50 3 × 10 3 (b) 5 2 × 20 2 ÷ 10–2 (c) 60 2 × 125 3 ÷ √15
2. Calculate the value of x for each of the following equations.
—1 –—5 2
(b) 3x—3 = —27 4 2
x– —3 (c) 25x– —3 – — 5 —13
(a) 64x2 = 27x 2
x =0
4 3
3. Calculate the possible values of x for each of the following equations.
2 2 2
ax ÷ a5x = a6
(a) (b) 2x × 26x = 27 (c) 5x ÷ 53x = 625
RM55 000 — ( )
8 n. In this situation, n is the number of years
9
after the car is bought. What is the market value of Encik
Azmi’s car? State your answer correct to the nearest RM.
Saiz sebenar
26
Chapter 1 Indices
P R O J E C T
1
Materials: One sheet of A4 paper, a pair of scissors, a long ruler, a pencil.
CHAPTER
Instructions: (a) Carry out the project in small groups.
(b) Cut the A4 paper into the shape of a square. (Biggest possible)
Steps:
1. Draw the axes of symmetry (vertical and horizontal only) as shown in Diagram 1.
2. Calculate the number of squares formed. Write your answers in the space provided in
Sheet A.
3. Draw the vertical and horizontal axes of symmetry for each square as shown in
Diagram 2.
4. Calculate the number of squares formed. Write your answers in the space provided in
Sheet A.
5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 as many times as possible.
1 1 8
2 7
2
3 6
4 5
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Saiz sebenar
27
CONCEPT MAP
1
Indices
CHAPTER
an Index an =a×a×a×…×a 54 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
Base n factors m × m × m × m × m = m5
SELF-REFLECT
3. Relate the multiplication of numbers in index form with the same base, to repeated
multiplications, and hence make generalisation.
4. Relate the division of numbers in index form with the same base, to repeated
multiplications, and hence make generalisation.
Relate the numbers in index form raised to a power, to repeated multiplication, and hence
5.
make generalisation.
6. 1 ; a ≠ 0.
Verify that a0 = 1 and a–n = —n a
7. Determine and state the relationship between fractional indices and roots and powers.
28
Chapter 1 Indices
EXPLORING MATHEMATICS
1
Do you still remember the Pascal’s Triangle that you learnt in the Chapter 1 Patterns and
CHAPTER
Sequences in Form 2?
The Pascal’s Triangle, invented by a French mathematician, Blaise Pascal, has a lot of unique
properties. Let us explore two unique properties found in the Pascal’s Triangle.
Activity 1 Sum Index form
1 1 20
1 1 2 21
1 2 1 4 22
1 3 3 1
1 1 4 6 4
1
10 10 5 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
Sheet 1 Sheet 1(a)
Instructions:
1. Carry out the activity in pairs.
2. Construct the Pascal’s Triangle as in Sheet 1.
3. Calculate the sum of the numbers in each row. Write the sum in index form with base of 2.
4. Complete Sheet 1(a). Discuss with your friends about the patterns of answers obtained.
5. Present your results.
TIPS
Activity 2 115 = 161 051
1 5 10 10 5 1
11n Value
110 1 1 +1 +1
—
11
111 11 1 1 1 6 1 0 5 1
112 121 1 2 1
113 1 331 1 3 3 1
114 1 4 1 6 4
115 1 5
10 10 5 1
116 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
117 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
118 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
119 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1110 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
Sheet 2(a) Sheet 2
Instructions:
1. Carry out the activity in small groups.
2. Construct the Pascal’s Triangle as in Sheet 2.
3. Take note on the numbers in each row. Each number is the value of index with base of 11.
4. Complete Sheet 2(a) with the value of index with base of 11 without using a calculator.
5. Present your results. Saiz sebenar
6. Are your answers the same as those of other groups?
29