Republic of the Philippines

Isabela State University

City Of Ilagan, Isabela

INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE

SHERWIN C. JUAN, MSN, LPT, MAED

IMMUNITY
- The ability of the body to fight infection and or invaders by producing
antibodies or killing infected cells.

IMMUNE SYSTEM
-The system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing
harmful from non harmful organism and produce an appropriate response.
FUNCTIONS:
 Provides protection against invasion from outside the body, such as
microorganism.
 Protects the body from internal threats.
 Maintain the internal environment by removing dead or damaged cells.
Organs and tissues of the immune system:
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN (CENTRAL)
-major site of lymphoiesis.
 These organs have the ability to produce the progenitor cells of the
lymphocytic lineage.
 Provide appropriate environment for the development and maturation of
lymphocytes.
 THYMUS
 BONE MARROW
THYMUS RIGHT AND LEFT
- Small, flat bilobed organ in the part LOBES

of the chest (mediastinum) just under the

LOBULES
breastbone and between the lungs

1.CAPSULE
2. MEDULLA
 SHERWIN C. JUAN, MSN, LPT, MAED
FUNCTIONS
 Production of T – Lymphocytes
 Proliferation of lymphocytes in the body.
 Play ask a key role in determining the differentiation of T – cell.
BONE MARROW
-Soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the medullary cavities or cancelous bone of the
epyphysis.
FUNCTIONS:
1. Releasing mature B – cells into the blood circulations.
2. Moving T – lymphocytes from bone marrow to the thymus
Secondary Lymphoid Organ (peripheral)
- They trap antigen from defined tissues or vascular space.
- Well encapsulated organs
 LYMPH NODES
 SPLEEN

LYMPH NODES
-Small bean-shaped structure that works as filters for harmful substances that
travel through the lymphatic fluid.
FUNCTIONS:
A. Transporting lymph
B. Filtering and phagocytizing antigens
C. Generating lymphocytes and monocytes
SPLEEN
Is roughly the sized of a clenched fist. And it is located in the left superior corner of
the abdominal cavity.
FUNCTIONS:
1. Removing worn – out erythrocytes from blood.
2. Storing blood and platelets
3. Filtering and purifying blood
MUCOSA – ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT)
- Is a diffuse system of small concentration of lymphoid tissues found in various
submucosal membrane sites of the body.
- Inductive sites are secondary immune tissues where antigens sampling occurs and
immune response are initiated.
 CATEGORIZATION (MALT):
GALT ( gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
PEYER’S PATCHES
- lymphoid structure found within the submucosal layer of the intestinal lining.
O – MALT ( organized mucosa – associated lymphatic tissue)
The tonsils
THE TONSILS
Collection of lymphoid tissue facing into the aerodigestive tract. – WALDEYER’S
TONSILLAR RING.
 ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils)
 PALATINE TONSILS
 LINGUAL TONSILS
NON – SPECIFIC IMMUNOLOGIC DEFENSES
- Is a type of immunity effective against any harmful agent entering the body –
NATURAL IMMUNITY
1. Physical barriers
2. Chemical barriers
3 .Biologic response modifiers
4. White Blood Cells
Action of WBC’s:
- Leukocytes/leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in
protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. – multipotent
cell – hematopoietic stem cells
Major type of WBC’s
 NEUTROPHIL – most plentiful type, making up 55%-70% of wbc. It is the
first to arrive at the inflammatory injury.
 EOSINOPHILS – are activated in response to allergic reaction and stress.
 BASOPHILS – Play role in inflammatory response, preventing blood clotting
and mediating allergic reaction.
 MONOCYTES – as phagocytic cells to engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign
toxins.
 GRANULOCYTES – release cell mediator, such as histamine, bradykinin,
and prostaglandins and engulf the foreign toxins.
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
- This mechanism is elicited in response to tissue injury or invading organism.
Classical signs of inflammation
A. Heat (calor)
B .Redness (rubor)
C. Swelling (tumor)
D. Pain (dolor)
E. Loss of function (functio laesa) (virchow)

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE FLOW CHART:

S
STIMULUS

MAST CELLS
(activated)

HISTAMINE(activated)CYTOKINES
released
released

Causes vasodilation and Increased Phagocytes attracted to site

permeability of Blood capillaries of infection

Cells of the immune system reach

site of infection

Complement(antimicrobial
proteins) Amplifies the immune
system
Clotting elements promote
coagulation of bloods

HEALING
SPECIFIC IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE
A. INNATE or NATURAL/NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY.
B. ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
B.1 ACTIVE IMMUNITY
1 a. natural
1 b. Artificial
B.2 PASSIVE IMMUNITY
2 a. natural
2 b. Artificial

MECHANISM OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY:

 HUMORAL IMMUNITY (B lymphocytes)
- Involves in the formation of antibodies by plasma cells in response to foreign
proteins.
- type I (anaphylactic) type II ( cytotoxic), type III ( immune complex), type IV
( delayed hypersensitivity).
- Unsensitized B – cells proliferate and mature into plasma cells after exposure to
antigen.
Five types of antibodies:
1. IgG (Gamma) – activates complement phagocytosis and is active in second
response.
2. IgA (Alpha) – is present in body fluids, prevents absorption of antigens
from food and protect against respiratory, GI, and genitourinary
infections.
3. IgM(Mu) – is the first antibody in the immune response. It activates the
complement system.
4. IgD (Delta) – require on B – cell surface for transformation into plasma
cell.
5. IgE (Epsilon) – is associated with allergic reaction and hypersensitivity
reactions and defense against parasite.
MECHANISM OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY:
 CELL – MEDIATED IMMUNITY (T – lymphocytes)
- Involves in the attack of microbes by special killer T cells formed from
lymphocytes.
- Primarily delayed in hypersensitivity reaction, rejection of transplant, viral
and fungal, chronic infection.
Cell – mediated immunity
Several types of T – cells
1. Helper T cells (T4) – assist B cells in humoral response to form antibodies.
2. Suppressor T cells (T8) – suppress B – cell synthesis of antibody production
through a feedback mechanism.
3. Memory T cells – store future immune response to some antigen.
4. Cytotoxic T cell – directly attack antigen, altering cell membrane with
resultant cell lysis.
 Stages of specific immune response:
A. Recognition
B .Proliferation
C. Response
D. Effector

BACTERIAL CONDITIONS
IMPETIGO NON INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY
FOLLICULITIS DERMATOSES:
FURUNCLE PSOARIASIS
CABUNCLE PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
FUNGAL SKIN DISEASE: ACNE VULGARIS
TINEA PEDIS HERPES ZOSTER
TINEA CORPORIS PARASITIC SKIN DISEASE:
TINEA CAPITIS PEDICULOSIS
TINEA CRURIS SCABIES.
TINEA UNGUIUM
 IMPETIGO
- is a highly communicable skin infection that mostly affect the children (2-5
years old) but can also occur in children.
- Also known as INFANTIGO
- Can easily spread from an infected person to a healthy person.
Occurrence
 On exposed skin mainly on face
 Most common during hot, humid weather.
 Minor trauma such as scratches or insect bites
Causes:
 S. aureus and streptococcus pygoenes.
 Present of skin infection – dermatitis
Mode of Transmission:
 Direct / indirect contact with the blisters.
 Using infected items such as towels, razor, or sheets. Insect bites or animal bites.
Symptoms:
 Itchy rashes
 Skin lesions
 Swollen lymph nodes
 Spreading of lumps to other skin areas
 Open sores with yellow crust
 Accumulation of fluids in the lumps
 Painful blisters

Types of impetigo:
 Ecthyma – this is more severe form of impetigo as it affects deeper layer of the
skin. There are extremely painful boils that may develop into open
sores.
 Impetigo contagiosa – this is the most contagious and common type of impetigo
in children. The lumps in this type of impetigo are very itchy, but
may not be painful.
 Bullous impetigo – this is common among children under the age of two. The red
and itchy lumps generally appear on the arms and legs.
Pathophysiology:
Staphylococci – producing exfoliative toxins that contains serin protease acting on
desmoglein (a structural peptide bond in molecules that hold epidermal cell
together)-stratum corneum (toxin formed) – epidermis to split below the stratum
granulosum – large blister then formed in the epidermis with neutrophil
Diagnosis:
 Doctors generally diagnose impetigo by looking at the distinctive sores
 Culture test are done
 Complete blood count is performed due to the present of leucocytosis.
Treatment:
 Mild cases can be handled by gentle cleansing, removing crust and applying the
prescription strength antibiotics ointment. (bactroban)
 With proper treatment, healing of skin lesion generally is rapid and occurs
without residual scarring.
Treatment