Concise Eurocode 2 For Bridges PDF

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Concise Eurocode 2 for bridges
Corrections due to Amendment 1 of the UK National Annex
The following are the technical updates applicable to the July 2009 revision of Concise Eurocode 2 for
bridges.
Location Original Amendment
Page 23, The minimum cover for concrete cast on The nominal cover for concrete cast on prepared
section 4.5 prepared ground (including blinding) is 40 mm ground (including blinding) is 40 mm and that for
and that for concrete cast directly against soil concrete cast directly against soil is 75 mm.
is 65 mm.
Page 56, At Add new text <Pale green background> In addition, vEd should
the end of be limited to 2vRdc at the first control perimeter.
section 8.5 <Grey background> ‘First control perimeter’
should be read as ‘basic control perimeter’.
<Add arrow on LHS of page ‘BS EN 1992-1-1
NA 6.4.5(3)’>
Page 101 The spacing of the transverse reinforcement When fck 50 MPa, the spacing of the transverse
along the column should not exceed: reinforcement along the column should not exceed:
Revision 1/5 March

\\tccdata\tcc\users\obrooker\Small tasks\Changes due to Amd 1 of UK NA\Concise Eurocode 2 for bridges corrections due to Amd 1 of UK NA.doc
2010 Page 1 of 1
All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its
contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such
advise or information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors.
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The introduction of European standards to UK construction is a significant event as for the
first time all design and construction codes within the EU will be harmonised. The ten
design standards, known as the Eurocodes, will affect all design and construction activities as
current British Standards for structural design are due to be withdrawn in March 2010.
The cement and concrete industry recognised the need to enable UK design professionals
to use Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, quickly efficiently and with confidence.
Supported by government, consultants and relevant industry bodies, the Concrete Industry
Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG) was formed in 1999 and this group has provided the guidance for a
coordinated and collaborative approach to the introduction of Eurocode 2.
As a result, a range of resources is being developed and made available through The Concrete
Centre (see www.eurocode2.info). One of those resources, Concise Eurocode 2, published in
2006, is targeted at structural engineers designing concrete framed buildings. Whilst there are
many similarities in the design of buildings and bridges, there are also significant differences
and hence Eurocode 2 has a distinct part for the design of bridges. This publication is based
on the style of Concise Eurocode 2, but has been completely revised and rewritten to suit the
requirements of Eurocode 2, Part 2 and the current design practices for concrete bridge design.
Relevant extracts have been incorporated from Precast Eurocode 2: Design manual published
by British Precast, which is a similar document for designers of precast concrete. The authors
are grateful for the permission granted by British Precast.
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The Concrete Centre would to thank Neil Loudon and Hideo Takano, both of the Highways
Agency, for their support and comments in producing this document. We would also like to
thank Steve Denton of Parsons Brinckerhoff, Chris Hendy of Atkins and Paul White of Halcrow
for their helpful comments. Thanks are also due to Gillian Bond, Sally Huish and the design
team at Michael Burbridge Ltd for their work on the production.
The copyright of British Standards extracts reproduced in this document is held by the British
Standards Institution (BSI). Extracts have been reproduced with BSI’s permission under the
terms of Licence No: 2009RM0003. No other use of this material is permitted. This publication
is not intended to be a replacement for the standard and may not reflect the most up-to-date
status of the standard. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from
the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer Services for hard
copies only: Tel:+44 (0)20 8996 9001, Email: cservices@bsigroup.com.
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All advice or information from MPA - The Concrete Centre is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate
the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that
for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by Mineral Products Association or its
subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that the publications from MPA - The Concrete Centre are subject to
revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.

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_r] =^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm%:le
_rd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\rbê]lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rp] =^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rp]%^_ >__^\mbo^]^lb`glmk^g`mah_ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rpd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\rbê]lmk^g`mah_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
@d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg
`d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgi^kngbme^g`mahkZk^Z
Ab AhkbshgmZeZ\mbhgZiieb^]ZmZeôê
a Ho^kZee]îmah_Z\khll&l^\mbhg4A^bàm
vi
Symbol Definition
a ) GhmbhgZelbs^h_\khll&l^\mbhg
a_ =îmah__hhmbg`4Mab\dg^llh__eZg`^
aA O^kmb\Zea^bàmh_Z]khihk\henfga^Z][êhplh__bmh_ZleZ[!ing\abg`la^Zk"
al =îmah_leZ[
B L^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg
b KZ]bnlh_`rkZmbhg
C <k^î_ng\mbhg
D F>] ([]+_\d':f^Zlnk^h_ma^kêZmbo^\hfik^llbo^lmk^llbgZf^f[^kbg_e^qnk^
D ?Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hklmkn\mnkZelrlm^f!]^_e^\mbhg"
D OZen^h_DZ[ho^pab\a\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
D\ ?Z\mhk_hk\kZ\dbg`Zg]\k^î^__^\ml
Dk <hkk^\mbhg_Z\mhk_hk\nkoZmnk^]î^g]bg`hgZqbZeehZ]
Dl ?Z\mhk_hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm\hgmkb[nmbhg
Dh ?Z\mhk_hkmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_\k^î
d <h^__b\b^gmhk_Z\mhk
d Ngbgm^gmbhgZeZg`neZk]blieZ\^f^gm_hkbgm^kgZem^g]hgl
d\ <h^__b\b^gmZeehpbg`_hkma^gZmnk^h_ma^lmk^ll]blmkb[nmbhgpbmabgma^l^\mbhgbff^]bZmêr
ikbhkmh\kZ\dbg`Zg]_hkma^\aZg`^h_maêô^kZkfZlZk^lnemh_\kZ\dbg`!fbgbfnfZk^Zl"
dm ?Z\mhkbg\kZ\dpb]ma\Ze\neZmbhglpab\a]î^g]lhgma^]nkZmbhgh_ehZ]bg`
e <e^Zka^bàmh_\henfg[^mp^^g^g]k^lmkZbgml
e A^bàmh_ma^lmkn\mnk^bgf^mk^l
e!hkE" E^g`ma4LiZg
e) >__^\mboê^g`ma!h_\henfgl"
e) =blmZg\^[^mp^^gihbgmlh_s^khfhf^gm
e) =^lb`geZie^g`ma
e[] =^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
e[%^j >jnboZe^gmZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
e[%fbg FbgbfnfZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
e[%kj] ;Zlb\Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
e^__ >__^\mbo^liZg
eA AhkbshgmZe]blmZg\^_khf\henfg_Z\^mh^]`^h_Z]khihk\henfga^Z][êhplh__bmh_Z
leZ[!ing\abg`la^Zk"
eg <e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^lh_lniihkml
el ?ehhkmh\^bebgà^bàm
eq%er LiZglh_Zmph&pZrleZ[bgma^qZg]r]bk^\mbhgl
F ;^g]bg`fhf^gm'Fhf^gm_khf_bklmhk]^kZgZerlbl
F Fhf^gmk^lblmZg\^h_Zlbgèrk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhg!Z[ho^pab\a\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
blk^jnbk^]"
F)%>ji ?bklmhk]^k[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgjnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]\hf[bgZmbhg!LEL"
F)*%F)+ ?bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlZmNELbg\en]bg`ZeehpZg\^l_hkbfi^k_^\mbhgl
F)>] >jnboZe^gm_bklmhk]^kfhf^gmbg\en]bg`ma^^__^\mh_bfi^k_^\mbhgl!ZmZ[hnmfb]a^bàm"
F+ GhfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gmbgle^g]^k\henfgl
F>] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]bgm^kgZe[^g]bg`fhf^gm
F>]r%F>]s =^lb`gfhf^gmbgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhg
F_k^j :iieb^][^g]bg`fhf^gm]n^mh_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhg
FK]r%FK]s Fhf^gmk^lblmZg\^bgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhg
vii
Symbol Definition
FK]%fZq FZqbfnfmkZglo^kl^fhf^gmk^lblmZg\^
Fkî <kZ\dbg`[^g]bg`fhf^gm
f Gnf[^kh_o^kmb\Zef^f[^kl\hgmkb[nmbg`mhZg^__^\m
f FZll4LeZ[\hfihg^gml
G :qbZe_hk\^
G: GZmbhgZe:gg^q
GZ%G[ Ehg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^l\hgmkb[nmbg`mhAb
G>] =^lb`goZen^h_ZqbZe_hk\^!m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg"ZmNEL
G=I GZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^k!l"Zlin[ebla^]bgZ\hngmkrÃlGZmbhgZe:gg^q
g :qbZelmk^llZmNEL
g NembfZm^Z\mbhg!ehZ]"i^kngbme^g`ma!hkZk^Z"
g IeZm^\hfihg^gml
g Gnf[^kh_[Zkl
g[ Gnf[^kh_[Zklbgma^[ng]e^
I Ik^lmk^llbg`_hk\^
I) BgbmbZe_hk\^Zmma^Z\mbo^^g]h_ma^m^g]hgbff^]bZmêrZ_m^klmk^llbg`
J\ <aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hglmkn\mbhgehZ]
J_Zm <aZkZ\m^kblmb\_Zmb`nêhZ]
Jd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
Jd*!Jdb" <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Ze^Z]bgòZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!<aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZgZ\\hfiZgrbg`
oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg"
JLg%d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_lghpehZ]
jd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgi^kngbme^g`mahkZk^Z
jn] FZqbfnfoZen^h_\hf[bgZmbhgk^Z\a^]bgghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlbl
K K^lblmZg\^
K(: O^kmb\Ze[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\î^kngbmZk^Z!_hng]Zmbhgl"
K] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^k^lblmZg\^mhZgZ\mbhg
KA KêZmboânfb]bmr
k KZ]bnl4<hkk^\mbg`_Z\mhk_hkik^lmk^ll
k\hgm Ma^]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmkhb]h_Z\henfgmhma^\hgmkhel^\mbhghnmlb]^ma^\henfga^Z]
kbg_%klni :eehpZg\^bgl^kob\^Z[bebmrZg]_Zmb`n^\Ze\neZmbhgl_hkihllb[eôZkbZmbhglbgik^lmk^ll
kf KZmbhh__bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlbg\henfglZmNEL
L Bgm^kgZe_hk\^lZg]fhf^gml4?bklmfhf^gmh_Zk^Z
L%G%K <^f^gmmri^l
LEL L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^!l"¾\hkk^lihg]bg`mh\hg]bmbhgl[^rhg]pab\ali^\b_b^]l^kob\^
k^jnbk^f^gmlZk^ghehg`^kf^m
l LiZ\bg`h_ma^lmbkknil4LiZ\bg`[^mp^^g\kZ\dl
lk KZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
lk%fZq FZqbfnf_bgZe\kZ\dliZ\bg`
lm MZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmZehgì^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
M MhklbhgZefhf^gm4M^glbe^_hk\^
M>] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]mhklbhgZefhf^gm
Md <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl
MK] =^lb`gmhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^fhf^gm
MK]%fZq FZqbfnf]^lb`gmhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^fhf^gmk^lblmZg\^
m Mab\dg^ll4Mbf^[^bg`\hglb]^k^]4;k^Z]mah_lniihkm4Mbf^Z_m^km^glbhgbg`
viii
Symbol Definition
m) Ma^Z`^h_\hg\k^m^Zmma^mbf^h_ehZ]bg`
m)%M M^fi^kZmnk^Z]cnlm^]Z`^h_\hg\k^m^ZmehZ]bg`bg]Zrl
m^_%b >__^\mbo^pZeemab\dg^ll!mhklbhg"
mbg_ Mab\dg^llh_ma^[hmmhf_eZg`^h_ma^l^\mbhg
NEL NembfZmêbfbmlmZm^!l"¾Zllh\bZm^]pbma\heeZil^hkhma^k_hkflh_lmkn\mnkZe_Zbenk^
n I^kbf^m^kh_\hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhg%aZobg`Zk^Z:\
n I^kbf^m^kh_maZmiZkmpab\abl^qihl^]mh]krbg`
n <bk\nf_^k^g\^h_hnm^k^]`^h_^__^\mbo^\khll&l^\mbhg!mhklbhg"
n <hfihg^gmh_ma^]blieZ\^f^gmh_Zihbgm
n) I^kbf^m^kZ]cZ\^gmmh\henfgl!ing\abg`la^Zk"
n* ;Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k%!Zm+]_khf_Z\^h_ehZ]"!ing\abg`la^Zk"
n*# K^]n\^]\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZmi^kbf^m^k\henfgl!Zm+]_khf_Z\^h_ehZ]"!ing\abg`la^Zk"
nb E^g`mah_ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg!ing\abg`la^Zk"
n d I^kbf^m^kh_ma^Zk^Z:d!mhklbhg"
nhnm I^kbf^m^kZmpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^kk^jnbk^]
O La^Zk_hk\^
O>] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
O>]%k^] :iieb^]la^Zk_hk\^k^]n\^][rma^_hk\^]n^mhlhbeik^llnkê^lllê_p^bàmh_[Zl^
!ing\abg`la^Zk%_hng]Zmbhgl"
OK]%\ La^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^kpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
OK]%fZq La^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^kebfbm^][rma^\knlabg`h_\hfik^llbhglmknml
OK]%l La^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^k`ho^kg^][rma^rbê]bg`h_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
o MkZglo^kl^la^Zkhk\hfihg^gmh_ma^]blieZ\^f^gmh_Zihbgm
o>] Ing\abg`la^Zklmk^ll
o>] La^Zklmk^ll_hkl^\mbhglpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!6O>] ([p]"
o>]%s La^Zklmk^ll_hkl^\mbhglpbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!6O>] ([ps6O>] ([p)'2]"
oK]%\ =^lb`gla^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_\hg\k^m^pbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm^qik^ll^]ZlZlmk^ll
oK]%\l =^lb`ging\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_\hg\k^m^pbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm^qik^ll^]ZlZ
lmk^ll!ing\abg`la^Zk"
oK]%fZq K^lblmZg\^h_\hg\k^m^lmknml^qik^ll^]ZlZlmk^ll
P* ?Z\mhk\hkk^lihg]bg`mhZ]blmkb[nmbhgh_la^Zk!ing\abg`la^Zk"
p <hfihg^gmh_ma^]blieZ\^f^gmh_Zihbgm
pd <kZ\dpb]ma
pfZq Ebfbmbg`\Ze\neZm^]\kZ\dpb]ma
Q :]oblhkrebfbmh_i^k\^gmZ`^h_\hnie^]m^g]hglZmZl^\mbhg
Q)%Q:%Q<% <hg\k^m^^qihlnk^\eZll^l
Q=%Q?%QL
q G^nmkZeZqbl]îma
q =blmZg\^h_ma^l^\mbhg[^bg`\hglb]^k^]_khfma^\^gmkêbg^h_ma^lniihkm
q%r%s <h&hk]bgZm^l4IeZg^lng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg
q\ =îmah_ma^\hfik^llbhgshg^
qn =îmah_ma^g^nmkZeZqblZmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^Z_m^kk^]blmkb[nmbhg
s Eô^kZkfh_bgm^kgZe_hk\^l
s\i =blmZg\^[^mp^^g\^gmk^h_`kZobmrh_\hg\k^m^l^\mbhgZg]m^g]hgl
sl Eô^kZkf_hkik^lmk^ll
a :gè^4:gè^h_la^Zkebgdlmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqbl4KZmbh
a Ehg`m^kf^__^\ml\h^__b\b^gm
ix
Symbol Definition
a KZmbh[^mp^^gikbg\biZelmk^ll^l
a =^_hkfZmbhgiZkZf^m^k
a*%a+%a, ?Z\mhkl]^Zebg`pbmaZg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZilh_[Zkl
a-%a.%a/
a*%a+%a, ?Z\mhklnl^]bg\k^î\Ze\neZmbhgl
a\\!a\m" :\h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmehg`m^kf^__^\mlh_\hfik^llbo^!m^glbe^"ehZ]Zg]ma^
pZrehZ]blZiieb^]
a\p <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ma^lmZm^h_lmk^llbgma^\hfik^llbhg\ahk]
a^ >__^\mbo^fh]neZkkZmbh
aa K^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hky
b :gè^4KZmbh4<h^__b\b^gm
b ?Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^\\^gmkb\bmr!ing\abg`la^Zk"
b!_\f" ?Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkma^^__^\mh_\hg\k^m^lmk^g`mahgma^ghmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
bA <h^__b\^gm]î^g]bg`hgma^kêZmboânfb]bmrZg]ma^ghmbhgZef^f[^klbs^
b!m)" ?Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkma^^__^\mh_\hg\k^m^Z`^ZmehZ]bg`hgma^ghmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
b!m%m)" <h^__b\b^gmmh]^l\kb[^ma^]ôêhif^gmh_\k^îpbmambf^Z_m^kehZ]bg`
g IZkmbZe_Z\mhk
g: IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkZ\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl%:
g< IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hk\hg\k^m^
g<%_Zm IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hk_Zmb`n^h_\hg\k^m^
g? IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkZ\mbhgl%?
g?%_Zm IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hk_Zmb`n^Z\mbhgl
g_ IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkZ\mbhglpbmahnmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_fh]êng\^kmZbgmb^l
g` IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglpbmahnmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_fh]êng\^kmZbgmb^l
g@ IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl%@
gF IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkZfZm^kbZeikhi^kmr%mZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ng\^kmZbgmb^lbgma^fZm^kbZe
ikhi^kmrbmlê_%bg`^hf^mkb\]ôbZmbhgZg]bgma^]^lb`gfh]ênl^]
gI IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkZ\mbhglZllh\bZm^]pbmaik^lmk^llbg`%I
gJ IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl%J
gL IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkk^bg_hk\bg`lm^êhkik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
gL%_Zm IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkk^bg_hk\bg`hkik^lmk^llbg`lm^êng]^k_Zmb`nêhZ]bg`
gLA IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hklakbgdZ`^
d KZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^êZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm'
e\ <hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbg\hg\k^m^
e\* <hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^Zmmaî^Zdlmk^ll_\
e\+ <hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^_hk\hg\k^m^bgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhghklmkZbgbg
\hg\k^m^Zmk^Z\abg`fZqbfnflmk^g`maZllnfbg`nl^h_maîZkZ[heb\&k^\mZg`neZk
kêZmbhglabi
e\, <hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^_hk\hg\k^m^bgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhghklmkZbgbg
\hg\k^m^Zmk^Z\abg`fZqbfnflmk^g`maZllnfbg`nl^h_ma^[bebg^Zklmk^ll&lmkZbg
kêZmbhglabi
e\Z :nmh`^ghnllakbgdZ`^lmkZbg
e\\ <k^îlmkZbg
e\] =krbg`lakbgdZ`^lmkZbg
e\f F^ZglmkZbgbg\hg\k^m^[^mp^^g\kZ\dl
e\l MhmZelakbgdZ`^lmkZbg
e\n NembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^
e\n+ NembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^pab\ablghm_neerbgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhg
Zllnfbg`nl^h_maîZkZ[heb\&k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll&lmkZbgkêZmbhglabi!gnf^kb\Zeere\n+6e\n,"
x
Symbol Definition
e\n, NembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^pab\ablghm_neerbgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhg
Zllnfbg`nl^h_ma^[bebg^Zklmk^ll&lmkZbgkêZmbhglabi
ei!)" BgbmbZelmkZbgbgik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
D ei <aZg`^bglmkZbgbgik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
el LmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
elf F^ZglmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
en LmkZbgh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkik^lmk^llbg`lm^êZmfZqbfnfehZ]
en] =^lb`gebfbm_hklmkZbg_hkk^bg_hk\bg`lm^êbgm^glbhg6 )'2end
end <aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmkZbgh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm!hkik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê"ZmfZqbfnfehZ]
er K^bg_hk\^f^gmrbê]lmkZbg
n ?Z\mhk]^_bgbg`^__^\mbo^lmk^g`ma!6*_hk©<.)(/)"
n* <h^__b\b^gm_hk[hg]\hg]bmbhgl
n+ <h^__b\b^gm_hk[Zk]bZf^m^k
ni* <h^__b\b^gmmaZmmZd^lbgmhZ\\hngmma^mri^h_m^g]hgZg]ma^[hg]lbmnZmbhgZmkê^Zl^
y :gè^4:gè^h_\hfik^llbhglmknml!la^Zk"
y_Zm Bg\ebgZmbhgh_\hfik^llbo^lmknml
yb Bg\ebgZmbhgnl^]mhkîk^l^gmbfi^k_^\mbhgl
l Le^g]^kg^llkZmbh
l =ZfZ`^^jnboZe^gm_Z\mhklbg_Zmb`n^
l ?Z\mhk]^_bgbg`maâ^bàmh_ma^\hfik^llbhgshg^!6)'1_hk©<.)(/)"
lebf Ebfbmbg`le^g]^kg^llkZmbh!h_\henfgl"
m <h^__b\b^gmh__kb\mbhg[^mp^^gma^m^g]hglZg]ma^bk]n\ml
m <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
v Ihbllhg lkZmbh
v* Lmk^g`mak^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hk\hg\k^m^\kZ\d^]bgla^Zk
j <k^îk^]blmkb[nmbhg_ng\mbhg
j ;hg]lmk^g`makZmbh
j* :]cnlm^]Zk^Zh_[hg]lmk^g`ma
r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh':llnf^:l([]
r Ho^g]kr]^glbmrh_\hg\k^m^bgd`(f,
r K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_hkk^jnbk^]\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l+([]
r) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_\d)'.q*)¾,
r* I^k\^gmZ`^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmeZii^]pbmabg)'/.e)_khfma^\^gmkêbg^h_maêZi[^bg`
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r*))) OZen^h_kêZqZmbhgehll!bg"Zm*)))ahnklZ_m^km^glbhgbg`Zg]ZmZf^Zgm^fi^kZmnk^h_+)<
re K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_hkehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
rp K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_hkla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
s \ <hfik^llbo^lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^
s\i <hfik^llbo^lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^_khfZqbZeehZ]hkik^lmk^llbg`
s\n <hfik^llbo^lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^Zmma^nembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbge\n
s`] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^`khng]ik^llnk^
sib Ma^Z[lhenmôZen^h_bgbmbZeik^lmk^ll
sif) Ma^Z[lhenmôZen^h_bgbmbZeik^lmk^ll]nkbgìhlm&m^glbhgbg`
sK]%fZq =^lb`glmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^lmknm
sl Lmk^llbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmLEL
sl :[lhenmôZen^h_ma^fZqbfnflmk^lli^kfbmm^]bgma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbff^]bZmêrZ_m^k
ma^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^\kZ\d
xi
Symbol Definition
sl\!slm" Lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm
sl] =^lb`glmk^llbgma^[ZkZmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^
slk Lmk^llbgma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Ze\neZm^]hgma^[Zlblh_Z\kZ\d^]l^\mbhgng]^kma^
ehZ]bg`\hg]bmbhgl\Znlbg`_bklm\kZ\dbg`
t MhklbhgZela^Zklmk^ll
F =rgZfb\_Z\mhkZ\\hk]bg`mh;L>G*22*&+
h) GhmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
h!∞%m)" ?bgZeoZen^h_\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
h^_ >__^\mbo^\k^î_Z\mhk
h_Zm =ZfZ`^^jnboZe^gmbfiZ\m_Z\mhkbg_Zmb`n^
hge!∞%m)" Ghg&ebg^ZkghmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
hi >jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kh_m^g]hg
h!m%m)" <k^î\h^__b\b^gm%]^_bgbg`\k^î[^mp^^gmbf^lmZg]m)%kêZm^]mhêZlmb\]^_hkfZmbhgZm+1]Zrl
hKA ?Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkma^^__^\mh_kêZmboânfb]bmrhgma^ghmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm
f ;Zk]bZf^m^k4=bZf^m^kh_ik^lmk^llbg`]n\m
f^j >jnboZe^gm[Zk]bZf^m^k
ff FZg]kê]bZf^m^k
f g >jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kh_Z[ng]e^h_k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkl
X :`^bg`\h^__b\b^gm
c ?Z\mhkl]^_bgbg`kîk^l^gmZmboôZen^lh_oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl
c) <hf[bgZmbhgoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`NEL"
c* ?k^jn^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`pa^ma^kl^\mbhgpbeeaZo^
\kZ\d^]hkghm"
c+ JnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`]^_hkfZmbhg"
w F^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh6:l _r] (:\ _\]©*
xii
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
1 Introduction
;L >G *22+&*&* !>nkh\h]^ +3 =^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l IZkm *&*T*V" l^ml hnm `^g^kZe kne^l
_hk ma^ ]^lb`g h_ \hg\k^m^ lmkn\mnk^l Zg] kne^l _hk ma^ ]^lb`g h_ [nbe]bg`l' ;L >G *22+&+
!>nkh\h]^ + & IZkm +<hg\k^m^ [kb]`^l & =^lb`g Zg] ]^mZbebg` kne^l"T+V ikhob]^l Z]]bmbhgZe hk
Zf^g]^]`nb]Zg\^mhIZkm*&*_hk[kb]`^lmkn\mnk^l'
Ma^Zbfh_mabl<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+_hk;kb]`^lblmh]blmbe_khfZeekêôZgmiZkmlh_;L>G*22+Zg]
ma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l fZm^kbZemaZmpbee[^\hffhgernl^]bgma^]^lb`gh_ghkfZe[kb]`^
lmkn\mnk^l' >Z\a \hngmkr \Zg in[ebla ghg&\hgmkZ]b\mhkr% \hfie^f^gmZkr bg_hkfZmbhg% Zg] _hk
\hg\k^m^[kb]`^]^lb`g%I=//10%IZkm+ T,V`bo^lnl^_ne`nb]Zg\^'FZm^kbZe_khfmabl]h\nf^gmbl
Zelhbg\en]^]pa^k^ZiikhikbZm^%Zg]ik^l^gm^]hgZiZe^rêehp[Z\d`khng]mh]blmbg`nblabm
_khfma^fZbgm^qm'
:l _Zk Zl ihllb[e^% ma^ >nkh\h]^ \eZnl^l Zk^ kî^Zm^] o^k[Zmbf' Hg^ h_ ma^ h[c^\mbo^l bl mh
^f[^] ma^ ND GZmbhgZe :gg^q oZen^l bgmh ma^ ]h\nf^gm _hk ^Zl^ h_ nl^' =n^ mh ma^ pZr
GZmbhgZeer =^m^kfbg^] IZkZf^m^kl !G=Il" Zk^ bgmkh]n\^] bg ma^ >nkh\h]^l bm aZl [^^g
g^\^llZkrbglhfîeZ\^lmhfh]b_rma^m^qm_hk\eZkbmrh_k^Z]bg`'BmaZlghm[^^gma^bgm^gmbhg
mhfh]b_rma^f^Zgbg`h_ma^m^qmZg]\e^Zkerb_ma^k^blZgr]hn[mZlmhma^f^Zgbg`ma^gma^
hkb`bgZe>nkh\h]ô^klbhglahne][^Z]him^]'
?nkma^k%lhf^h_ma^hkb`bgZem^qmaZl[^^gfh]b_b^]mhk^]n\^bmle^g`ma%pabe^d^îbg`ma^lZf^
f^Zgbg`'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^m^qmaZl[^^g`bo^gZ`k^r[Z\d`khng]mh]kZpma^k^Z]^kÃlZmm^gmbhg
mh ma^ _Z\m maZm ma^ m^qm bl ghm lmkb\mer _khf ma^<h]^' Ebd^pbl^ hma^k m^qm% ]^kbo^] _hkfneZ^%
mZ[e^lZg]beenlmkZmbhglmaZmZkîkhob]^]mhZllblmma^]^lb`g^kl[nmmaZmZk^ghmmZd^g]bk^\mer
_khfma^hkb`bgZeaZo^[^^g`bo^gZ`k^r[Z\d`khng]':l[^_hk^%bmblbgm^g]^]mh\hgo^rma^
hkb`bgZef^Zgbg`Zg]pa^k^Zgr]hn[m^qblmlma^f^Zgbg`h_>nkh\h]^+lahne][^Z]him^]'
Ma^ G=Il Zk^ k^\h`gbmbhg maZm ^Z\a F^f[^k LmZm^ h_ ma^ >N bl k^lihglb[e^ _hk ]^m^kfbgbg`
fZmm^kl ln\a Zl lZ_^mr Zg] \nkk^gm ikZ\mb\^ Zg] Zeehp bg]bob]nZe \hngmkb^l mh l^m ma^bk hpg
oZen^l':lghm^]Z[ho^%ma^NDoZen^laZo^[^^gZ]him^]makhnàhnm%[nmaZo^[^^gabàebàm^]
pbmaZ`k^^g[Z\d`khng]lhmaZmbmbl\e^Zkmhma^k^Z]^kpaZmG=IoZenâZl[^^gnl^]'
Guide to presentation
@k^rlaZ]^]m^qm% Fh]b_b^]>nkh\h]^+m^qmZg]Z]]bmbhgZem^qm%]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^%
mZ[e^lZg]_b`nk^l mZ[e^lZg]beenlmkZmbhglnot_khf>nkh\h]^+
RêehplaZ]^]m^qm%
:]]bmbhgZem^qm_khfI=//10T/VhkI=//10&+T,V
mZ[e^lZg]_b`nk^l
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.4
KêôZgm\h]^Zg]\eZnl^lhk_b`nk^gnf[^kl
BS EN 1992-1-1
NA
?khfma^kêôZgmNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.4 & NA ?khf[hma>nkh\h]^+&*&*Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
Section 5.2 KêôZgmiZkmlh_mablin[eb\Zmbhg
*') GZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^k'NDoZen^laZo^[^^gnl^]
makhnàhnm
For ease of reference, this guide is repeated on the inside back cover.
1
1.1 Scope
Mablin[eb\Zmbhgblbgm^g]^]mh\ho^kma^]^lb`gh_Zmrib\Ze[kb]`^4ma^k^ZkîZkmb\neZkmri^lh_
[kb]`^lln\aZllnli^glbhg[kb]`^lZg]l^`f^gmZe[kb]`^lmaZmlahne]ghm[^]^lb`g^]pbmahnm
k^_^k^g\^mhma^<h]^bmlê_'Bmlahne]Zelh[^ghm^]maZmghmô^krf^mah]ik^l^gm^]bgma^
<h]^bl`bo^ga^k^'@^g^kZeer%ma^lbfie^lmZg]fhk^\hgl^koZmbo^f^mah]laZo^[^^gbg\en]^]
Zg]ma^k^_hk^ma^k^Z]^kfZr_bg]ma^k^Zk^[^g^_bmlmh[^`Zbg^][rnlbg`hma^kf^mah]lZg]
lahne]\hglnemma^<h]^hgma^l^h\\Zlbhgl'
Mablin[eb\Zmbhg]h^lghm\ho^kma^f^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`\hg\k^m^ê^f^gmlnlbg`f^f[kZg^
kne^l'F^f[kZg^ê^f^gmlfZr[^nl^]_hkma^]^lb`gh_mph&]bf^glbhgZe\hg\k^m^ê^f^gml
ln[c^\m mh Z \hf[bgZmbhg h_ bgm^kgZe _hk\^l ôZenZm^] [r f^Zgl h_ Z ebg^Zk _bgbm^ ê^f^gm
ZgZerlbl'Ma^k^Z]^klahne]k^_^kmh;L>G*22+&+:gg^qEEbg\hgcng\mbhgpbma:gg^q?Zg]
<e' /'*)2 _hk ]^mZbe^] `nb]Zg\^' ?hk ma^ ]^lb`g hk o^kb_b\Zmbhg h_ laêe ê^f^gml ln[c^\m mh
[^g]bg` Zehg^ !b'^' pbma s^kh f^f[kZg^ _hk\^l" ma^ ZiikhZ\a^l `bo^g [rPhh]:kf^kT-V Zg]
=^gmhg;nk`hrg^T.VfZr`^g^kZeer[^nl^]'
2
;Zlblh_]^lb`g
2 Basis of design
2.1 General
BS EN 1992-1-1
;L >G *22+&*&*T*V Zg] ;L >G *22+&+
+T+V lahne] [^ nl^] bg \hgcng\mbhg pbma ;L >G *22)3 ;Zlbl 1.1.1(3)
h_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`ggT0V% pab\a3
Q >lmZ[ebla^l ikbg\bie^l Zg] k^jnbk^f^gml _hk ma^ lZ_^mr% l^kob\^Z[bebmr Zg] ]nkZ[bebmr h_ BS EN 1990
1.1.1(1)
lmkn\mnk^l'
Q =^l\kb[^l ma^ [Zlbl _hk ma^bk ]^lb`g Zg] o^kb_b\Zmbhg'
Q @bo^l `nb]êbg^l _hk kêZm^] Zli^\ml h_ lmkn\mnkZe kêbZ[bebmr'
2.2 Basic requirements

2.2.1 General
: lmkn\mnk^ lahne] [^ ]^lb`g^] Zg] ^q^\nm^] !\hglmkn\m^]" bg ln\a Z pZr maZm bm pbee% ]nkbg` bml BS EN 1990
bgm^g]^] eb_^% pbma ZiikhikbZm^ ]^`k^^l h_ kêbZ[bebmr Zg] bg Zg ^\hghfb\Ze pZr3 2.1(1), (2) & (4)
Q LnlmZbg Zee Z\mbhgl Zg] bg_en^g\^l ebdêr mh h\\nk ]nkbg` ^q^\nmbhg Zg] nl^'
Q F^^m ma^ li^\b_b^] l^kob\^Z[bebmr k^jnbk^f^gml _hk Z lmkn\mnk^ hk Z lmkn\mnkZe f^f[^k'
Bm lahne] [^ ]^lb`g^] mh aZo^ Z]^jnZm^ lmkn\mnkZe k^lblmZg\^% l^kob\^Z[bebmr Zg] ]nkZ[bebmr'
: lmkn\mnk^ lahne] [^ ]^lb`g^] Zg] ^q^\nm^] bg ln\a Z pZr maZm bm pbee ghm [^ ]ZfZ`^] [r ô^gml
ln\a Zl ^qiehlbhg% bfiZ\m Zg] ma^ \hgl^jn^g\^l h_ anfZg ^kkhkl% mh Zg ^qm^gm ]blikhihkmbhgZm^
mh ma^ hkb`bgZe \Znl^'
2.2.2 Avoidance of damage

Ihm^gmbZe ]ZfZ`^ lahne] [^ Zohb]^] hk ebfbm^] [r ZiikhikbZm^ \ahb\^ h_ hg^ hk fhk^ h_ ma^ BS EN 1990
_heehpbg`3 2.1(5)
Q :ohb]bg`% êbfbgZmbg` hk k^]n\bg` ma^ aZsZk]l mh pab\a ma^ lmkn\mnk^ \Zg [^ ln[c^\m^]'
Q Lê^\mbg` Z lmkn\mnkZe _hkf pab\a aZl ehp l^glbmbobmr mh ma^ aZsZk]l \hglb]^k^]'
Q Lê^\mbg` Z lmkn\mnkZe _hkf Zg] ]^lb`g maZm \Zg lnkobo^ Z]^jnZmêr ma^ Z\\b]^gmZe k^fhoZe
h_ Zg bg]bob]nZe lmkn\mnkZe f^f[^k hk Z ebfbm^] iZkm h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^ hk ma^ h\\nkk^g\^ h_
eh\Zebl^] ]ZfZ`^'
Q :ohb]bg` Zl _Zk Zl ihllb[e^ lmkn\mnkZe lrlm^fl maZm \Zg \heeZil^ pbmahnm pZkgbg`'
Q Mrbg` ma^ lmkn\mnkZe f^f[^kl mh`^ma^k'
2.2.3 Limit states principles
;L >G *22) bfieb^l maZm ma^ ]^lb`g lahne] [^ o^kb_b^] nlbg` ebfbm lmZm^l ikbg\bie^l'
BS EN 1990
:g bg]b\Zmbo^ oZen^ h_ *+) r^Zkl bl `bo^g bg ma^ ND GZmbhgZe :gg^q _hk ma^ ]^lb`g phkdbg` 3.1(1)
eb_^ h_ [kb]`^l' Bm \Zg `^g^kZeer [^ Zllnf^] maZm ma^ `nb]Zg\^ `bo^g bg ;L 1.))T1V _hk Zm e^Zlm BS EN 1990
Z *))&r^Zk bgm^g]^] phkdbg` eb_^ pbee [^ ZiikhikbZm^ _hk Zg bg]b\Zmbo^ ]^lb`g phkdbg` eb_^ 2.3 & NA
h_ *+) r^Zkl'
3
2.3 Limit state design
BS EN 1990
3.1 & 3.4 Ebfbm lmZm^l Zk^ lmZm^l [^rhg] pab\a ma^ lmkn\mnk^ gh ehg`^k _ne_bel ma^ kêôZgm
]^lb`g\kbm^kbZ3
Q NembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l!NEL"Zk^Zllh\bZm^]pbma\heeZil^hkhma^k_hkflh_lmkn\mnkZe
_Zbenk^'
Q L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l!LEL"\hkk^lihg]mh\hg]bmbhgl[^rhg]pab\ali^\b_b^]l^kob\^
k^jnbk^f^gmlZk^ghehg`^kf^m'
EbfbmlmZm^llahne][ô^kb_b^]bgZeekêôZgm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgllê^\m^]%mZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngm
ma^\bk\nflmZg\^lng]^kpab\ama^lmkn\mnk^blk^jnbk^]mh_ne_bebml_ng\mbhg'
BS EN 1990
3.2 2.3.1 Design situations
GhkfZeer%bgghg&l^blfb\shg^l%ma^_heehpbg`]^lb`glbmnZmbhgllahne][^\hglb]^k^]3
Q I^klblm^gmlbmnZmbhglpab\ak^_^kmhma^\hg]bmbhglh_ghkfZenl^'
Q MkZglb^gmlbmnZmbhglpab\ak^_^kmhm^fihkZkr\hg]bmbhgl%ln\aZl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhghkkîZbk'
Q :\\b]^gmZelbmnZmbhglpab\ak^_^kmh^q\îmbhgZe\hg]bmbhglZiieb\Z[e^mhma^lmkn\mnk^hkmh
bml^qihlnk^^'`'_bk^%^qiehlbhg%bfiZ\mhkma^\hgl^jn^g\^lh_eh\Zebl^]_Zbenk^'
2.3.2 Actions
:\mbhglk^_^kmhZl^mh__hk\^l!ehZ]l"Ziieb^]mhma^lmkn\mnk^!]bk^\mZ\mbhg"%hkmhZl^mh_
BS EN 1990 bfihl^]]^_hkfZmbhglhkZ\\ê^kZmbhgl\Znl^]%_hk^qZfie^%[rm^fi^kZmnk^\aZg`^l%fhblmnk^
1.5.3.1
oZkbZmbhg%ngô^gl^mme^f^gmhk^ZkmajnZd^l!bg]bk^\mZ\mbhg"'
BS EN 1990
1.5.3.3 Q I^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglk^_^kmhZ\mbhgl_hkpab\amaôZkbZmbhgbgfZ`gbmn]^pbmambf^bl
g^èb`b[e^'
BS EN 1990 Q OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglZk^Z\mbhgl_hkpab\amaôZkbZmbhgbgfZ`gbmn]^pbmambf^blghm
1.5.3.4
g^èb`b[e^'
BS EN 1990
Q :\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhglZk^Z\mbhglh_lahkm]nkZmbhg[nmh_lb`gb_b\ZgmfZ`gbmn]^maZmZk^
1.5.3.5
ngebdêrmhh\\nkhgZ`bo^glmkn\mnk^]nkbg`ma^]^lb`gphkdbgèb_^'
BS EN 1990 Ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^%?d%h_ZgZ\mbhgblbmlfZbgkîk^l^gmZmboôZen^Zg]laZee[^li^\b_b^][r3
4.1.2(1)
Q :f^ZgoZen^ ¾`^g^kZeernl^]_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl'
Q :gnii^koZen^ pbmaZgbgm^g]^]ikh[Z[bebmrh_ghm[^bg`^q\^^]^] hkehp^koZen^
pbmaZgbgm^g]^]ikh[Z[bebmrh_[^bg`Z\abô^]¾ghkfZeernl^]_hkoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglpbma
dghpglmZmblmb\Ze]blmkb[nmbhgl%ln\aZlpbg]hklghp'
Q :ghfbgZeoZen^ ¾nl^]_hklhfôZkbZ[e^Zg]Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl'
MaôZen^lh_Z\mbhgl`bo^gbgmaôZkbhnliZkmlh_;L>G*22*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^lT2VZk^
mZd^gZl\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l'
2.3.3 Verification
BS EN 1990 O^kb_b\Zmbhg%nlbg`maîZkmbZe_Z\mhkf^mah]%bl]^mZbe^]bg;L>G*22)T-V'Bgmablf^mah]bmbl
o^kb_b^]maZm%bgZeekêôZgm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl%ghkêôZgmebfbmlmZm^bl^q\^^]^]pa^g]^lb`g
BS EN 1991 oZen^l_hkZ\mbhglZg]k^lblmZg\^lZk^nl^]bgma^]^lb`gfh]êl'
4
;Zlblh_]^lb`g
2.3.4 Design values of actions

Ma^]^lb`goZen^%?]%h_ZgZ\mbhg%?%\Zg[^^qik^ll^]bg`^g^kZem^kflZl?] 6g?c ?d BS EN 1990
6.3.1
pa^k^
g? 6iZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkma^Z\mbhgpab\amZd^lZ\\hngmh_maîhllb[bebmrh_ng_ZohnkZ[e^
]ôbZmbhglh_ma^Z\mbhgoZen^l_khfma^kîk^l^gmZmboôZen^l'
c 6Z_Z\mhk_hkma^Z\mbhg
c \ZgaZo^maôZen^*')%c)hkc*hkc+ pab\ablnl^]mhh[mZbgma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\%
\hf[bgZmbhg%_k^jn^gmZg]jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^lk^li^\mboêr'BmZ]cnlmlmaôZen^
h_ma^Z\mbhgmhZ\\hngm_hkma^chbgmikh[Z[bebmrh_ma^Z\mbhglh\\nkkbg`lbfnemZg^hnler'
L^^MZ[e^l+'*mh+',pab\aZk^]^kbo^]_khf;L>G*22)Zg]bmlGZmbhgZe:gg^qT0ZV'
?d6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZgZ\mbhg'
Table 2.1
Values of c factors for road bridges
Action Symbol c0 c1 c2
MkZ__b\ehZ]l!l^^ `k*Za ML )'0. )'0. )
;L>G*22*&+%
N=E )'0. )'0. )
mZ[e^-'-"
I^]^lmkbZgZg]\r\e^&mkZ\dehZ]lb )'-) )'-) )
`k*[a Lbgè^Zqe^ ) )'0. )
`k+ AhkbshgmZe_hk\^l ) ) ) BS EN 1990 NA
`k, I^]^lmkbZgehZ]l ) )'-) ) table NA. A.2.1
`k- <khp]ehZ]bg` ) )'0. )
`k.c O^kmb\Ze_hk\^l_khfLOZg]LHOOâb\e^l ) *') )
Pbg]_hk\^l ?Pd I^klblm^gm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl )'.) )'+) )
?Pd =nkbg`^q^\nmbhg )'1) ¾ )
?#P =nkbg`^q^\nmbhg *') ¾ )
Ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl Md )'/)d )'/) )'.)
LghpehZ]l JLg%d!]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg" )'1) ¾ ¾
<hglmkn\mbhgehZ]l J *') ¾ *')
\
Key
a MaôZen^lh_c)%c*Zg]c+_hk`k*ZZg]`k*[Zk^`bo^g_hkkhZ]mkZ__b\\hkk^lihg]bg`mhZ]cnlmbg`
_Z\mhklaJb %ajb %ajkZg]bJ6*
b M aôZen^h_maî^]^lmkbZgZg]\r\e^&mkZ\dehZ]%`bo^gbgMZ[e^-'-Zh_>G*22*&+%blZ k^]n\^] oZen^
Z\\hfiZgrbg`ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_EF*Zg]lahne]ghm[^_Z\mhk^]Z`Zbg[rc*'Ahpô^k%pa^g
`k*Zbl\hf[bg^]pbmae^Z]bg`ghg&mkZ__b\Z\mbhgl%mabloZen^lahne][^_Z\mhk^][rc)
c BgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L>G*22*&+<e'-'.'+%ma^_k^jn^gmoZen^h_`k.]h^lghmg^^]mh[^\hglb]^k^]'
d M a^c)oZen^_hkma^kfZeZ\mbhglfZrbgfhlm\Zl^l[^k^]n\^]mh)_hknembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l>JN%LMKZg]
@>H
Table 2.2
Values of c factors for footbridges
Action Symbol c0 c1 c2 BS EN 1990 NA

table NA. A.2.2
MkZ__b\ehZ]l `k* )'- )'- )
J_pd ) ) )
`k+ ) ) )
Pbg]_hk\^l ?Pd )', )'+ )
Ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl Md )'/a )'/ )'.
LghpehZ]l JLg%d!]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg" )'1 ¾ )
<hglmkn\mbhgehZ]l J\ *') ¾ *')
Key
a Ma^c)oZen^_hkma^kfZeZ\mbhglfZrbgfhlm\Zl^l[^k^]n\^]mh)_hknembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l>JN%LMK
Zg]@>H
5
BS EN 1990
Table 2.3 table A.2.3
Values of c factors for railway bridges
Actions c0 c1 c2a
Individual EF0* )'1) c )

components of c
LP() )'1) )
traffic actionsb
LP(+ ) *')) )
NgehZ]^]mkZbg *')) ¾ ¾
ALEF *')) *')) )
MkZ\dbg`Zg][kZdbg` Bg]bob]nZe\hfihg^gmlh_mkZ__b\
<^gmkb_n`Ze_hk\^l Z\mbhglbg]^lb`glbmnZmbhglpa^k^ma^
Bgm^kZ\mbhg_hk\^l]n^mh]^_hkfZmbhgng]^ko^kmb\ZemkZ__b\ehZ]l mkZ__b\ehZ]lZk^\hglb]^k^]ZlZlbgè^
!fnemb&]bk^\mbhgZe"e^Z]bg`Z\mbhgZg]
ghmZl`khnilh_ehZ]llahne]nl^ma^
lZfôZen^lh_c_Z\mhklZlmahl^
Z]him^]_hkma^Zllh\bZm^]o^kmb\Ze
ehZ]l
Ghlbg`_hk\^l *')) )'1) )
Ghg&in[eb\_hhmiZmalehZ]l )'1) )'.) )
K^ZemkZbgl *')) *')) )
AhkbshgmZe^Zkmaik^llnk^]n^mhmkZ__b\ehZ]lnk\aZk`^ )'1) c )
:^kh]rgZfb\^__^\ml )'1) )'.) )
Main traffic actions `k**!EF0*$LP()" FZq'o^kmb\Ze*pbmafZq'ehg`bmn]bgZe )'1) )'1) )
(groups of loads) `k*+!EF0*$LP()" FZq'o^kmb\Ze+pbmafZq'mkZglo^kl^
`k*,!;kZdbg`(mkZ\mbhg" FZq'ehg`bmn]bgZe
`k*-!<^gmkb_n`Ze(ghlbg`" FZq'eZm^kZe
`k*.!NgehZ]^]mkZbg" EZm^kZelmZ[bebmrpbma ngehZ]^]mkZbg
`k*/!LP(+" LP(+pbmafZq'ehg`bmn]bgZe
`k*0!LP(+" LP(+pbmafZq'mkZglo^kl^
`k+*!EF0*$LP()" FZq'o^kmb\Ze*pbmafZq'ehg`bmn]bgZe )'1) )'0) )
`k++!EF0*$LP()" FZq'o^kmb\Ze+pbmafZq'mkZglo^kl^
`k+,!;kZdbg`(mkZ\mbhg" FZq'ehg`bmn]bgZe
`k+-!<^gmkb_n`Ze(ghlbg`" FZq'eZm^kZe
`k+/!LP(+" LP(+pbmafZq'ehg`bmn]bgZe
`k+0!LP(+" LP(+pbmafZq'mkZglo^kl^
`k,*!EF0*$LP()" :]]bmbhgZeehZ]\Zl^l )'1) )'/) )
Other operating :^kh]rgZfb\^__^\ml )'1) )'.) )
actions @^g^kZefZbgm^gZg\êhZ]bg`_hkghg&in[eb\_hhmiZmal )'1) )'.) )
Wind forces d ?Pd )'0. )'.) )
?##P *')) ) )
Thermal actionse M D )'/) )'/) )'.)
Snow loads JLg%d!]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg" )'1) ¾ )
Construction loads J\ *')) ¾ *'))
Key
a B_]^_hkfZmbhgbl[^bg`\hglb]^k^]_hki^klblm^gmZg]mkZglb^gm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl%c+lahne][^mZd^g^jnZemh*'))_hkkZbemkZ__b\Z\mbhgl'
?hkl^blfb\]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl%l^^MZ[e^G::+'.h_;L>G*22)G:
b Fbgbfnf\h^qblmZgm_ZohnkZ[eô^kmb\ZeehZ]pbmabg]bob]nZe\hfihg^gmlh_kZbemkZ__b\Z\mbhgl!^'`'\^gmkb_n`Ze%mkZ\mbhghk[kZdbg`"bl
)'.EF0*%^m\'
c )'1 b_*mkZ\dhgerblehZ]^]
)'0 b_+mkZ\dlZk^lbfnemZg^hnlerehZ]^]
)'/ b_,hkfhk^mkZ\dlZk^lbfnemZg^hnlerehZ]^]
d Pa^gpbg]_hk\^lZ\mlbfnemZg^hnlerpbmamkZ__b\Z\mbhgl%ma^pbg]_hk\^c)?Pdlahne][^mZd^gZlgh`k^Zm^kmaZg?##P
!l^^;L>G*22*&*&-"'L^^:+'+'-!-"h_;L>G*22)
e L^^;L>G*22*&*&.
6
;Zlblh_]^lb`g
2.3.5 Combinations of actions

Ultimate limit states
Ma^_heehpbg`nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^llaZee[ô^kb_b^]ZlkêôZgm3
BS EN 1990
>JN Ehllh_lmZmb\^jnbeb[kbnfh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hkZgriZkmh_bm\hglb]^k^]ZlZkb`b][h]r' 6.4.1
LMK Bgm^kgZe_Zbenk^hk^q\^llbo^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZef^f[^kl'
@>H ?Zbenk^hk^q\^llbo^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^pa^k^ma^lmk^g`malh_lhbehkkh\dZk^
lb`gb_b\Zgmbgikhob]bg`k^lblmZg\^'
?:M ?Zmb`n^_Zbenk^h_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZef^f[^kl'
MaîZkmbZe_Z\mhklZg]\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl_hkma^lêbfbmlmZm^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^l+'- BS EN 1990 tables

NA.A.2.4(A), (B) & (C)
mh+'0'
Table 2.4
Recommended partial factors
Action EQU (Set A) STR/GEO (Set B) STR/GEO (Set C)

Permanent actions gG,sup gG,inf gG,sup gG,inf gG,sup gG,inf
Concrete self-weight *'). )'2. *',. )'2. *')) *'))
Steel self-weight *'). )'2. *'+) )'2. *')) *'))

Superimposed dead a *'). )'2. *'+) )'2. *')) *'))
Road surfacing a *'). )'2. *'+) )'2. *')) *'))
Weight of soil *'). )'2. *',. )'2. *')) *'))
Self-weight of other *'). )'2. *',. )'2. *')) *'))

materials listed in BS EN
1991-1-1, tables A.1-A.6
Creep and shrinkage ¾ ¾ *'+) ) *')) )
Settlement (linear ¾ ¾ *'+) ) *')) )

structural analysis)
Settlement (non-linear ¾ ¾ *',. ) *')) )
structural analysis)
Variable actions (gQ ) Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
Road traffic actions *',. ) *',. ) *'*. )
(gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr5, gr6)
Pedestrian actions *',. ) *',. ) *'*. )
(gr3, gr4)
Rail traffic actions *'-. ) *'-. ) *'+. )
(LM71, SW/0, HSLM)
Rail traffic actions (SW/2 *'-) ) *'-) ) *'+) )
and other load models
representing controlled
exceptional traffic)
Rail traffic actions *'0) ) *'0) ) *'-. )
(real trains)
Wind actions *'0) ) *'0) ) *'-. )
Thermal actions *'.. ) *'.. ) *',) )
Key
a L^^MZ[e^G:'*h_;L>G*22*&*&*T2V_hk`nb]Zg\^hgmab\dg^ll^l_hk[ZeeZlm%pZm^kikhh_bg`%lnk_Z\^lZg]hma^k\hZmbg`l'
Note
?hk]^lb`goZen^l_hklê_&p^bàmh_pZm^k%`khng]pZm^kik^llnk^Zg]^Zkmaik^llnk^lk^_^kmh;L>G*220&*'
7
BS EN 1990 Table 2.5
tables NA.A.2.4(A), Combinations of actions for EQU, STR and GEO limit states
(B) & (C)
Persistent and Permanent actions Prestress Leading variable Accompanying
transient design action variable actions

situation Unfavourable Favourable
>qi'!/'*)" g @%lni@dc%lni g @%bg_@dc%bg_ g II g J%*Jd%* g J%bc )%bJd%b
Note
?hkiZkmbZe_Z\mhkll^^MZ[e^+'-!^q\îml^^MZ[e^+'2_hkg I"

table A2.5 Combinations for accidental situations
Accidental Permanent actions Prestress Accidental Accompanying variable actions
design action
situation Unfavourable Favourable Main Others
>qi'!/'**Z([" @d%c%lni @d%c%bg_ I :] c*%* Jd%* c+%bJd%b
BS EN 1992-1-1 Table 2.7

6.8.3 Combinations of fatigue actions
Action Permanent actions Prestress Leading variable Accompanying Fatigue
Favourable Unfavourable action variable actions action
Ghg&\r\eb\ @d%c%bg_ @d%c%lni I c*%*Jd%* c+%bJd%b ¾
<r\eb\ @d%c%bg_ @d%c%lni I c*%*Jd%* c+%bJd%b J_Zm
Serviceability limit states
Ma^\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl_hkma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^Zk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'1'

table A2.6 Combinations of actions for the serviceability limit state
Combination Permanent actions Prestress Variable actions
Favourable Unfavourable Leading Others
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\ @d%c%lni @d%c%bg_ I Jd%* c)%bJd%b
?k^jn^gm @d%c%lni @d%c%bg_ I c*%*Jd%* c+%bJd%b
JnZlb&i^kfZg^gm @d%c%lni @d%c%bg_ I c+%*Jd%* c+%bJd%b

2.3.6 Actions to consider

BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^kfZe^__^\ml%]b__^k^gmbZel^mme^f^gml(fho^f^gml%\k^îZg]lakbgdZ`^lahne][^mZd^gbgmh
2.3.1.2, 2.3.1.3 Z\\hngmpa^g\a^\dbg`l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l'
& 2.3.2.2
Ma^kfZe^__^\ml%]b__^k^gmbZel^mme^f^gml(fho^f^gml%\k^îZg]lakbgdZ`^lahne][^\hglb]^k^]
_hknembfZmêbfbmlmZm^lhgerpa^k^ma^rZk^lb`gb_b\Zgm!^'`'_Zmb`n^\hg]bmbhgl%bgmaô^kb_b\Zmbhg
h_lmZ[bebmrpa^k^l^\hg]hk]^k^__^\mlZk^h_bfihkmZg\^%^m\'"'Bghma^k\Zl^lma^rg^^]ghm[^
\hglb]^k^]%ikhob]^]maZmma^]n\mbebmrZg]khmZmbhg\ZiZ\bmrh_ma^ê^f^gmlZk^ln__b\b^gm'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Pa^k^ma^kfZe^__^\mlZk^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmma^rlahne][^\hglb]^k^]ZloZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglZg]
2.3.1.2(3) Ziieb^]pbmaZiZkmbZe_Z\mhkZg]c_Z\mhk%pab\a\Zg[^]^m^kfbg^]_khf;L>G*22):gg^q:+'
8
;Zlblh_]^lb`g
=b__^k^gmbZel^mme^f^gml(fho^f^gmlh_ma^lmkn\mnk^]n^mhlhbeln[lb]^g\^lahne][^\eZllb_b^] BS EN 1992-1-1
ZlZi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg%@l^mpab\ablbgmkh]n\^]Zlln\abg\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl':iZkmbZe 2.3.1.3(1) & (4)
lZ_^mr_Z\mhk_hkl^mme^f^gm^__^\mllahne][^Ziieb^]'
Pa^g \k^î bl mZd^g bgmh Z\\hngm bml ]^lb`g ^__^\ml lahne] [^ ôZenZm^] ng]^k ma^ jnZlb&
i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhglbkk^li^\mbo^h_ma^]^lb`glbmnZmbhg\hglb]^k^]b'^'i^klblm^gm% BS EN 1992-1-1
2.3.2.2(3)
mkZglb^gmhkZ\\b]^gmZe'Bgfhlm\Zl^lma^^__^\mlh_\k^îfZr[^ôZenZm^]ng]^ki^kfZg^gm
ehZ]lZg]ma^f^ZgoZen^h_ik^lmk^ll'
Ma^]^lb`goZen^l_hkoâb\e^bfiZ\mlhglniihkmbg`lmkn\mnk^lZg]ln[lmkn\mnk^lZk^`bo^gbg
;L>G*22*&*&*T2Vl^\mbhg-','Ma^]^bl`goZen^l_hkoâb\e^bfiZ\mlhgiZkZi^mlZk^`bo^gbg
;L>G*22*&+T2Vl^\mbhg-'1'
:iikhikbZmôZen^l_hkiZkmbZeZ\mbhglZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'2
Table 2.9
Values for partial factors applied to actions
Action Ultimate limit state Servicability limit state
STR/GEO EQU FAT Favourable Unfavourable
Favourable Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable
LakbgdZ`^ gLA6) gLA6*') ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Ik^lmk^ll
^__^\ml
gI%_Zo6)'2 gI%ng_Zo6*'* gI%_Zo6)'2 gI%ng_Zo6*'+ ¾ kbg_6*') klni6*')
?Zmb`n^ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ g?%_Zm6*') ¾ ¾
2.3.7 Material properties
FZm^kbZe ikhi^kmb^l Zk^ li^\b_b^] bg m^kfl h_ ma^bk \aZkZ\m^kblmb\ oZen^l% pab\a bg `^g^kZe
BS EN 1992-1-1
\hkk^lihg] mh Z ]^_bg^] _kZ\mbe^ h_ Zg Zllnf^] lmZmblmb\Ze ]blmkb[nmbhg h_ ma^ ikhi^kmr 2.4.2.4(1) & NA
\hglb]^k^]!nlnZeermaêhp^k._kZ\mbe^"'
MaôZen^lh_g<Zg]gL%iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkfZm^kbZel%Zk^bg]b\Zm^]bgMZ[e^+'*)'
Table 2.10 BS EN 1992-1-1

Partial factors for materials table 2.1 N & NA
Design situation gC – concrete gS – reinforcing steel gS – prestressing steel

ULS – Persistent and transient *'.) *'*. *'*.
Accidental *'+) *')) *'))
Fatigue *'.) *'*. *'*.
SLS *')) *')) *'))
2.4 Assumptions BS EN 1992-1-1

1.3
BgZ]]bmbhgmhma^Zllnfimbhglbg;L>G*22)%bmblZllnf^]maZm3
QLmkn\mnk^lZk^]^lb`g^][rZiikhikbZmêrjnZeb_b^]Zg]^qi^kb^g\^]i^klhggê'
Q:]^jnZm^lni^koblbhgZg]jnZebmr\hgmkheblikhob]^]'
Q<hglmkn\mbhgbl\Zkkb^]hnm[ri^klhggêaZobg`ma^ZiikhikbZm^ldbeeZg]^qi^kb^g\^'
QFZm^kbZelZg]ikh]n\mlpbee[^nl^]Zlli^\b_b^]bg>nkh\h]^+hkbgma^kêôZgmfZm^kbZehk
ikh]n\mli^\b_b\Zmbhgl'
QMa^lmkn\mnk^pbee[^Z]^jnZmêrfZbgmZbg^]Zg]pbee[^nl^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^
]^lb`g[kb^_'
QMa^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk^q^\nmbhgZg]phkdfZglabi`bo^gbg>GO*,/0)T*)VZk^\hfieb^]pbma'
9
:mma^mbf^h_pkbmbg`;L>G*,/0)T**Vbl^qi^\m^]mh[în[ebla^]bgeZm^+))2%Zg]pbee
kîeZ\^ >GO *,/0)'Hg\^ in[ebla^] bm bl Zgmb\biZm^] maZm lmZg]Zk] li^\b_b\Zmbhgl pbee [^
ni]Zm^]mhk^_^kmhbm'Bgma^bgm^kbf^qblmbg`li^\b_b\Zmbhgllahne][^Z]Zim^]'
2.5 Foundation design

Ma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^_hng]Zmbhglblln[c^\mmh>nkh\h]^0T*+V_hkma^`^hm^\agb\ZeZli^\ml
BS EN 1997 Zg]mh>nkh\h]^+_hkma^lmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^]^lb`g'?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^hgma^`^hm^\agb\Ze
2.4.6.4
]^lb`g\Zg[^_hng]bgI=//2-&*T*,V'
>nkh\h]^0blpb]^kZg`bg`Zg]ikhob]^lZeema^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g'BmlmZm^l
BS EN 1997 maZmghebfbmlmZm^^'`'^jnbeb[kbnf%lmZ[bebmr%lmk^g`mahkl^kob\^Z[bebmr%Zl]^_bg^][r;L>G*22)%
2.1(4) laZee[^^q\^^]^]'Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hkNELZg]LEL]^lb`gfZr[^Z\\hfiebla^][rnlbg`%
bgZgZiikhikbZm^fZgg^k%ma^_heehpbg`Zehg^hkbg\hf[bgZmbhg3
Q <Ze\neZmbhgl'
Q Ik^l\kbimbo^f^Zlnk^l'
Q M^lmbg`'
Q H[l^koZmbhgZef^mah]l'
Ma^ _hng]Zmbhg ]^lb`g Zg] ma^ ]^kboZmbhg h_ ]^lb`g k^lblmZg\^ Zk^ \ho^k^] [r ma^
@^hm^\agb\Ze =^lb`g Kîhkm' ?hk lbfie^ lmkn\mnk^l% mabl kîhkm \Zg [^ \hf[bg^] pbma ma^
`khng] bgo^lmb`Zmbhg kîhkm [nm bm bl lmbee Z ]blmbg\m k^jnbk^f^gm' ;hma ma^ NEL Zg] LEL
\hg]bmbhgl fnlm [^ f^m [nm ma^ ]^_bgbmbhg h_ ma^ LEL \kbm^kbZ bl ghm ihllb[e^ pbmahnm ma^
ebZblhgpbmama^[kb]`^]^lb`g^kZg]Z_nee>nkh\h]^0\hfiZmb[e^]^lb`g\Zgghm[^\Zkkb^]
hnm[rZiZkmrbgblheZmbhg_khfma^k^lmh_ma^lmkn\mnk^]^lb`gm^Zf'
10
FZm^kbZel
3 Materials
3.1 Concrete
3.1.1 Strength and other properties
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^ \hfik^llbo^ lmk^g`ma bl ]^ghm^] [r \hg\k^m^ lmk^g`ma \eZll^l pab\a kêZm^ mh ma^
3.1.2(1)
\aZkZ\m^kblmb\!."\rebg]^klmk^g`ma_\d%hkma^\n[^lmk^g`ma_\d%\n[^%bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L>G
+)/&*<hg\k^m^3Li^\b_b\Zmbhg%i^k_hkfZg\^%ikh]n\mbhgZg]\hg_hkfbmr T*-V'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Bgma^ND%;L1.)) T1V\hfie^f^gml;L>G+)/&*Zg]ma^`nb]Zg\^`bo^gbgma^_hkf^klahne] 4.4.1.2(5) & NA
[^_heehp^]'
<hg\k^m^ lmk^g`ma \eZll^l Zg] ikhi^kmb^l Zk^ lahpg bgMZ[e^ ,'*' Bg ma^ ghmZmbhg nl^] _hk
BS EN 1992-1-1
\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma\eZll%Â<Ãk^_^klmhghkfZep^bàm\hg\k^m^%ma^_bklmgnf[^kk^_^klmh table 3.1
ma^\rebg]^klmk^g`ma_\dZg]ma^l^\hg]mh\n[^lmk^g`ma_\d%\n[^'
BS EN 1992-2
Ma^lmk^g`ma\eZll^l!<"bg;L>G*22+&+Zk^]^ghm^][rma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\rebg]^klmk^g`ma_\d 3.1.2 (102) & NA
]^m^kfbg^] Zm +1 ]Zrl pbma Z fbgbfnf oZen^ h_<+.(,) Zg] Z fZqbfnf oZen^ h_<0)(1.'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^la^Zklmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^\eZll^labà^kmaZg<.)(/)lahne][^]^m^kfbg^][rm^lmlhk
3.1.2 (2) & NA
ebfbm^]mhmaZmh_<.)(/)'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Table 3.1 table 3.1
Concrete strength classes and properties
Property Strength class (MPa)

C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C28/35a C32/40a
f\d +. ,) ,. -) -. .) .. /) 0) +1 ,+
f\d%\n[^ ,) ,0 -. .) .. /) /0 0. 1. ,. -)
f\f ,, ,1 -, -1 ., .1 /, /1 01 ,/ -)
f\mf +'/ +'2 ,'+ ,'. ,'1 -'* -'+ -'- -'/ +'1 ,')
f\md%)'). *'1 +') +'+ +'. +'0 +'2 ,') ,'* ,'+ *'2 +'*
f\md%)'2. ,', ,'1 -'+ -'/ -'2 .', .'. .'0 /') ,'/ ,'2
E\f%!@IZ" ,* ,, ,- ,. ,/ ,0 ,1 ,2 -* ,+ ,,
Key
a=^kbo^]]ZmZ
BS EN 1992-1-1
MaôZen^h_ma^]^lb`g\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^%_\]%bl]^_bg^]Zl3 3.1.6(1) & NA
_\]6a\\_\d (g<
pa^k^
_\d 6\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hfik^llbo^\rebg]^klmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^Zm+1]Zrl
g< 6iZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hk\hg\k^m^!L^^MZ[e^+'2"
a\\ 6Z\h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf^__^\mlhgma^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_
ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^pZrmaêhZ]blZiieb^]' Bgma^NDa\\bl^bma^k
*')hk)'1.]î^g]bg`hgma^lbmnZmbhg'Ma^\hkk^\moZen^lZk^nl^]bgma^ZiikhikbZm^
\eZnl^l[êhp'@^g^kZeerbmbl*')_hkla^ZkZg])'1.bghma^k\bk\nflmZg\^l
MaôZen^h_\hg\k^m^]^lb`gm^glbe^lmk^g`ma_\m]bl]^_bg^]Zl3
_\m]6 *') _\md%)').(g<
pa^k^
_\md%)').6._kZ\mbeôZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ihbllhg lkZmbhfZr[^mZd^g^jnZemh)'+_hkng\kZ\d^]\hg\k^m^Zg])_hk\kZ\d^]\hg\k^m^' 3.1.3(4)
Nge^llfhk^Z\\nkZm^bg_hkfZmbhgblZoZbeZ[e^%maêbg^Zk\h^__b\b^gmh_ma^kfZe^qiZglbhgfZr BS EN 1992-1-1
[^mZd^g^jnZemh*)q*)¾/D¾*' 3.1.3(5)
11
3.1.2 Creep
Ma^\k^î\h^__b\b^gm%h!m%m)"blkêZm^]mh>\%ma^mZg`^gmfh]nenl%pab\afZr[^mZd^gZl
BS EN 1992-1-1 *').>\f'
3.1.4(2)
Ma^\k^î\h^__b\b^gmh!m%m)"fZr[^h[mZbg^]_khf?b`nk^,'*h_;L>G*22+&*&*%hk\Ze\neZm^]_khf3
BS EN 1992-1-1 h!m%m)"6h)b\!m%m)"
B.1(1)
pa^k^
h)6 ghmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gmZg]fZr[^^lmbfZm^]_khf3
6 hKAb!_\f "b !m) "
pa^k^
hKA 6 _Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkma^^__^\mh_kêZmboânfb]bmrhgma^ghmbhgZe\k^î
\h^__b\b^gm3
6 *$*¾KA(*))_hk_ ©,.FIZ
\f
)'*a)*(,

T V
6 *$a*!*¾KA(*))" a _hk_ 7,.FIZ
)'*a)*(,
+ \f
KA 6kêZmboânfb]bmrh_ma^Zf[b^gm^gobkhgf^gmbg
b!_\f" 6_Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkma^^__^\mh_\hg\k^m^lmk^g`mahgma^ghmbhgZe\k^î
\h^__b\b^gm
6*/'1(_\f)'.
_\f 6f^Zg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^bgFIZZmma^Z`^h_+1]Zrl
b!m)" 6_Z\mhkmhZeehp_hkma^^__^\mh_\hg\k^m^Z`^ZmehZ]bg`hgma^ghmbhgZe\k^î
\h^__b\b^gm
6*(!)'*$m))'+)"
a) 6ghmbhgZelbs^h_ma^f^f[^kbgff
6+:\ (n
:\ 6\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Z
n 6i^kbf^m^kh_ma^f^f[^kbg\hgmZ\mpbmama^Zmfhlia^k^
b\!m%m)"6\h^__b\b^gmmh]^l\kb[^ma^]ôêhif^gmh_\k^îpbmambf^Z_m^k
ehZ]bg`
6T!m¾m)"(!bA$m¾m)"V)',
pa^k^
m 6Z`^h_\hg\k^m^bg]ZrlZmma^fhf^gm\hglb]^k^]
m) 6Z`^h_\hg\k^m^ZmehZ]bg`bg]Zrl
m¾m) 6ghg&Z]cnlm^]]nkZmbhgh_ehZ]bg`bg]Zrl
bA 6\h^__b\b^gm ]î^g]bg` hg ma^ kêZmbo^ anfb]bmr !KA bg " Zg] ma^
ghmbhgZef^f[^klbs^!a)bgff"
6*'.T*$!)')*+KA"*1Va)$+.)©*.))_hk_\f©,.FIZ
6*'.T*$!)')*+KA"*1Va)$+.)a,©*.))a,_hk_\f7,.FIZ
a* 6!,.(_\f")'0
a+ 6!,.(_\f")'+
a, 6!,.(_\f")'.
BS EN 1992-1-1
B.1(2)
Ma^^__^\mh_mri^h_\^f^gmhgma^\k^î\h^__b\b^gmh_\hg\k^m^fZr[^mZd^gbgmh
Z\\hngm[rfh]b_rbg`ma^Z`^h_ehZ]bg`m)Z\\hk]bg`mhma^_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg3
m)6m)%M!2(!+$m)%M*'+"$*"a≥)'.
pa^k^
m)%M 6m^fi^kZmnk^Z]cnlm^]Z`^h_\hg\k^m^ZmehZ]bg`bg]Zrl!l^^[êhp"
a 6ihp^kpab\a]î^g]lhgmri^h_\^f^gm
6&*_hk\^f^gm<eZllL!\^f^gm<eZll<>F,+'.G"
6)_hk\^f^gm<eZllG!\^f^gm<eZll^l,+'.K<>F-+'.G"
6*_hk\^f^gm<eZllK!\^f^gm<eZll^l<>F-+'.K%<>F.+'.G<>F.+'.K"
12
FZm^kbZel
<^f^gm\eZll^l\Zg[^li^\b_b^]nlbg`;L>G*20&*T*.V'Pa^k^ma^\^f^gm<eZllblghmdghpg%
`^g^kZeer <eZll K fZr [^ Zllnf^]' Pa^k^ ma^ `khng] `kZgneZm^] [eZlm_nkgZ\^ leZ` !``[l"
\hgm^gm^q\^^]l,.hkma^_erZla\hgm^gm^q\^^]l+)h_ma^\^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhg%<eZllG
fZr[^Zllnf^]'Pa^k^``[l^q\^^]l/.hki_Z^q\^^]l,.%<eZllLfZr[^Zllnf^]'
Ma^^__^\mh_êôZm^]hkk^]n\^]m^fi^kZmnk^lpbmabgma^kZg`^)¾1)<hgma^fZmnkbmrh_ BS EN 1992-1-1
\hg\k^m^fZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm[rZ]cnlmbg`ma^\hg\k^m^Z`^Z\\hk]bg`mhma^_heehpbg` B.1(3)
>qik^llbhg3
g
mM6S^ ¾!-)))(T+0,$M!Dmb"V¾*,'/."Dm
b6*
pa^k^
mM 6m^fi^kZmnk^&Z]cnlm^]\hg\k^m^Z`^pab\akîeZ\^lmbgma^\hkk^lihg]bg`^jnZmbhgl
M!Dmb " 6m^fi^kZmnk^bg<]nkbg`ma^mbfî^kbh]D mb
Dmb 6gnf[^kh_]Zrlpa^k^Zm^fi^kZmnk^MikôZbel
Ma^ f^Zg \h^__b\b^gm h_ oZkbZmbhg h_ ma^ Z[ho^ ik^]b\m^] \k^î ]ZmZ% ]^]n\^] _khf Z
\hfinm^kbl^]]ZmZ[Zgdh_eZ[hkZmhkrm^lmk^lneml%blh_ma^hk]^kh_+)'
Ma^\k^î]^_hkfZmbhgh_\hg\k^mê\\!∞%m)"Zmmbf^m6∞_hkZ\hglmZgm\hfik^llbo^lmk^lls\ BS EN 1992-1-1
Ziieb^]Zmma^\hg\k^m^Z`^m)%bl`bo^g[r3 3.1.4(3)
e\\!∞%m)"6h!∞%m)"!s\(>\"
Pa^gma^\hfik^llbo^lmk^llh_\hg\k^m^ZmZgZ`^m)^q\^^]lmaôZen^)'-._\d!m)"ma^g\k^î
BS EN 1992-1-1
ghg&ebg^Zkbmrlahne][^\hglb]^k^]'Ln\aZabàlmk^ll\Zgh\\nkZlZk^lnemh_ik^m^glbhgbg`%^'`' 3.1.4(4)
bg ik^\Zlm \hg\k^m^ f^f[^kl Zm m^g]hg eôê' Bg ln\a \Zl^l ma^ ghg&ebg^Zk ghmbhgZe \k^î
\h^__b\b^gmlahne][^h[mZbg^]Zl_heehpl3
hge!∞%m)"6h!∞%m)"^qiT*'.!ds¾)'-."V
pa^k^
hge!∞%m)"6ghg&ebg^ZkghmbhgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm%pab\akîeZ\^lh!∞%m)"
ds 6lmk^ll¾lmk^g`makZmbhs\ (_\d!m)"
s\ 6\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll BS EN 1992-1-1
_\d!m)" 6\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZmma^mbf^h_ehZ]bg` 3.1.4(6)

3.1.3 Shrinkage
Ma^mhmZelakbgdZ`^lmkZbgbl\hfihl^]h_mph\hfihg^gml%ma^]krbg`lakbgdZ`^lmkZbgZg]ma^
Znmh`^ghnllakbgdZ`^lmkZbg'Ma^]krbg`lakbgdZ`^lmkZbg]ôêhillehper%lbg\^bmblZ_ng\mbhgh_
ma^ fb`kZmbhg h_ ma^ pZm^k makhnà ma^ aZk]^g^] \hg\k^m^'Ma^ Znmh`^ghnl lakbgdZ`^ lmkZbg
]ôêhil]nkbgàZk]^gbg`h_ma^\hg\k^m^3ma^fZchkiZkmma^k^_hk^]ôêhilbgma^^Zker]Zrl
Z_m^k\Zlmbg`':nmh`^ghnllakbgdZ`^blZebg^Zk_ng\mbhgh_ma^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma'Bmlahne][^
\hglb]^k^]li^\b_b\Zeerpa^gg^p\hg\k^m^bl\ZlmZ`ZbglmaZk]^g^]\hg\k^m^'
A^g\^maôZen^lh_ma^mhmZelakbgdZ`^lmkZbg_heehp_khf3
e\l6e\]$e\Z
pa^k^
e\l6mhmZelakbgdZ`^lmkZbg
e\]6]krbg`lakbgdZ`^lmkZbg!l^^MZ[e^,'+"
e\Z6Znmh`^ghnllakbgdZ`^lmkZbg!l^^MZ[e^,'+"
3.2 Steel reinforcement

Maîkhi^kmb^lh_lm^êk^bg_hk\^f^gmmh;L---23+)).T*/VZk^lahpgbgMZ[e^,','Mabl;kbmbla BS EN 1992-1-1
LmZg]Zk]\hfie^f^gml;L>G*))1)T*0VZg]:gg^q<h_;L>G*22+&*&*' 3.2
:gg^q<Zeehpl_hkZlmk^g`makZg`^[^mp^^g-))Zg]/))FIZ';L---23+)).Z]himl.))FIZ'
13
Table 3.2
Long-term (70-year) shrinkage strains
Concrete strength at Strain due to drying Strain due to autogenous Total shrinkage
28 days ( fck ) shrinkage (x 103) shrinkage (x 103) strains (x 103)

20 )'.*0 )')+. )'.-+
25 )'-12 )'),1 )'.+0
30 )'-/, )').) )'.*,
35 )'-,1 )')/, )'.)*
40 )'-*. )')0. )'-2)
45 )',2, )')11 )'-1*
50 )',0+ )'*)) )'-0+
60 )',,, )'*+. )'-.1
70 )'+21 )'*.) )'--1
Notes
1MaôZen^llahpgZllnf^<eZllK\^f^gm!<eZllGZg]<eZllLpbeeaZoêhp^koZen^l"'
2Ma^]krbg`lakbgdZ`ôZen^lZllnf^ZghmbhgZef^f[^klbs^%a)%h_*.)ff'?hka)h_,))ff
fnembieroZen^l[r)'1*Zg]_hka)h_.))ffhk`k^Zm^k%fnembieroZen^l[r)'0.'
Table 3.3
Properties of reinforcement
Property Class
A B C
BS EN 1992-1-1
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\rbê]lmk^g`mafrdhkf)'+d!FIZ" .)) .)) .))
table C1
FbgbfnfoZen^h_k6!fm (fr"d ª*'). ª*')1 ª*'*.5*',.
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmkZbgZmfZqbfnf_hk\ênd!" ª+'. ª.') ª0'.

Note
MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf;L>G*22+&*&*:gg^q<%;L---23+)).Zg];L>G*))1)'Ma^ghf^g\eZmnk^nl^]
bg;L---23+)).]b__^kl_khfmaZmnl^]bg:gg^q<Zg]nl^]a^k^'
BS EN 1992-2 <eZll;hk<eZll<k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^nl^]'?hklm^ê_Z[kb\k^bg_hk\^f^gm%<eZll:fZrZelh
3.2.4 & NA [^nl^]ikhob]^]bmblghmmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbgma^ôZenZmbhgh_ma^nembfZm^k^lblmZg\^'
3.3 Prestressing steel

Mrib\Ze ik^lmk^llbg` lmkZg] ikhi^kmb^l Zk^ lahpg bgMZ[e^ ,'-'Ma^ fZgn_Z\mnk^kÃl m^\agb\Ze
]ZmZla^^mllahne][^k^_^kk^]_hk]^mZbe^]bg_hkfZmbhg'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ikhi^kmb^lh_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^êllahne][^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma>G*)*,1'Ahpô^k%ngmbemabl
3.3.2(1) lmZg]Zk]blin[ebla^];L.12/T*1VfZr[^nl^]'
BS EN 1992-1-1
3.3.3(1) Ma^)'*ikhh_lmk^ll!_i)'*d"Zg]ma^li^\b_b^]oZen^h_m^glbe^lmk^g`ma!_id"Zk^nl^]mh]^_bg^
ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^lh_maîk^lmk^llbg`lm^êl'
Ma^]^lb`goZen^l_hkmaîk^lmk^llbg`lm^êZk^]^kbo^][r]bob]bg`ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l
[r ma^ iZkmbZe lZ_^mr _Z\mhk _hk ik^lmk^llbg` lm^ê gL' ?hk nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg%
gL6*'*._hki^klblm^gmZg]mkZglb^gm]^lb`glbmnZmbhglZg]*')_hkZ\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmr>i\Zg[^Zllnf^]^jnZemh+).@IZ_hkpbk^lZg][ZklZg]*2.@IZ
3.3.6(2) & (3)
_hklmkZg]'
14
FZm^kbZel
Table 3.4
Dimensions and properties of low relaxation strand and wire for prestressed concrete
Type of Nominal Nominal Steel area Nominal Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic
strand diameter tensile (mm²) mass (g/m) breaking load 0.1% proof load at 1%
(mm) strength (MPa) (kN) load (kN) elongation (kN)
0pbk^ *.'+ *1/) *,2 *)2) +.2 ++) ++1
lmZg]Zk] *.'+ */0) *,2 *)2) +,+ *20 +)-
*+'. *1/) 2, 0,) *0, *-0 *.+
*+'. *00) 2, 0,) */- *,2 *--
**') *00) 0* ..0 *+. *)/ **)
2', *1/) .+ -)1 20 1+ 1.
2', *00) .+ -)1 2+ 01 1*
0pbk^lni^k *.'0 *1/) *.) **1) +02 +,0 +-/
*.'0 *00) *.) **1) +/. ++. +,,
*+'2 *1/) *)) 01. *1/ *.1 */,
**', *1/) 0. .2) *,2 **1 *++
2'/ *1/) .. -,+ *)+ 10 2)
1') *1/) ,1 +21 0) .2 /*
0pbk^]kZpg *1') *00) ++, *0.) ,1) ,+, ,,-
*.'+ *1+) */. *+2. ,)) +.. +/-
*+'0 *1/) **+ 12) +)2 *01 *1-
3.3.1 Relaxation of prestressing steel

;L>G*22+&*&*]^_bg^lmak^^\eZll^lh_kêZqZmbhg' BS EN 1992-1-1
<eZll*3hk]bgZkrpbk^Zg]lmkZg] 3.3.2(4)
<eZll+3ehpkêZqZmbhgpbk^Zg]lmkZg]
<eZll,3ahmkhee^]Zg]ikh\^ll^][Zkl
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^]^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgh_maêhll^l]n^mhkêZqZmbhgh_maîk^lmk^llbg`lm^êlahne][^[Zl^] 3.3.2(5)
hg ma^ ehll Zm *))) ak !r*)))" Z_m^k m^glbhgbg` Zm Z f^Zg m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ +)< Zg] bgbmbZe
ik^lmk^llh_0)!)'0_id"'MaôZen^lh_r*)))\Zg[^mZd^g_khfma^\^kmb_b\Zm^hkZllnf^]mh[^3
<eZll*¾1 BS EN 1992-1-1
<eZll+¾+'. 3.3.2(6)
<eZll,¾-
Ma^ kêZqZmbhg ehll fZr [^ h[mZbg^] _khf fZgn_Z\mnk^kÃl m^lm \^kmb_b\Zm^l hk ma^r \Zg [^ BS EN 1992-1-1
\Ze\neZm^]%[Zl^]nihgma^_heehpbg`^jnZmbhgl!l^^ZelhMZ[e^,'."3 3.3.2(7)
<eZll* Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

= 5. 39 r1000 e 6.7m 10–5
spi 1000
<eZll+ Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

= 0. 66 r1000 e 9.1m 10–5
spi 1000
<eZll, Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

= 1. 98 r1000 e8m 10–5
spi 1000
pa^k^
Dsik 6Z[lhenmôZen^h_ma^kêZqZmbhgehll^lh_maîk^lmk^ll
sib 6Z[lhenmôZen^h_ma^bgbmbZeik^lmk^ll
6sif)_hkihlm&m^glbhgbg`!l^^L^\mbhg**','+"
6fZqbfnfm^glbe^lmk^llZiieb^]mhma^m^g]hgfbgnlma^bff^]bZmêhll^l
h\\nkkbg`]nkbg`ma^lmk^llbgìkh\^ll_hkik^&m^glbhgbg`!l^^L^\mbhg**',',"
15
m 6mbf^Z_m^km^glbhgbg`!bgahnkl"
¬ 6sibB_id%pa^k^_idblma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ma^
ik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
r*))) 6oZen^h_kêZqZmbhgehll!"%Zm*)))ahnklZ_m^km^glbhgbg`Zg]ZmZf^Zg
m^fi^kZmnk^h_+)<
Ma^ ehg`&m^kf !_bgZe" oZen^l h_ ma^ kêZqZmbhg ehll^l fZr [^ ^lmbfZm^] _khf m 6 .))%)))
BS EN 1992-1-1
ahnkl'
3.3.2(8)
BS EN 1992-1-1 KêZqZmbhgehll^lZkô^krl^glbmbo^mhm^fi^kZmnk^h_ma^lm^êpa^kâ^Zmmk^Zmf^gmblZiieb^]
3.3.2(9) !^'`'[rlm^Zf"!l^^;L>G*22+&*&*<e'*)','+'*"'Hma^kpbl^pa^k^ma^m^fi^kZmnk^bl`k^Zm^k
maZg.)<%ma^kêZqZmbhgehll^llahne][ô^kb_b^]'
Table 3.5
Relaxation losses based on using Expressions (3.28 to 3.30) in BS EN 1992-1-1
Class r*))) (%) μ = sib(_id m (hours) Dsik(sib%
1 1 )'1) .))%))) +,',
)'0/ +*'.
)'0+ *2'1
)'/1 *1'+
)'/- */'1
)'/) *.'.
2 +'. )'1) /'*
)'0/ .'*
)'0+ -',
)'/1 ,'/
)'// ,')
)'/) +'.
3 - )'1) *+'*
)'0/ *)'/
)'0+ 2',
)'/1 1'*
)'/- 0'*
)'/) /'+
KêZqZmbhgehll^lZk^l^glbmbo^mhoZkbZmbhglbglmk^lleôêlho^kmbf^Zg]\Zgma^k^_hk^[^
k^]n\^] [r mZdbg` bgmh \hglb]^kZmbhg h_ hma^k mbf^&]î^g]^gm ehll^l h\\nkkbg` pbmabg ma^
lmkn\mnk^ Zm ma^ lZf^ mbf^ !ln\a Zl \k^î Zg] lakbgdZ`^"' Ikôbhnl ND ikZ\mb\^ bl mh [Zl^
]^lb`ghgma^kêZqZmbhgehllh_*)))ahnklpbmahnm\hglb]^kbg`ma^bgm^kZ\mbhgpbma\k^î
Zg]lakbgdZ`^'
16
=nkZ[bebmrZg]\ho^k
4 Durability and cover

4.1 General
: ]nkZ[e^ lmkn\mnk^ laZee f^^m ma^ k^jnbk^f^gml h_ l^kob\^Z[bebmr% lmk^g`ma Zg] lmZ[bebmr BS EN 1992-1-1
makhnàhnm bml ]^lb`g phkdbg` eb_^% pbmahnm lb`gb_b\Zgm ehll h_ nmbebmr hk ^q\^llbo^ ng_hk^l^^g 4.1
fZbgm^gZg\^'
Bghk]^kmhZ\abô^ma^k^jnbk^]]^lb`gphkdbgèb_^h_ma^lmkn\mnk^%Z]^jnZm^f^Zlnk^llaZee[^ BS EN 1992-1-1
mZd^gmhikhm^\m^Z\almkn\mnkZeê^f^gmZ`Zbglmma^kêôZgm^gobkhgf^gmZeZ\mbhgl'>qihlnk^ 4.3(1), 4.2(1)
\hg]bmbhglZk^\a^fb\ZeZg]iarlb\Ze\hg]bmbhglmhpab\ama^lmkn\mnk^bl^qihl^]bgZ]]bmbhgmh
f^\aZgb\ZeZ\mbhgl'
K^jnbk^f^gml h_ ]nkZ[bebmr lahne] [^ \hglb]^k^] Zm Zee lmZ`^l h_ ]^lb`g Zg] \hglmkn\mbhg% BS EN 1992-1-1
bg\en]bg`ma^lê^\mbhgh_fZm^kbZel%\hglmkn\mbhg]^mZbel%^q^\nmbhgZg]jnZebmr\hgmkhe' 4.3(2)
AZe_&chbgmllahne]ghm[^nl^]bg[kb]`^lnge^llma^k^Zk^Z]^jnZmîkhoblbhgl_hkbgli^\mbhg BS EN 1992-2
Zg]fZbgm^gZg\^' PZm^ki^g^mkZmbhghkmaîhllb[bebmrh_e^ZdZ`^_khfma^\ZkkbZ`^pZrbgmh 4.2(104), (105)
& NA,
ma^ bglb]^ h_ ohb]^] lmkn\mnk^l lahne] [^ \hglb]^k^] bg ma^ ]^lb`g' ?hk \hg\k^m^ lnk_Z\^l PD 6687-2 5.1
ikhm^\m^][rpZm^kikhh_bg`ma^^qihlnk^\eZllbl Q<, '
Pa^k^ ]^&b\bg` lZem bl nl^]% Zee ^qihl^] \hg\k^m^ lnk_Z\^l pbmabg *)f h_ ma^ \ZkkbZ`^pZr
ahkbshgmZeer hk pbmabg .f Z[ho^ ma^ \ZkkbZ`^pZr lahne] [^ \hglb]^k^] Zl [^bg` ]bk^\mer
BS EN 1992-2
Z__^\m^] [r ]^&b\bg` lZeml' Mhi lnk_Z\^l h_ lniihkml ng]^k ^qiZglbhg chbgml lahne] Zelh [^
4.2(106) & NA
\hglb]^k^]Zl[^bg`]bk^\merZ__^\m^][r]^&b\bg`lZeml'Ma^^qihlnk^\eZll^l_hklnk_Z\^l]bk^\mer
Z__^\m^][r]^&b\bg`leZmlZk^ Q=, Zg] Q?+ hk Q?- ZlZiikhikbZm^'
:]^jnZm^\ho^kblk^jnbk^]mh^glnk^lZ_^mkZglfbllbhgh_[hg]_hk\^l!l^^L^\mbhg-'+"Zg] BS EN 1992-1-1
4.4.1.2(1)
ikhm^\mbhgh_lm^êZ`Zbglm\hkkhlbhg!l^^L^\mbhgl-',Zg]-'-"'
Ma^ \hg\k^m^ \ho^k mh k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl ma^ ]blmZg\^ _khf ma^ hnm^k lnk_Z\^ h_ ma^
k^bg_hk\^f^gmmhma^g^Zk^lm\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^'=kZpbg`llahne]li^\b_rma^ghfbgZe\ho^k':l
beenlmkZm^] bg ?b`nk^ -'*% ma^ ghfbgZe \ho^k lahne] lZmbl_r ma^ fbgbfnf k^jnbk^f^gml bg BS EN 1992-1-1
k^li^\mh_[hg]Zg]]nkZ[bebmr%Zg]Zeehp_hkma^]ôbZmbhgmh[^^qi^\m^]bg^q^\nmbhg!l^^ 4.4.1.3(3)
L^\mbhg-'."'
GhfbgZe\ho^k%\ghf
Fbgbfnf\ho^k%\fbg
!_hk[hg]%\fbg%[hk
]nkZ[bebmr\fbg%]nk"
=^lb`gZeehpZg\^_hk
Figure 4.1 ]ôbZmbhg%D\]ô
Determination
of cover
17
4.2 Cover for bond, \min,b
BS EN 1992-1-1 Bghk]^kmhmkZglfbm[hg]_hk\^llZ_êrZg]mh^glnk^Z]^jnZm^\hfiZ\mbhg%ma^fbgbfnf\ho^k
lahne]ghm[ê^llmaZg\fbg%[bgMZ[e^-'*'
4.4.1.2(3) & NA
Table 4.1
Minimum cover, cmin,b, requirements for bond
Reinforcement type and arrangement \min,b

Individual bars =bZf^m^kh_[Zk%f
Bundled bars >jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kh_[Zkl%fg
BS EN 1992-1-1 Post-tensioned circular ducts =bZf^m^kh_]n\mhk1)ffpab\aô^kbllfZee^k

table 4.2 Post-tensioned rectangular ducts LfZee^k]bf^glbhghkaZe_`k^Zm^k]bf^glbhg
pab\aô^kbl`k^Zm^k%[nmghmfhk^maZg1)ff
Pre-tensioned strand or wire *'.mbf^lma^]bZf^m^k
Pre-tensioned indented wire +'.mbf^lma^]bZf^m^k
4.3 Cover for durability, \min,dur

BS EN 1992-1-1 >gobkhgf^gmZe \hg]bmbhgl Zk^ \eZllb_b^] Z\\hk]bg` mhMZ[e^ -'+% pab\a bl [Zl^] hg ;L 1.))'
4.4.1.2(5) & NA <hg\k^m^\hfihlbmbhgZg]fbgbfnf\ho^klk^jnbk^]_hk]nkZ[bebmrbg]b__^k^gm^gobkhgf^gmZe
\hg]bmbhglZk^l^mhnmbgMZ[e^-',%]^kbo^]_khf;L1.))T1V'Ma^l^mZ[e^l`bo^k^\hff^g]Zmbhgl
_hkghkfZep^bàm\hg\k^m^nlbg`fZqbfnfZ``k^`Zm^lbs^h_+)ff_hklê^\m^]^qihlnk^
\eZll^lZg]\ho^kmhk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
BgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L1.)) %li^\bZeZmm^gmbhglahne][^`bo^gmhma^\hg\k^m^\hfihlbmbhg
Zg] Z``k^`Zm^l% pa^g \hglb]^kbg` _k^^s^(maZp ZmmZ\d% \a^fb\Ze ZmmZ\d hk Z[kZlbhg
k^lblmZg\^'
BS 8500 table A.1

Table 4.2
Exposure Classes
Class Class description Informative example applicable to the United Kingdom
No risk of corrosion or attack (X0 class)

X0 ?hk\hg\k^m^pbmahnm Ngk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lbglb]^lmkn\mnk^l'Ngk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^\hfie^mêr[nkb^]bglhbe
k^bg_hk\^f^gmhk^f[^]]^] \eZll^]Zl:<¾*Zg]pbmaar]kZneb\`kZ]b^gmghm`k^Zm^kmaZg.'Ngk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^mî^kfZg^gmer
f^mZeZee^qihlnk^l^q\îm ln[f^k`^]bgghg&Z``k^llbo^pZm^k'Ngk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^bg\r\eb\p^mZg]]kr\hg]bmbhglghm
pa^k^ma^k^bl_k^^s^(maZp% ln[c^\mmhZ[kZlbhg%_k^^sbg`hk\a^fb\ZeZmmZ\d'
Z[kZlbhghk\a^fb\ZeZmmZ\d' Note:?hkk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^%nl^Zme^ZlmQ<*'
Corrosion induced by carbonation (XC classes)a

(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is exposed to air and moisture)
XC1 =krhki^kfZg^gmerp^m' K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lbglb]^^g\ehl^]lmkn\mnk^l^q\îmZk^Zlh_lmkn\mnk^l
pbmaabàanfb]bmr'K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^li^kfZg^gmerln[f^k`^]bgghg&
Z``k^llbo^pZm^k'
XC2 P^m%kZkêr]kr' K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^\hfie^mêr[nkb^]bglhbe\eZll^]Zl:<¾*Zg]pbmaZar]kZneb\
`kZ]b^gmghm`k^Zm^kmaZg.'
XC3 Fh]^kZmânfb]bmrhk\r\eb\ >qm^kgZek^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^llaêm^k^]_khf%hk^qihl^]mh%]bk^\mkZbg'K^bg_hk\^]
XC4 p^mZg]]kr' Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lbglb]^lmkn\mnk^lpbmaabàanfb]bmr!^'`'ihhkero^gmbeZm^]%[Zmakhhfl%
dbm\a^gl"'K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l^qihl^]mhZem^kgZm^p^mmbg`Zg]]krbg`'Bgm^kbhk
\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lh_i^]^lmkbZgln[pZrlghmln[c^\mmh]^&b\bg`lZeml%ohb]^]lni^klmkn\mnk^lhk\êeneZk
Z[nmf^gml'K^bg_hk\^]hkik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^[^g^ZmapZm^kikhh_bg`'
18
=nkZ[bebmrZg]\ho^k
Table 4.2
Exposure Classes (continued)
Class Class description Informative example applicable to the United Kingdom

Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from sea water (XD classes)a
!Pa^k^concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact with water containing chlorides, including
de-icing salts, from sources other than from sea water)
XD1 Fh]^kZmânfb]bmr <hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l^qihl^]mhZbk[hkg^\aehkb]^l'K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^pZeeZg]

lmkn\mnk^lniihkmlfhk^maZg*)fahkbshgmZeer_khfZ\ZkkbZ`^pZr';kb]`^]^\dlh__bmlfhk^maZg
.fo^kmb\ZeerZ[ho^ma^\ZkkbZ`^pZr'IZkmlh_lmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mhh\\ZlbhgZehklebàm\aehkb]^
\hg]bmbhgl'
XD2 P^m%kZkêr]kr' K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lmhmZeerbff^kl^]bgpZm^k\hgmZbgbg`\aehkb]^lb'
;nkb^]abàpZrlmkn\mnk^lfhk^maZg*f[êhpZ]cZ\^gm\ZkkbZ`^pZr'
XD3 <r\eb\p^mZg]]kr' K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l]bk^\merZ__^\m^][r]^&b\bg`lZemlhklikZr\hgmZbgbg`
]^&b\bg`lZeml!^'`'pZeel4Z[nmf^gmlZg]\henfglpbmabg*)fh_ma^\ZkkbZ`^pZr4iZkZi^m^]`^
[^ZflZg][nkb^]lmkn\mnk^le^llmaZg*f[êhp\ZkkbZ`^pZreôê%iZo^f^gmlZg]\ZkiZkdleZ[l"'
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water (XS classes)a

(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact with chlorides from sea water or air carrying
salt originating from sea water)
XS1 >qihl^]mhZbk[hkg^lZem[nm >qm^kgZek^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lbg\hZlmZeZk^Zl'

ghmbg]bk^\m\hgmZ\mpbmal^Z
pZm^k'
XS2 I^kfZg^gmerln[f^k`^]' K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^\hfie^mêrln[f^k`^]Zg]k^fZbgbg`lZmnkZm^]%^'`'\hg\k^m^
[êhpfb]&mb]êôêb'
XS3 Mb]Ze%lieZlaZg]likZrshg^l' K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lbgma^nii^kmb]Zeshg^lZg]ma^lieZlaZg]likZr
shg^lc'
Freeze/thaw attack (XF classes)

(Where concrete is exposed to significant attack from freeze/thaw cycles whilst wet)
XF1 Fh]^kZm^pZm^klZmnkZmbhg O^kmb\Ze\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lln\aZl_Z\Z]^lZg]\henfgl^qihl^]mhkZbgZg]_k^^sbg`'Ghg&o^kmb\Ze

pbmahnm]^&b\bg`Z`^gm' \hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lghmabàerlZmnkZm^]%[nm^qihl^]mh_k^^sbg`Zg]mhkZbghkpZm^k'
XF2 Fh]^kZm^pZm^klZmnkZmbhg <hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lln\aZliZkmlh_[kb]`^l%pab\aphne]hma^kpbl^[^\eZllb_b^]ZlQ?*[nmpab\aZk^
pbma]^&b\bg`Z`^gm' ^qihl^]mh]^&b\bg`lZeml^bma^k]bk^\merhkZllikZrhkkng&h__'
XF3 AbàpZm^klZmnkZmbhgpbmahnm AhkbshgmZe\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l%ln\aZliZkmlh_[nbe]bg`l%pa^k^pZm^kZ\\nfneZm^lZg]pab\aZk^
]^&b\bg`Z`^gm' ^qihl^]mh_k^^sbg`'<hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lln[c^\m^]mh_k^jn^gmlieZlabg`pbmapZm^kZg]^qihl^]mh
_k^^sbg`'
XF4 AbàpZm^klZmnkZmbhgpbma AhkbshgmZe\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l%ln\aZlkhZ]lZg]iZo^f^gml%^qihl^]mh_k^^sbg`Zg]mh]^&b\bg`lZeml
]^&b\bg`Z`^gmhkl^ZpZm^kd' ^bma^k]bk^\merhkZllikZrhkkng&h__'<hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lln[c^\m^]mh_k^jn^gmlieZlabg`pbmapZm^k
\hgmZbgbg`]^&b\bg`Z`^gmlZg]^qihl^]mh_k^^sbg`'
Chemical attack (ACEC classes)

(Where concrete is exposed to chemical attack. Note: BS 8500-1 refers to ACEC classes rather than XA classes used in BS EN 206-1)
K^_^kmhL^\mbhg-'-
Key
a Ma^fhblmnk^\hg]bmbhgkêZm^lmhmaZmbgma^\hg\k^m^\ho^kmhk^bg_hk\^f^gmhk c >qihlnk^QL,\ho^klZkZg`^h_\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^fhlm^qmk^f^\hg]bmbhglZk^
hma^k^f[^]]^]f^mZe[nm%bgfZgr\Zl^l%\hg]bmbhglbgma^\hg\k^m^\ho^k\Zg[^ bgma^likZrshg^'Maê^Zlm^qmk^f^blbgma^mb]Zeshg^pa^k^\hg]bmbhgl\Zg
mZd^gZl[^bg`maZmh_ma^lnkkhng]bg`^gobkhgf^gm'Mablfbàmghm[^ma^\Zl^b_ [^lbfbeZkmhmahl^bgQL+'Ma^k^\hff^g]Zmbhgl`bo^gmZd^bgmhZ\\hngmma^
ma^k^blZ[Zkkb^k[^mp^^gma^\hg\k^m^Zg]bml^gobkhgf^gm' fhlm^qmk^f^ND\hg]bmbhglpbmabgmabl\eZll'
b K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^ê^f^gml%pa^k^hg^lnk_Z\^blbff^kl^]bg d BmblghmghkfZeerg^\^llZkrmh\eZllb_rbgma^Q?-^qihlnk^\eZllmahlîZkml
pZm^k\hgmZbgbg`\aehkb]^lZg]Zghma^kbl^qihl^]mhZbk%Zkîhm^gmbZeerZfhk^ h_lmkn\mnk^leh\Zm^]bgma^Ngbm^]Dbg`]hfpab\aZk^bg_k^jn^gm\hgmZ\m
lô^k^\hg]bmbhg%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^]krlb]^blZmZabàZf[b^gmm^fi^kZmnk^' pbmama^l^Z'
Li^\bZeblmZ]ob\^lahne][^lhnàmpa^k^g^\^llZkr%mh]ôêhiZli^\b_b\ZmbhgmaZm
blZiikhikbZm^mhma^Z\mnZe\hg]bmbhglebdêrmh[^^g\hngm^k^]'
19
Table 4.3
Selecteda recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for combined exposure classes and cover to reinforcement
Exposure conditions Cement/ Minimum strength classc, maximum w/c ratio, minimum cement or combination
combina-
Typical Primary Secondary tion desig- At least 50-year working life

example nationsb
Nominal cover to reinforcementd
15 +D\dev 20 +D\dev 25 +D\dev 30 +D\dev 35 +D\dev 40 +D\dev 45 +D\dev
Bgm^kgZeê^f^gml <+)(+.%
hki^kfZg^gmer Q<* ¾ :ee )'0)%+-) 555 555 555 555 555 555
p^mê^f^gml hkK<+)(+.
;nkb^]\hg\k^m^ <+.(,)%
bg:<¾*`khng] Q<+ :<¾* :ee – – )'/.%+/)hk 555 555 555 555
\hg]bmbhgle K<+.(,)
O^kmb\Zelnk_Z\^ <-)(.)% <,)(,0% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
:ee^q\îm –
ikhm^\m^]_khf ¾ BO;&O
)'-.%,-) )'..%,)) )'/)%+1) )'/.%+/) 555 555
]bk^\mkZbg_Zee hkK<-)(.) hkK<,)(,0 hkK<+1(,. hkK<+.(,)
O^kmb\Zelnk_Z\^ <-)(.)% <,)(,0% <+1(,.%
^qihl^]mhkZbg :ee^q\îm –
Q?* )'-.%,-) )'..%,)) )'/)%+1) 555 555 555
Zg]_k^^sbg` BO;&O
hkK<-)(.) hkK<,)(,0 hkK<+1(,.
Q<,(-
<-)(.)%)'-.%
:ee^q\îm –
Q?, ,-)ghk 555 555 555 555 555
BO;&O
>qihl^] K<-)(.)Q?g
ahkbshgmZe
lnk_Z\^l <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
Q?,!Zbk :ee^q\îm – – <,)(,0%
)'/)%+1)g,h )'/)%+1) g,h,j 555 555
^gmkZbg^]" BO;&O )'..%,))g,h
hkI:O+ hkI:O*
>e^f^gmlln[c^\m
– – <-)(.)% <,+(-)% <+1(,.%
mhZbk[hkg^ Q=*f Q?* :ee 555 555
)'-.%,/) )'..%,+) )'/)%,))
\aehkb]^l
<>FB%BB:% – – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)%
L^^;L1.)) 555
BB;&L%LKI< )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-)
>qihl^]o^kmb\Ze Q?*
– – – L^^ <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
lnk_Z\^lg^Zk BB;&O%BBB:
;L1.)) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
\hZlm
QL*f – <,+(-)% <+.(,)% <+.(,)% <+.(,)%
¾ BBB; – –
)'-)%,1) )'.)%,-) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
>qihl^]ahkbs'
lnk_Z\^lg^Zk Q?,hk <>FB%BB:% – – – <-)(.)%
L^^;L1.)) 555 555
\hZlm Q?- BB;&L%LKI< )'-.%,/)g
<>FB%BB:% – – – <-)(.)% <,+(-)% <+1(,.%
>e^f^gml 555
BB;&L%LKI< )'-)%,1) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
ln[f^k`^]bg
Q=+hk – – – <,.(-.% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
pZm^k
QL+f
¾ BB;&O%BBB:
)'-)%,1) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
555
\hgmZbgbg`
\aehkb]^l – – – <,+(-)% <+.(,)% <+)(+.%
BBB;%BO;&O 555
)'-)%,1) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
>e^f^gml – – – – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)%
BB;&O%BBB:
ln[c^\mmh )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/)
fh]^kZm^pZm^k <>FB%BB:% – – – – – <-)(.)%
Q?+ L^^;L1.))
lZmnkZmbhgpbma BB;&L%LKI< )'-)%,1)
]^&b\bg`Z`^gm <,+(-)% <,+(-)
Zg]_k^^sbg` BBB;%BO;&O – – – – –
)'-)%,1) )'-.%,/)
Q=,f
– – – – – <-)(.)% <-)(.)%
>e^f^gml Q?-k BB;&O%BBB:
)'-.%,1)g )'-.%,/)g
ln[c^\mmhpZm^k
<>FB%BB:% – – – – – <+1(,.%
lZmnkZmbhgpbma L^^;L1.))
Q?-!Zbk BB;&L%LKI< )'-)%,1)g
]^&b\bg`Z`^gm
Zg]_k^^sbg` ^gmkZbg^]" – <+1(,.% <+1(,.
BB;&O%BBB: – – – –
)'-)%,1)g,h )'-.%,/)g,h
<>FB%BB:% – – – – – – L^^;L1.))
BB;&L%LKI<
>e^f^gmlbg
– – – – – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)%
mb]Ze%lieZlaZg] QL, BB;&O%BBB:
)'-)%,1) )'-.%,/)
likZrshg^l
– – – – – <,+(-)% <+1(,.%
BBB;%BO;&O
)'-)%,1) )'-.%,/)
Key bL^^MZ[e^-'-!<>FBblIhkmeZg]\^f^gm%BB:mhBO;Zk^\^f^gm(\hf[bgZmbhgl'"
aMablmZ[e^\hfikbl^lZlê^\mbhgh_\hffhg^qihlnk^\eZll c?hkik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^ma^fbgbfnflmk^g`ma\eZlllahne][^<+1(,.'
\hf[bgZmbhgl'K^jnbk^f^gml_hkhma^kl^mlh_^qihlnk^\eZll^l% dD\]ôblZgZeehpZg\^_hk]ôbZmbhgl'
^'`'Q=+%QL+Zg]QL,lahne][^]^kbo^]_khf;L1.))¾*3
+))/%:gg^q:'
20
=nkZ[bebmrZg]\ho^k
for either at least a 50-year or 100-year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size
content (kg/m3), and equivalent designated concrete where applicable

At least 100-year working life

Nominal cover to reinforcement d
50 +D\dev 15 +D\dev 25 +D\dev 30 +D\dev 35 +D\dev 40 +D\dev 45 +D\dev 50 +D\dev 55 +D\dev 60 +D\dev 65 +D\dev
<+)(+.%
555 )'0)%+-) 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555
K<+)(+.
<+.(,)%
555 – )'/.%+/) 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555
K<+.(,)
<-)(.)% <,.(-.% <,)(,0% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
555 – – )'-.%,-) )'.)%,+) )'..%,)) )'/)%+1) )'/.%+/) 555 555 555
K<-)(.) K<,.(-. K<,)(,0 K<+1(,. K<+.(,)
<-)(.)% <,.(-.% <,)(,0% <+1(,.%
555 – – )'-.%,-) )'.)%,+) )'..%,)) )'/)%+1) 555 555 555 555
K<-)(.) K<,.(-. K<,)(,0 K<+1(,.
<-)(.)%
– – )'-.%,-)g
555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555
K<-)(.)
<+1(,.%)'/)% <+.(,))'/)%
– – – <,.(-.%)'.)% <,)(,0%)'..%
555 +1)g,h +1)g,h,j 555 555 555
,+)g,h ,))g,h
hkI:O+ hkI:O*

– – <-.(..% <-)(.)% <,.(-.% <,+(-)% <+1(,.%
555 555 555 555
)'-)%,1) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+) )'/)%,))
– – – – – L^^ <-)(.)% <,.(-.%

555 555 555
;L1.)) )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/)
– – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
555 555 555 555
)'-)%,1) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
– – – <,.(-.% <,)(,0% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
555 555 555 555
)'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+) )'..%,+)
– – – – – <-)(.)%
555 L^^;L1.)) 555 555 555
)'-)%,1)g
– – – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)% <+1(,.%
555 555 555 555
)'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
– – – – <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
555 555 555 555
)'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
– – – – <+1(,.% <+.(,)% <+)(+.%
555 555 555 555
)'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
<,+(-)% – – – – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
L^^;L1.))
)'.)%,-) )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..,+)
<,.(-.% – – – – – – – <-)(.)% <,.(-.%
L^^;L1.))
)'-.%,/) )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/)
<,+(-)% – – – – – <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
555 555
)'.)%,-) )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-)
<-)(.)% – – – – – <-)(.)% <-)(.)% <-)(.)% <-)(.)%
L^^;L1.))
)'-.%,-) )'-)%,1)g )'-.%,/)g )'-.%,-)g )'-.%,-)g
<+1(,.% – – – – – – – L^^ <+1(,.% <+1(,.%
)'-.%,/)g ;L1.)) )'-)%,1)g )'-.%,/)g
<+1(,.% – – – – – <+1(,.% <+1(,.% <+1(,.% <+1(,.%
L^^;L1.))
)'.)%,-)g,h )'-)%,1)g,h )'-.%,/)g,h )'.)%,-)g,h )'..%,+)g,h
<-)(.)% – – – – – – – – <-)(.)%
L^^;L1.))
)'-)%,1) )'-)%,1)
<+1(,.% – – – – – <,.(-.% <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
L^^;L1.))
)'.)%,-) )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-) )'..%,+)
<+.(,)% – – – – – <,+(-)% <+1(,.% <+.(,)%
555 555
)'.)%,-) )'-)%,1) )'-.%,/) )'.)%,-)
e ?hkl^\mbhgle^llmaZg*-)ffmab\dk^_^kmh h :bk^gmkZbg^]\hg\k^m^blk^jnbk^]' – Ghmk^\hff^g]^]
;L1.))' j M ablhimbhgfZrghm[^lnbmZ[e^_hk 555 Bg]b\Zm^lmaZm\hg\k^m^jnZebmrbg\êemh
f :elhZ]^jnZm^_hk^qihlnk^\eZllQ<,(-' Zk^Zlln[c^\mmhlô^k^Z[kZlbhg' maê^_mlahne]ghm[^k^]n\^]
g ?k^^s^(maZpk^lblmbg`Z``k^`Zm^llahne][^ k G
hmk^\hff^g]^]_hkiZo^f^gmlZg]
li^\b_b^]' aZk]lmZg]bg`l¾l^^;L1.))&*%:'-','
21
Table 4.4
Cement and combination typea
Broad Composition Cement/combination types

designationb (BS 8500)

CEM I IhkmeZg]\^f^gm <>FB
BS 8500
table A.6 SRPC Lne_Zm^&k^lblmbgÌhkmeZg]\^f^gm LKI<
IIA IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma/¾+)_erZla%`khng] <>FBB(:&E%<>FBB(:&EE%<BB:&E%
`kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`%ebf^lmhg^%hk/¾*) <BB:&EE%<>FBB(:&L%<BB:&L%<>F
lbeb\Z_nf^c BB(:&O%<BB:&O%<>FBB(:¾=
IIB-S IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma+*¾,.`khng]`kZgneZm^] <>FBB(;&L%<BB;&L
[eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`
IIB-V IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma+*¾,._erZla <>FBB(;&O%<BB;&O
IIB+SR IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma+.¾,._erZla <>FBB(;&O$LK%<BB;&O$LK
IIIAd, e IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma,/¾/.`khng]`kZgneZm^] <>FBBB(:%<BBB:
[eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`
IIIA+SRe IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma,/¾/.`khng]`kZgneZm^] <>FBBB(:$LKf%<BBB(:$LKf%
[eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`pbmaZ]]bmbhgZek^jnbk^f^gmlmaZm <BBB:$LK
^gaZg\^lne_Zm^k^lblmZg\^
IIIBe, g IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma//¾1)`khng]`kZgneZm^] <>FBBB(;%<BBB;
[eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`
IIIB+SRe IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma//¾1)`khng]`kZgneZm^] <>FBBB(;$LKf%<BBB;$LKf
[eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`pbmaZ]]bmbhgZek^jnbk^f^gmlmaZm
^gaZg\^lne_Zm^k^lblmZg\^
IVB-V IhkmeZg]\^f^gmpbma,/¾.._erZla <>FBO(;!O"%<BO;
Key
a Ma^k^Zk^Zgnf[^kh_\^f^gmlZg]\hf[bgZmbhglghmeblm^]bgmablmZ[e^maZmfZr[^li^\b_b^]_hk
\^kmZbgli^\bZeblmZiieb\Zmbhgl'L^^;K>Li^\bZe=b`^lmT*2V_hkma^lne_Zm^&k^lblmbg`\aZkZ\m^kblmb\lh_
hma^k\^f^gmlZg]\hf[bgZmbhgl'
b M a^nl^h_ma^l^[khZ]]^lb`gZmbhglblln__b\b^gm_hkfhlmZiieb\Zmbhgl'Pa^k^Zfhkêbfbm^]kZg`^h_
\^f^gmhk\hf[bgZmbhglmri^lblk^jnbk^]%lê^\m_khfma^ghmZmbhgl`bo^gbg;L1.))¾+3+))/%MZ[e^*'
c P
a^gBB:hkBB:¾=blli^\b_b^]%<>FBZg]lbeb\Z_nf^fZr[^\hf[bg^]bgma^\hg\k^m^fbq^knlbg`
ma^d&oZen^\hg\îm4l^^;L>G+)/¾*3+)))%<e'.'+'.'+','
d Pa^k^BBB:blli^\b_b^]%BBB:$LKfZr[^nl^]'
e Bg\enlbo^h_ehp^Zkerlmk^g`mahimbhg!l^^;L>G*20¾-Zg]ma^ÂEÃ\eZll^lbg;L1.))¾+3+))/%MZ[e^:'*"'
f Â$LKÃbg]b\Zm^lZ]]bmbhgZek^lmkb\mbhglkêZm^]mhlne_Zm^k^lblmZg\^'L^^;L1.))¾+3+))/%MZ[e^*%
_hhmghm^='
g Pa^k^BBB;blli^\b_b^]%BBB;$LKfZr[^nl^]'
4.4 Chemical attack

Pa^kîeZbghkk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^blbg\hgmZ\mpbmama^`khng]%_nkma^k\a^\dlZk^k^jnbk^]
mhZ\abô^]nkZ[bebmr':gZ``k^llbo^\a^fb\Ze^gobkhgf^gm_hk\hg\k^m^\eZll!:<><\eZll"
lahne][^Zll^ll^]_hkma^lbm^';K>Li^\bZe=b`^lm*T*2V`bo^l`nb]Zg\^hgma^Zll^llf^gmh_
ma^:<><\eZllZg]mablblghkfZeer\Zkkb^]hnmZliZkmh_ma^bgm^kik^mbo^kîhkmbg`_hkZ
`khng] bgo^lmb`Zmbhg' Dghpbg` ma^:<>< \eZll% Z ]^lb`g \a^fb\Ze \eZll !=< \eZll" \Zg [^
h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^-'.'Bg`^g^kZe%_neer[nkb^]\hg\k^m^bgma^NDg^^]ghm[^]^lb`g^]mh
[^_k^^s^&maZpk^lblmbg`'
?hk ]^lb`gZm^] \hg\k^m^l% Zg ZiikhikbZm^ _hng]Zmbhg \hg\k^m^ !?G= ]^lb`gZmbhg" \Zg [^
lê^\m^]nlbg`MZ[e^-'/':g?G=\hg\k^mâZlma^lmk^g`ma\eZllh_<+.(,)'Pa^k^Zabà^k
lmk^g`mablk^jnbk^]%^bma^k_hkbmllmk^g`mahkpa^k^ma^_hng]Zmbhgbl\eZllb_b^]ZlQ=+hk
Q=,% Z ]^lb`g^] \hg\k^m^ lahne] [^ li^\b_b^]' ?hk ]^lb`g^] \hg\k^m^l% ma^ \hg\k^m^
ikh]n\^klahne][^Z]obl^]h_ma^=<¾\eZll'
22
=nkZ[bebmrZg]\ho^k
4.5 D\dev and other allowances

Mh\Ze\neZm^ma^ghfbgZe\ho^k%\ghf%ZgZ]]bmbhgmhma^fbgbfnf\ho^klaZee[^fZ]^bg]^lb`g
mh Zeehp _hk ma^ ]ôbZmbhg !D\]ô"' Bg ma^ ND ma^ k^\hff^g]^] oZen^ bl *)ff' Bg \^kmZbg
BS EN 1992-1-1
lbmnZmbhglma^Z\\îm^]]ôbZmbhgZg]a^g\^ZeehpZg\^D\]ôfZr[^k^]n\^]3 4.4.1.3(1)&(3)
& NA
Q Pa^k^_Z[kb\Zmbhgblln[c^\m^]mhZjnZebmrZllnkZg\^lrlm^f%bgpab\ama^fhgbmhkbg`
bg\en]^lf^Zlnk^f^gmlh_ma^\hg\k^m^\ho^k%ma^ZeehpZg\^bg]^lb`g_hk]ôbZmbhgD\]ô
fZr[^k^]n\^]3*)ffªD\]ôª.ff
Q Pa^k^bm\Zg[^Zllnk^]maZmZo^krZ\\nkZm^f^Zlnk^f^gm]ôb\^blnl^]_hkfhgbmhkbg`%
Zg]ghg&\hg_hkfbg`f^f[^klZk^k^c^\m^]!^'`'ik^\Zlmê^f^gml"%ma^ZeehpZg\^bg]^lb`g
_hk]ôbZmbhgD\]ôfZr[^k^]n\^]3*)ffªD\]ôª)ff
D\]ôblk^\h`gbl^]bg;L1.))ZlD\'
Ma^fbgbfnf\ho^k_hk\hg\k^m^\ZlmhgikîZk^]`khng]!bg\en]bg`[ebg]bg`"bl -)ff Zg] BS EN 1992-1-1

maZm_hk\hg\k^m^\Zlm]bk^\merZ`Zbglmlhbebl /.ff' 4.4.1.3(4) & NA
?hkngô^glnk_Z\^l!^'`'^qihl^]Z``k^`Zm^"ma^fbgbfnf\ho^klahne][^bg\k^Zl^][rZme^Zlm BS EN 1992-1-1
.ff' 4.4.1.2(11)
Table 4.5
Selection of the DC–class and the number of additional protection measures (APMs) where the
hydrostatic head of groundwater is not more than five times the section width a, b, c, d, e
BS 8500
ACEC-class (aggressive Intended working life
chemical environment table A.9
for concrete class) At least 50 years At least 100 years
:<¾*l%:<¾* =<¾* =<¾*
:<¾+l%:<¾S =<¾+ =<¾+
:<¾+s =<¾+s =<¾+s
:<¾,l =<¾, =<¾,
:<¾,s =<¾,s =<¾,s
:<¾, =<¾, K^_^kmh;L1.))
:<¾-l =<¾- =<¾-
:<¾-s =<¾-s =<¾-s
:<¾- =<¾- K^_^kmh;L1.))
:<¾-fl =<¾-f =<-f
:<¾-f =<¾-f K^_^kmh;L1.))
:<¾. =<¾-f =<¾-f
:<¾.s =<¾-sf =<¾-s(*f
:<¾.f =<¾-ff =<¾-ff
Key
a Pa^k^maâr]khlmZmb\a^Z]h_`khng]pZm^kbl`k^Zm^kmaZg_bo^mbf^lma^l^\mbhgpb]ma%k^_^kmh;L
1.))'
b ?hk`nb]Zg\^hgik^\Zlmikh]n\mll^^Li^\bZe=b`^lm*T*2V'
c ?hklmkn\mnkZei^k_hkfZg\^hnmlb]^ma^lôZen^lk^_^kmh;L1.))'
d ?hkl^\mbhgpb]mal5*-)ffk^_^kmh;L1.))'
e Pa^k^Zgrlnk_Z\^ZmmZ\dblghmZ\\îmZ[e^^'`'pbma_kb\mbhgibe^l%k^_^kmh;L1.))'
f M abllahne]bg\en]^:IF,!lnk_Z\îkhm^\mbhg"%pa^kîkZ\mb\Z[e^%Zlhg^h_ma^:IFl4k^_^kmh;L
1.))'
23
Table 4.6
Guidance on selecting designated concrete for reinforced concrete foundations
BS 8500
DC-Class Appropriate designated concrete
table A.1
DC–1 K<+.(,)
DC–2 ?G=+
DC–2z ?G=+s
DC–3 ?G=,
DC–3z ?G=,s
DC–4 ?G=-
DC–4z ?G=-s
DC–4m ?G=-f
Note
Lmk^g`ma\eZll_hkZee?G=\hg\k^m^bl<+.(,)'
BS EN 1992-2 ;Zk^\hg\k^m^]^\dlh_khZ][kb]`^l%pbmahnmpZm^kikhh_bg`hklnk_Z\bg`%lahne][^\eZllb_b^]Zl
4.4.1.2(114) :[kZlbhg<eZllQF+'
BS EN 1992-2 Pa^k^Z\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^blln[c^\mmhZ[kZlbhg\Znl^][rb\^hklheb]mkZglihkmZmbhgbgknggbg`
4.4.1.2(115) pZm^k%ma^\ho^klahne][^bg\k^Zl^][rZfbgbfnfh_*)ff'
24
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
5 Structural analysis
5.1 General
Maînkihl^h_lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlblblmh^lmZ[eblama^]blmkb[nmbhgh_^bma^kbgm^kgZe_hk\^lZg]
BS EN 1992-1-1
fhf^gmlhklmk^ll^l%lmkZbglZg]]blieZ\^f^gmlho^kma^pahe^hkiZkmh_Zlmkn\mnk^':]]bmbhgZe
5.1.1(1)
eh\ZeZgZerlbllaZee[^\Zkkb^]hnmpa^k^g^\^llZkr'
Pa^g]^lb`gbg`Z[kb]`^]^\dleZ[h_[hq[^Zfhk[^ZfZg]leZ[\hglmkn\mbhg%bmblg^\^llZkr
mh\hglb]^k%bgZ]]bmbhgmhho^kZeeèh[Ze^__^\ml%maêh\Ze^__^\mlbg]n\^]bgma^mhileZ[[r
pa^êehZ]l'<nkk^gmikZ\mb\^blmhnl^êZlmb\ZgZerlblZg]h_m^gZllnf^_nee_bqbmrZmma^leZ[
Zg]p^[cng\mbhglZg]nl^^bma^kIn\a^kÃlbg_en^g\^lnk_Z\^l%P^lm^k`ZZk]Ãl^jnZmbhgl%hk?>
ZgZerlbl'
5.2 Idealisation of the structure

5.2.1 Definitions
?hk[kb]`^lmkn\mnk^lma^_heehpbg`\Zg[^Ziieb^]3
BS EN 1992-1-1
Q :[^ZfblZf^f[^k_hkpab\ama^liZgblghme^llmaZgmak^^mbf^lbml]îma'B_ghm%bmbl 5.3.1
Z]^î[^Zf'
Q :leZ[blZf^f[^k_hkpab\ama^fbgbfnfiZgê]bf^glbhgblghme^llmaZg_bo^mbf^l
ma^ho^kZeemab\dg^ll'
Q :hg^&pZrliZggbg`leZ[aZl^bma^kmphZiikhqbfZmêriZkZeeênglniihkm^]^]`^lhk%
pa^glniihkm^]hg_hnk^]`^l%ma^kZmbhh_maêhg`^kmhlahkm^kliZg^q\^^]l+')'
Q :\henfgblZf^f[^k_hkpab\ama^l^\mbhg]îma]h^lghm^q\^^]_hnkmbf^lbmlpb]ma
Zg]maâ^bàmblZme^Zlmmak^^mbf^lma^l^\mbhg]îma'B_ghm%bmblZpZee'
5.2.2 Effective flange width

Ma^^__^\mbo^pb]mah_Z_eZg`^%[^__%lahne][^[Zl^]hgma^]blmZg\^%e)%[^mp^^gihbgmlh_s^kh BS EN 1992-1-1
fhf^gmlZllahpgbg?b`nk^.'*Zg]]^_bg^]bg?b`nk^.'+' 5.3.2.1(2)&(3)
[^__6[p$[^__%*$[^__%+
pa^k^ BS EN 1992-1-1
[^__%* 6 !)'+[*$)'*e)"[nm©)'+e)Zg]©[* fig. 5.2
[^__%+ 6 mh[^\Ze\neZm^]bgZlbfbeZkfZgg^kmh[^__%*[nm[+lahne][^ln[lmbmnm^]
_hk[*bgma^Z[ho^
e)6)'1.e* e)6)'*.!e*$e+" e)6)'0e+ e)6)'*.e+$e,
e* e+ e,
Figure 5.1
Elevation showing definition of l0 for calculation of flange width
25
5.2.3 Effective span
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^^__^\mbo^liZg%e^__%h_Zf^f[^klahne][^\Ze\neZm^]Zl_heehpl3
5.3.2.2(1) e^__6eg$Z*$Z+
pa^k^
eg6\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^lh_ma^lniihkml4oZen^l_hkZ*Zg]Z+%Zm^Z\a^g]h_
ma^liZg%fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^ZiikhikbZm^ZboZen^lbg?b`nk^.',pa^k^mblma^
pb]mah_ma^lniihkmbg`ê^f^gmZllahpg'
[^__
[^__%* [^__%+
[p
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 5.3
[p
[* [* [+ [+
Figure 5.2
Section showing effective flange width parameters
a a
eg eg
Zb6FBG!)a4)m" Zb6FBG!)a4)m"
e^__ e^__
m m
a) Non-continuous members b) Continuous members
\E
e^__
a
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 5.4 eg
Zb eg
Zb6FBG!)a4)m"
e^__
m
c) Supports considered fully restrained d) Bearing provided
a
Zb6FBG!)a4)m"
eg
e^__
e) Cantilever
Figure 5.3
Effective span, eeff , for different support conditions
26
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
5.3 Methods of analysis

5.3.1 Ultimate limit states (ULS)
Ma^mri^h_ZgZerlbllahne][^ZiikhikbZm^mhmaîkh[e^f[^bg`\hglb]^k^]'Ma^_heehpbg`Zk^ BS EN 1992-1-1
\hffhgernl^]3ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlbl%ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblpbmaebfbm^]k^]blmkb[nmbhg%Zg] 5.1.1(6)
ieZlmb\ZgZerlbl'
?hk]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ma^Z\mbhg^__^\ml%ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmZllnfbg`3
BS EN 1992-1-1
Q Ng\kZ\d^]\khll&l^\mbhgl' 5.4(2)
Q Ebg^Zklmk^ll¾lmkZbgkêZmbhglabil'
Q Ma^nl^h_f^ZgoZen^lh_êZlmb\fh]nenl'
B_Zebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblpbmaebfbm^]k^]blmkb[nmbhgblng]^kmZd^g%la^ZklZg]k^Z\mbhgl
PD 6687-2
nl^] bg ma^ ]^lb`g lahne] [^ mZd^g Zl mahl^ ^bma^k ikbhk mh k^]blmkb[nmbhg hk Z_m^k 6.4
k^]blmkb[nmbhg%pab\aô^kbl`k^Zm^k'
Bg\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflhkleZ[lpab\a3 BS EN 1992-2
5.5(104) & NA
Q :kîk^]hfbgZgmerln[c^\mmh_e^qnk^
Q AZo^ma^kZmbhh_e^g`malh_Z]cZ\^gmliZglbgma^kZg`^h_)'.mh+')
k^]blmkb[nmbhgh_[^g]bg`fhf^gmfZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmpbmahnm^qieb\bm\a^\dhgma^khmZmbhg
\ZiZ\bmrikhob]^]maZm3
dª )'-- $ *'+.!)'/$)'))*-(e\n+" qn(] _hk_\d©.)FIZ
dª )'.- $ *'+.!)'/$)'))*-(e\n+" qn(] _hk_\d7.)FIZ
dª )'1.pa^k^<eZll;Zg]<eZll<k^bg_hk\^f^gmblnl^]
pa^k^
d 6 ma^kZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^fhf^gmbgmaêbg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlbl
qn6 ma^]îmah_ma^g^nmkZeZqblZmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^Z_m^kk^]blmkb[nmbhg
] 6 ma^^__^\mbo^]îmah_ma^l^\mbhg
K^]blmkb[nmbhglahne]ghm[^\Zkkb^]hnmbg\bk\nflmZg\^lpa^k^ma^khmZmbhg\ZiZ\bmr\Zgghm BS EN 1992-2
[^]^_bg^]pbma\hg_b]^g\^!^'`'bg\nko^]Zg]hkld^p^][kb]`^l"' 5.5 (105)
Bmblk^\hff^g]^]maZmfhf^gmk^]blmkb[nmbhgblghmnl^]_hkl^\mbhgl]^î^kmaZg*'+f PD 6687-2
nge^llZkb`hkhnlZgZerlblh_khmZmbhg\ZiZ\bmrblng]^kmZd^g' 6.6
Ma^_heehpbg`kne^lfZr[^nl^]_hklheb]\hg\k^m^leZ[lpbma_\d©.)FIZ'
BS EN 1992-2
dª )'- $ *') qn(]ª)'0pa^k^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl<eZll;hk<eZll<
5.5(104)
Ghk^]blmkb[nmbhgblZeehp^]_hk<eZll:k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Pa^k^nl^]%ieZlmb\ZgZerlbllahne][^[Zl^]^bma^khglmZmb\!ehp^k[hng]"hkdbg^fZmb\!nii^k
5.6.1(3) & (2)
[hng]" f^mah]l'Ma^ ]n\mbebmr h_ ma^ \kbmb\Ze l^\mbhgl lahne] [^ ln__b\b^gm _hk ma^ ^goblZ`^]
f^\aZgblf mh [^ _hkf^]'Ma^ k^jnbk^] ]n\mbebmr fZr [^ ]^^f^] mh [^ lZmbl_b^] b_ Zee h_ ma^ BS EN 1992-2
_heehpbg`Zk^_ne_bee^]3 5.6.2(102)
Q qn(]©)'*._hk_\d©.)FIZ
Q qn(]©)'*)_hk_\dª.)FIZ
Q K^bg_hk\^f^gmbl^bma^k<eZll;hk<4Zg]
Q KZmbhh_ma^fhf^gmlZmbgm^kgZelniihkmlmhma^fhf^gmlbgma^liZgbl[^mp^^g)'.Zg]+')'
?hklheb]leZ[lqn (]©)'+.fZr[^nl^]pa^g_\d©.)FIZ'
27
BS EN 1992-2 Ghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlbllahne][^ng]^kmZd^gnlbg`fh]ê_Z\mhklZg]fZm^kbZefh]êl%pab\a
5.7 (105) & NA `bo^k^lnemlmaZm^kkhgma^lZ_^lb]^'Mrib\Zeer%mablfZr[^Z\abô^][rnlbg`]^lb`gfZm^kbZe
ikhi^kmb^l Zg] Ziierbg` ]^lb`g Z\mbhgl' Ahpô^k% bg lhf^ lbmnZmbhgl% ng]^k^lmbfZmbg`
lmb__g^llmakhnàma^nl^h_]^lb`gikhi^kmb^l\Zge^Z]mhnglZ_^k^lneml'Ln\albmnZmbhgl\Zg
bg\en]^ \Zl^l pa^k^ bg]bk^\m Z\mbhgl ln\a Zl bfihl^] ]^_hkfZmbhgl Zk^ lb`gb_b\Zgm% \Zl^l
pa^k^ ma^ _Zbenk^ ehZ] bl Zllh\bZm^] pbma Z eh\Ze [kbmme^ _Zbenk^ fh]^% Zg] \Zl^l pa^k^ ma^
^__^\mh_m^glbhglmb__^gbg`blng_ZohnkZ[e^'Bgln\albmnZmbhgl%l^glbmbobmrZgZerl^llahne][^
ng]^kmZd^g mh bgo^lmb`Zm^ ma^ ^__^\m h_ oZkbZmbhgl bg fZm^kbZe ikhi^kmb^l% bg\en]bg` liZmbZe
oZkbZmbhgl%mhikhob]^\hg_b]^g\^maZmma^k^lnemlh_ma^ZgZerlbl]h^kkhgma^lZ_^lb]^'
?hkghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlblmaZm\hglb]^klhger]bk^\mZg]_e^qnkZe^__^\ml%k^_^k^g\^fZr[^fZ]^
mh;L>G*22+&+%<e'.'1'/'Ln\aZgZerlbllahne]Z\\hngm_hkma^^__^\mlh_ehg`&m^kfehZ]bg`'
>__^\mlghm\hglb]^k^]]bk^\merbgma^ZgZerlbllahne][^\hglb]^k^]lîZkZmêrbgZ\\hk]Zg\^
pbmaL^\mbhgl/mh**'
Ghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlblmaZm]^m^kfbg^lla^ZkZg]mhklbhgZelmk^g`ma]bk^\meraZlghmr^mk^Z\a^]
ZlmZ`^pa^k^bm\Zg[^_neer\h]b_b^]'IZkmb\neZkZgZerl^lfZr[^nl^]pa^gma^raZo^[^^g
lahpg[r\hfiZkblhgpbmam^lmlmh`bo^kêbZ[e^k^lneml%pbmama^Z`k^^f^gmh_ma^GZmbhgZe
:nmahkbmr'
5.3.2 Serviceability limit states (SLS)

Ebg^ZkêZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmZllnfbg`3
BS EN 1992-1-1
5.4 Q Ng\kZ\d^]\khll&l^\mbhgl'
Q Ebg^Zklmk^ll¾lmkZbgkêZmbhglabil'
Q Ma^nl^h_f^ZgoZen^lh_êZlmb\fh]nenl'
Ma^ fhf^gml ]^kbo^] _khf êZlmb\ ZgZerlbl lahne] ghm [^ k^]blmkb[nm^] [nm Z `kZ]nZe
ôhenmbhgh_\kZ\dbg`lahne][^\hglb]^k^]%pab\ak^jnbk^lZghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlblZeehpbg`_hk
ma^^__^\mh_\kZ\dbg`Zg]m^glbhglmb__^gbg`'Ng&\kZ\d^]èh[ZeZgZerlblbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma
;L >G *22+&*&* <e' .'- !+" fZr ZepZrl [^ nl^] Zl Z \hgl^koZmbo^ Zem^kgZmbo^ mh ln\a
\hglb]^kZmbhgl'
5.3.3 General note

K^`Zk]e^llh_ma^f^mah]h_ZgZerlblnl^]%ma^_heehpbg`Ziier'
Q Pa^k^Z[^ZfhkleZ[blfhghebmab\pbmabmllniihkml%ma^\kbmb\Ze]^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^
BS EN 1992-1-1
5.3.2.2(3) lniihkmfZr[^mZd^gZlmaZmZmma^_Z\^h_ma^lniihkm'Ma^]^lb`gfhf^gmZg]k^Z\mbhg
mkZgl_^kk^]mhma^lniihkmbg`ê^f^gm!^'`'\henfg%pZee%^m\'"lahne][^`^g^kZeermZd^gZl
ma^`k^Zm^kh_ma^êZlmb\hkk^]blmkb[nm^]oZen^l'Ma^fhf^gmZmma^_Z\^h_ma^lniihkm
lahne]ghm[^mZd^gZle^llmaZg /. h_ma^_nee_bq^]^g]fhf^gm'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q Pa^k^Z[^ZfhkleZ[bl\hgmbgnhnlho^kZlniihkmpab\abl\hglb]^k^]mhikhob]^gh
5.3.2.2(104) k^lmkZbgmmhkhmZmbhg!^'`'ho^kpZeel"Zg]ma^ZgZerlblZllnf^lihbgmlniihkm%ma^]^lb`g
lniihkmfhf^gm\Ze\neZm^]hgma^[Zlblh_ZliZg^jnZemhma^\^gmk^&mh&\^gmk^]blmZg\^
[^mp^^glniihkml%fZr[^k^]n\^][rZgZfhngmDF>]Zl_heehpl3
DF>]6?>]%lnim(1
pa^k^
?>]%lni6]^lb`glniihkmk^Z\mbhg

m 6[k^Z]mah_[^Zkbg`
28
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
5.4 Loading
BS EN 1990
5.4.1 Combinations of actions 6.4.3
Ma^_heehpbg`\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgllahne][^nl^]pa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
NembfZmÊbfbmLmZm^
I^klblm^gmhkmkZglb^gm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl3
g@@d$giI$gJ%*Jd%*$SgJ%bc)%bJd%b b7*
:\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl3
@d$I$:]$c*%*Jd%*$Sc+%bJd%b b7*
Ghm^3c+%*fZr[^ln[lmbmnm^]_hkc*%*]î^g]bg`hgma^Z\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhg'
L^kob\^Z[bebmrEbfbmLmZm^
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl3
@d$I$Jd%*$S c)%bJd%b b7*
Mh[^nl^]_hklmk^llebfbmZmbhg\a^\d_hk\hg\k^m^Zg]lm^ê'
?k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl3
@d$I$c*%*Jd%*$S c+%bJd%b b7*
Mh[^nl^]_hk]^\hfik^llbhg\a^\dhk\kZ\dpb]ma\a^\d_hkik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^pbma
[hg]^]m^g]hgl'
JnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl3
@d$I$S c+%bJd%b b7*
Mh[^nl^]_hk\kZ\dpb]ma\a^\d_hkk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^pbmahnm
[hg]^]m^g]hglZg]]^_hkfZmbhg\a^\d'
M^kfl
<hf[bgZmbhgoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg3c)J
?k^jn^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg3c*J
JnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg3c+J
EhZ]\Zl^l
Bg\hglb]^kbg`ma^\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl!l^^L^\mbhg/Zg]:gg^q:+h_;L>G*22)"ma^
BS EN 1992-2
kêôZgmehZ]\Zl^llaZee[^\hglb]^k^]mh^gZ[e^ma^\kbmb\Ze]^lb`g\hg]bmbhglmh[^^lmZ[ebla^] 5.1.3
ZmZeel^\mbhgl%pbmabgma^lmkn\mnk^hkiZkmh_ma^lmkn\mnk^\hglb]^k^]'
5.5 Geometrical imperfections

5.5.1 General
Ma^ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlh_ihllb[e^]ôbZmbhglbgma^`^hf^mkrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]maîhlbmbhg BS EN 1992-1-1
h_ehZ]llaZee[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbgma^ZgZerlblh_f^f[^klZg]lmkn\mnk^l' 5.2(1)
Bfi^k_^\mbhgl laZee [^ mZd^g bgmh Z\\hngm bg nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^l bg i^klblm^gm Zg] Z\\b]^gmZe BS EN 1992-1-1
]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl' 5.2(2)
29
5.5.2 Imperfections and global analysis of structures
BS EN 1992-2 Bfi^k_^\mbhglfZr[^kîk^l^gm^][rZgbg\ebgZmbhgyb`bo^g[r3
5.2(105)
y*6!*(+))" aa
pa^k^
aa 6 +(e )'.©*')
e 6 e^g`mahka^bàmbgf^mk^l
BS EN 1992-1-1 ?hkblheZm^]f^f[^klma^^__^\mh_ma^bfi^k_^\mbhglfZr[^kîk^l^gm^]ZlZg^\\^gmkb\bmrhk
5.2(7) [rZmkZglo^kl^_hk\^'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^^\\^gmkb\bmr%^b%`bo^g[r
Exp. (5.2) ^b6ybe)(+pa^kê)blma^^__^\mboê^g`ma
Ma^mkZglo^kl^_hk\^blZiieb^]bgmaîhlbmbhgmaZm`bo^lfZqbfnffhf^gm'
Ab6y*Gd
pa^k^
Ab6 Z\mbhgZiieb^]ZmmaZmeôê
G 6 ZqbZeehZ]
d 6 *')_hkng[kZ\^]f^f[^kl!l^^?b`nk^.'-Z"
6 +')_hk[kZ\^]f^f[^kl!l^^?b`nk^.'-["
BS EN 1992-2 ?hkZk\a[kb]`^l%ma^laZi^h_bfi^k_^\mbhglbgmaâhkbshgmZeZg]o^kmb\ZeieZg^llahne][^[Zl^]
5.2(106) hgma^laZi^h_ma^_bklmahkbshgmZeZg]o^kmb\Ze[n\debg`fh]^laZi^k^li^\mboêr'>Z\afh]^
laZi^fZr[^b]^Zebl^][rZlbgnlhb]Zeikh_be^'Ma^Zfiebmn]^lahne][^mZd^gZlZ6y*e(+%
pa^kêblmaâZe_pZoê^g`ma'
Ma^]blihlbmbhgh_bfi^k_^\mbhglnl^]bgZgZerlbllahne]k^_e^\mma^[âZobhnkZg]_ng\mbhgh_
PD 6687-2 ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]bmlê^f^gml'Ma^laZi^h_bfi^k_^\mbhglahne][^[Zl^]hgma^Zgmb\biZm^]
6.2 fh]^ h_ [n\debg` h_ ma^ f^f[^k' ?hk ^qZfie^% bg ma^ \Zl^ h_ [kb]`^ ib^kl% Zg ho^kZee e^Zg
bfi^k_^\mbhglahne][^nl^]pa^k^[n\debg`pbee[^bgZlpZrfh]^!Àng[kZ\^]Á\hg]bmbhgl"%
pabe^Zeh\Ze^\\^gmkb\bmrpbmabgma^f^f[^klahne][^nl^]pa^k^[hma^g]lh_ma^f^f[^k
Zkâê]bgihlbmbhg!À[kZ\^]Á\hg]bmbhgl"'
Bg nlbg` >qik^llbhg !.'+" h_ IZkm *&* ma^ ^\\^gmkb\bmr% ^b% ]^kbo^] lahne] [^ mZd^g Zl ma^
Zfiebmn]^ h_ bfi^k_^\mbhg ho^k ma^ aZe_ pZoê^g`ma h_ [n\debg`4 ?b`nk^ .'. lahpl ma^
bfi^k_^\mbhglnbmZ[e^_hkZib^kkb`b]er[nbembg_hkfhf^gmZm^Z\a^g]':e^Zgbfi^k_^\mbhg
lahne] ahpô^k [^ \hglb]^k^] bg ma^ ]^lb`g h_ ma^ ihlbmbhgZe k^lmkZbgml _hk [kZ\^] f^f[^kl'
?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^Zg][Z\d`khng]Zk^`bo^gbgA^g]rZg]Lfbma'T+)V
^b ^b
G G G G
Ab
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 5.1a
e6e) (+ Ab e6e)
a) Unbraced isolated members b) Braced isolated members
Figure 5.4
Examples of the effects of geometric imperfections
30
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
^b
^
^b
e)
yB PD 6687-2
fig. 1
e) 6 e(+
^ 6+^b6yB(+
a) Sinusoidal imperfection b) Angular imperfection
Figure 5.5
Imperfections for pier built in at both ends
5.6 Design moments in columns

5.6.1 Definitions
;kZ\bg`f^f[^kl
;kZ\bg` f^f[^kl Zk^ f^f[^kl maZm \hgmkb[nm^ mh ma^ ho^kZee lmZ[bebmr h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^% BS EN 1992-1-1
pa^k^Zl[kZ\^]f^f[^kl]hghm\hgmkb[nm^mhma^ho^kZeelmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^' 5.8.1
>__^\mboê^g`mal0 BS EN 1992-1-1
5.8.3.2(3)
?hk[kZ\^]f^f[^kl3
e)6)'.eT!*$d*(!)'-.$d*""!*$d+(!)'-.$d+""V)'.
?hkng[kZ\^]f^f[^kle)blmaêZk`^kh_^bma^k3
e)6eT*$*)d*d+(!d*$d+"V)'.
hk
e)6eT*$d*(!*')$d*"VT*$d+(!*')$d+"V
pa^k^
e 6 \e^Zka^bàmh_ma^\henfg[^mp^^gma^^g]k^lmkZbgml
d*%d+ 6 kêZmbo^_e^qb[bebmb^lh_khmZmbhgZek^lmkZbgmlZm^g]l*Zg]+k^li^\mboêr
>qZfie^lh_]b__^k^gm[n\debg`fh]^lZg]\hkk^lihg]bg`^__^\mboê^g`ma_Z\mhkl_hkblheZm^] BS EN 1992-1-1
f^f[^klZk^lahpgbg?b`nk^.'/'I=//10&+T,Vghm^lmaZmma^^__^\mboê^g`mallahpg]hghm 5.8.3.2(2)
\ho^kmrib\Ze[kb]`^\Zl^lZg]ikhob]^lZ]]bmbhgZe^qZfie^l%pab\aZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^.'*' PD 6687-2, 6.71
31
y
y
BS EN 1992-1-1 e
fig. 5.7
a) e0 = e b) e0 = 2e c) e0 = 0.7e d) e0 = e/2 e) e0 = e f) e/2 < e0 < e g) e0 > 2e
Figure 5.6
Examples of different buckling modes and corresponding effective lengths for isolated members
BS EN 1992-1-1 Le^g]^kg^llkZmbh%l
5.8.3.2(1) Le^g]^kg^llkZmbhl6e)(b
pa^k^
b6ma^kZ]bnlh_`rkZmbhgh_ma^ng\kZ\d^]\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg
B`ghkbg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm3
l 6,'-/e) (a_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl
6-')e) (]_hk\bk\neZkl^\mbhgl
pa^k^
a6ma^]îmabgma^]bk^\mbhgng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg
]6ma^]bZf^m^k
Ebfbmbg`le^g]^kg^llkZmbhllim
Ma^ ebfbmbg` le^g]^kg^ll kZmbh% lebf% Z[ho^ pab\a l^\hg] hk]^k ^__^\ml lahne] [^ \hglb]^k^]%
bl`bo^g[r
BS EN 1992-1-1 lebf6+):;<(g)'.
5.8.3.1(1) & NA
pa^k^
: 6 *(!*$)'+h^_"!b_h^_blghmdghpg:fZr[^mZd^gZl)'0"
pa^k^
BS EN 1992-1-1 h^_ 6 ^__^\mbo^\k^î_Z\mhk6h!%m) "F)>ji (F)>]
5.8.4
h!%m)" 6 _bgZe\k^î\h^__b\b^gm!l^^L^\mbhg,'*'+"
BS EN 1992-1-1 F)>ji 6 ma^_bklmhk]^k[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]
3.1.4(4), 3.1.4(5)
\hf[bgZmbhg!LEL"
F)>] 6 ma^_bklmhk]^k[^g]bg`fhf^gmbg]^lb`gehZ]\hf[bgZmbhg!NEL"
; 6 !*$+w")'.!b_wblghmdghpg;fZr[^mZd^gZl*'*"
pa^k^
w 6 f^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh
6!:l (:\"!_r](_\]"
:l 6mhmZeZk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
< 6 *'0¾kf!B_kfblghmdghpg%<fZr[^mZd^gZl)'0
pa^k^
kf 6 F)*(F)+%pa^k^F)*Zg]F)+Zk^ma^_bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlZmNELpbma
F)+gnf^kb\ZeereZk`^kmaZgF)*'B_F)*Zg]F)+`bo^m^glbhghgma^lZf^
lb]^ma^gkfblihlbmbo^!Zg]<5*'0"%l^^?b`nk^.'0
kf 6 *')_hkng[kZ\^]f^f[^klZg][kZ\^]f^f[^klbgpab\ama^_bklmhk]^k
32 fhf^gmlZk^\Znl^]eZk`êr[rbfi^k_^\mbhglhkmkZglo^klêhZ]bg`
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
PD 6687-2
table 1
Table 5.1
Effective height, e0 for columns
Case Idealized column and buckling mode Restraints Effective

height e)
Location Position Rotation
1 Mhi ?nee ?neea )'0)e
;hmmhf ?nee ?neea
e
2 Mhi ?nee Ghg^ )'1.e

;hmmhf ?nee ?neea
3 Mhi ?nee Ghg^ *')e

;hmmhf ?nee Ghg^
4 Mhi Ghg^c Ghg^c *',e

;hmmhf ?nee ?neea
e >eZlmhf^mkb\
[^Zkbg`b
5 Mhi Ghg^ Ghg^ *'-e

;hmmhf ?nee ?neea
6 Mhi Ghg^ ?neea *'.e

;hmmhf ?nee ?neea
e
7 Mhi Ghg^ Ghg^ +',e

;hmmhf ?nee ?need
e hk e
Notes
Maâ^bàmh_ma^[^Zkbg`lblg^èb`b[e^\hfiZk^]pbmamaZmh_ma^\henfg'
Key
a KhmZmbhgZek^lmkZbgmblZme^Zlm-!>B"(e%pa^k^!>B"blma^_e^qnkZekb`b]bmrh_ma^\henfg
b FZrZelh[^nl^]pbmakhee^k[^Zkbg`likhob]^]maZmma^khee^klZkâê]bgieZ\^[rZg^__^\mbo^f^Zgl%ln\aZlkZ\dl
c EZm^kZeZg]khmZmbhgZekb`b]bmrh_êZlmhf^kb\[^Zkbg`lZk^g^èb`b[e^
d KhmZmbhgZek^lmkZbgmblZme^Zlm1!>B"(e%pa^k^!>B"blma^_e^qnkZekb`b]bmrh_ma^\henfg
33
g 6 G>] (!:\ _\]"
pa^k^
G>]6]^lb`goZen^h_ZqbZe_hk\^
BS EN 1992-1-1
5.8.3.1(1) & NA Ghm^3h^_fZr[^mZd^gZl)b_Zeema^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhglZk^f^m3
Qh!%m) " ©+')4
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ql ©0.4Zg]
5.8.4(4)
QF)>] (G>] ªa%ma^]îmah_ma^\khll&l^\mbhgbgma^kêôZgm]bk^\mbhg'
F)+ F)+ F)+
F)*6F)+ ) F)*6¾F)+
Figure 5.7
Values of <
for different a) < = 0.7, km = 1.0 b) < = 1.7, km = 0 c) < = 2.7, km = – 1.0
values of km
5.6.2 Design bending moments

Ghg&le^g]^k\henfgl

BS EN 1992-1-1 Pa^gl©lebfb'^'pa^gghg&le^g]^k%ma^]^lb`g[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgZ\henfgbl
5.8.3.1(1) F>]6F)+
pa^k^
F>] 6 ]^lb`gfhf^gm
F)+%F)* 6 _ bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlZmNELbg\en]bg`ZeehpZg\^l_hkbfi^k_^\mbhgl'
F)+blgnf^kb\ZeereZk`^kmaZgF)*':mm^gmbhglahne][îZb]mhma^lb`g
h_ma^[^g]bg`fhf^gml'B_ma^r`bo^m^glbhghgma^lZf^lb]^%F)*Zg]
F)+lahne]aZo^ma^lZf^lb`g
F)+ 6 F$^bG>]
pa^k^
F 6 eZk`^lmfhf^gm_khf_bklmhk]^kZgZerlbl!êZlmb\fhf^gmlpbmahnm
k^]blmkb[nmbhg"Zg]b`ghkbg`^__^\mh_bfi^k_^\mbhgl
G>]6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ZqbZe_hk\^
^b 6 ^\\^gmkb\bmr]n^mhbfi^k_^\mbhgl6ybe)(+
BS EN 1992-1-1 ?hk\henfglbg[kZ\^]lrlm^fl^b6e)(-))!b'^'yb6e(+))_hkfhlm[kZ\^]\henfgl"'Ma^]^lb`g
5.2.7 ^\\^gmkb\bmrlahne][^Zme^Zlm!a(,)"[nmghme^llmaZg+)ff'
BS EN 1992-1-1 pa^k^
6.1(4) y 6 bg\ebgZmbhgnl^]mhkîk^l^gmbfi^k_^\mbhgl
e) 6 ^__^\mboê^g`mah_\henfg
BS EN 1992-1-1
5.8.3.2(3)
a 6 ]îmah_ma^l^\mbhgbgma^kêôZgm]bk^\mbhg
Le^g]^k\henfgl!ghfbgZe\nkoZmnk^f^mah]"
Mablf^mah]blikbfZkberlnbmZ[e^_hkblheZm^]f^f[^klpbma\hglmZgmghkfZe_hk\^Zg]Z]^_bg^]
^__^\mboê^g`mae)'Ma^f^mah]`bo^lZghfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gm[Zl^]hgZ]^_e^\mbhg%
BS EN 1992-1-1 pab\abgmnkgbl[Zl^]hgma^^__^\mboê^g`maZg]Zg^lmbfZm^]fZqbfnf\nkoZmnk^' Hma^k
5.8.8.1(1)
f^mah]lZk^ZoZbeZ[e^bg;L>G*22+&*&*'
Ma^]^lb`gfhf^gmbl3
F>]6F)>]$F+
BS EN 1992-1-1
pa^k^
5.8.8.2(1)
34
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
F)>] 6 _bklmhk]^kfhf^gm%bg\en]bg`ma^^__^\mh_bfi^k_^\mbhgl!Zg]fZr[^mZd^gZlF)>"
F+ 6 ghfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gm
Ma^fZqbfnfoZen^h_F>]bl`bo^g[rma^]blmkb[nmbhglh_F)>]Zg]F+4maêZmm^kfZr[^mZd^g
ZliZkZ[heb\hklbgnlhb]Zeho^kma^^__^\mboê^g`ma'
?hk[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^l !l^^?b`nk^.'1"3
PD 6687-1
F>]6F:QtF)^$F+4F)+4F)*$)'.F+v
2.11
?hkng[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^l3
F>]6F)+$F+
?hkfhf^gmlpbmahnmehZ]lZiieb^][^mp^^gma^bk^g]l%]b__^kbg`_bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlF)*
F)+
F F)+
^*G>]
F)^ F+6G>]^+ F)^$F+
$ 6
F)* )'.F+ F)*$)'.F+
a) First order b) Additional second c) Total moment

Figure 5.8
moments for order moments for diagram for
Moments in
braced columns non-slender columns slender columns slender columns
Zg]F)+!l^^Z[ho^"fZr[^kîeZ\^][rZg^jnboZe^gm_bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmF)^3 BS EN 1992-1-1
F)^6)'/F)+$)'-F)*ª)'-F)+ 5.8.8.2(2)
Ma^ghfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gmF+bl
BS EN 1992-1-1
F+6G>]^+ 5.8.8.2(3)
pa^k^
G>] 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ZqbZe_hk\^
^+ 6 ]^_e^\mbhg BS EN 1992-1-1
6 !*(k"eh+(\ 5.8.8.2(4)
*(k 6 \nkoZmnk^6D k D h !_ r] (!> l )'-.]"" BS EN 1992-1-1
Dk 6 !gn¾g"(!gn¾g[Ze"©*') 5.8.8.3
Ghm^3DkfZr[^]^kbo^]_khf\henfg\aZkml'
gn 6 *$w
w 6 f^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh
6!:l (:\"!_r] (_\]"ZlbgL^\mbhg.'/'*Z[ho^
g 6 G>] (:\ _\]Zl]^_bg^]bgL^\mbhg.'/'*Z[ho^
g[Ze 6 oZen^h_gZmfZqbfnffhf^gmh_k^lblmZg\^Zg]fZr[^mZd^gZl)'-
Dh 6*$bh^_ª*')
b 6 )',.$!_\d (+))"¾!l(*.)"
l 6 le^g]^kg^llkZmbhe) (b
35
b 6 kZ]bnlh_`rkZmbhgh_ma^ng\kZ\d^]\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg
h^_ 6 ^__^\mbo^\k^î\h^__b\b^gmZl]^_bg^]bgL^\mbhg.'/'*
e) 6 ^__^\mboê^g`mah_\henfg
>l 6 +))@IZ
BS EN 1992-1-1 \ 6 _Z\mhk]î^g]bg`hgma^\nkoZmnk^]blmkb[nmbhg!l^^[êhp"

3.2.7(4)
?hk\hglmZgm\khlll^\mbhg%\6*)!≈p +"blghkfZeernl^]'B_ma^_bklmhk]^kfhf^gmbl\hglmZgm%Z
ehp^koZen^lahne][^\hglb]^k^]!1blZehp^kebfbm%\hkk^lihg]bg`mh\hglmZgmmhmZefhf^gm"'
BS EN 1992-1-1
5.8.8.2(4)
5.6.3 Biaxial bending

LîZkZm^]^lb`gbg^Z\aikbg\biZe]bk^\mbhg%]blk^`Zk]bg`[bZqbZe[^g]bg`%fZr[^ng]^kmZd^gZl
Z_bklmlmî'Gh_nkma^k\a^\dblg^\^llZkrb_3
BS EN 1992-1-1
5.8.9(2) )'. © lr(ls©+')Zg]%_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl%Zg]
BS EN 1992-1-1
)'+ ª !^r(a^j"(!^s ([^j"ª.')
5.8.9(3) pa^k^
lr%ls 6 le^g]^kg^llkZmbhle)(bpbmak^li^\mmhma^r&Zg]s&Zq^l
^r 6 F>]r(G>]
a^j 6 ,'-/bs !6a_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl"
^s 6 F>]s (G>]
[^j 6 ,'-/br !6[_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl"
pa^k^
G>] 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ZqbZe_hk\^
F>]r%F>]s6 ]^lb`gfhf^gmbgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhg'!Fhf^gml]n^mh
BS EN 1992-1-1
bfi^k_^\mbhglg^^][^bg\en]^]hgerbgma^]bk^\mbhgpa^k^ma^raZo^
5.8.9(2)
ma^fhlmng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\m'"
Ghm^3_hkljnZk^\henfgl!^r(a^j"(!^s([^j"6F>]r(F>]s
B_mabl\hg]bmbhgblghmlZmbl_b^]%Zg]bgma^Z[l^g\^h_ZgZ\\nkZm^\khll&l^\mbhg]^lb`g_hk[bZqbZe
BS EN 1992-1-1
[^g]bg`%ma^_heehpbg`lbfieb_b^]\kbm^kbhgfZr[^nl^]3
5.8.9(4) !F>]s (FK]s"Z$!F>]r(FK]r"Z©*')
pa^k^
FK]r%FK]s 6 ]^lb`gfhf^gmZkhng]ma^k^li^\mbo^Zqblbg\en]bg`l^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gm
bgma^]bk^\mbhgpa^k^bmpbee`bo^ma^fhlmng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\m'
Z 6 Zg^qihg^gm3_hk\bk\neZkhkêebimb\Zel^\mbhgl%Z6+')%_hkk^\mZg`neZk
l^\mbhgl%bgm^kiheZm^[^mp^^g
6 *')_hkG>] (GK]6)'*
6 *'._hkG>] (GK]6)'0
6 +')_hkG>] (GK]6*')
5.7 Corbels
5.7.1 Definition
<hk[êlZk^lahkm\Zgmbeô^klikhc^\mbg`_khf\henfglhkpZeelpbmama^kZmbhh_la^ZkliZg
!b'^'ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^Ziieb^]ehZ]Zg]ma^_Z\^h_ma^lniihkm"mhma^
]îmah_ma^\hk[êbgma^kZg`^)'.mh+')'
36
Lmkn\mnkZeZgZerlbl
5.7.2 Analysis
<hk[êl!Z\5s)"fZr[^]^lb`g^]nlbg`lmknmZg]mb^fh]êl!l^^?b`nk^.'2"hkZllahkm[^Zfl
PD 6687 B3
]^lb`g^]_hk[^g]bg`Zg]la^Zk'
Ma^bg\ebgZmbhgh_ma^lmknmblebfbm^][r*')©mZgy©+'.'
B_Z\ ©)'.a\ \ehl^]ahkbshgmZehkbg\ebg^]ebgdlpbma:l%egdª)'.:l%fZbglahne][îkhob]^]bg

Z]]bmbhgmhma^fZbgm^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm!l^^?b`nk^.'*)Z"'
B_Z\7)'.a\Zg]?>]7OK]%\!l^^L^\mbhg0'+'*"\ehl^]o^kmb\Zeebgdlpbma:l%egdª)'.?>] (_r]
lahne][îkhob]^]bgZ]]bmbhgmhma^fZbgm^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm!l^^?b`nk^.'*)["'
Ma^fZbgm^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^Zg\ahk^]Zm[hma^g]l'Bmlahne][^Zg\ahk^]bg
ma^lniihkmbg`ê^f^gmhgma^_Zk_Z\^Zg]ma^Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`malahne][^f^Zlnk^]_khf
ma^ eh\Zmbhg h_ ma^ o^kmb\Ze k^bg_hk\^f^gm bg ma^ g^Zk _Z\^'Ma^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] [^
Zg\ahk^]bgma^\hk[êZg]ma^Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`malahne][^f^Zlnk^]_khfma^bgg^k_Z\^h_
maêhZ]bgìeZm^'
B_ ma^k^ Zk^ li^\bZe k^jnbk^f^gml _hk \kZ\d ebfbmZmbhg% bg\ebg^] lmbkknil Zm ma^ k^&^gmkZgm
hi^gbg`\Zg[^^__^\mbo^'
Ma^\a^\dh_ma^\hfik^llbhglmknm\Zg^__^\mboêr[^fZ]^[rebfbmbg`ma^la^Zklmk^llln\a
maZm?>]©)'.[p]v _\]
pa^k^
v 6 *¾!_\d (+.)" BS EN 1992-1-1
6.5.2(2)
_\] 6 a\\_\d (g<
a\\6 )'1.
Z\
?>]
A>]
?m] Z A
s) PD 6687
a\ fig. B4
]
?p]
Key
?p] 6 ] ^lb`goZen^h__hk\^
?>] sK]%fZq bglmbkkni
6 mb^
6 \hfik^llbhglmknm
Figure 5.9
Corbel strut-and-tie model
37
:l%fZbg :l%egdª d*:l%fZbg :g\ahkZ`^]ôb\^l

hkehhil
PD 6687
fig. B5
S:l%egdª :l%fZbg Ebgdl
a) Reinforcement for ac ©0.5hc b) Reinforcement for ac >0.5hc
Figure 5.10
Corbel detailing
5.8 Lateral instability of slender beams

BS EN 1992-1-1 EZm^kZebglmZ[bebmrh_le^g]^k[^ZfllaZee[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmpa^k^g^\^llZkr%^'`'_hkik^\Zlm
5.9 [^Zfl]nkbg`mkZglihkmZg]^k^\mbhg%_hk[^Zflpbmahnmln__b\b^gmeZm^kZe[kZ\bg`bgma^_bgbla^]
lmkn\mnk^^m\'@^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgllaZee[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm':eZm^kZe]^_e^\mbhgh_e(,))
lahne] [^ Zllnf^] Zl Z `^hf^mkb\ bfi^k_^\mbhg bg ma^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg h_ [^Zfl bg ng[kZ\^]
\hg]bmbhgl% pbma e 6 mhmZe e^g`ma h_ [^Zf' Bg _bgbla^] lmkn\mnk^l% [kZ\bg` _khf \hgg^\m^]
f^f[^klfZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm
L^\hg] hk]^k ^__^\ml bg \hgg^\mbhg pbma eZm^kZe bglmZ[bebmr fZr [^ b`ghk^] b_ ma^ _heehpbg`
\hg]bmbhglZk^_ne_bee^]3
i ^klblm^gmlbmnZmbhgl3e)m([©.)(!a(["*(,Zg]a([©+'.
mkZglb^gmlbmnZmbhgl3e)m([©0)(!a(["*(,Zg]a([©,'.
pa^k^
e)m6 ]blmZg\^[^mp^^gmhklbhgZek^lmkZbgml
a 6 mhmZe]îmah_[^Zfbg\^gmkZeiZkmh_e)m
[ 6 pb]mah_\hfik^llbhg_eZg`^
MhklbhgZllh\bZm^]pbmaeZm^kZebglmZ[bebmrlahne][^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbgma^]^lb`gh_
lniihkmbg`lmkn\mnk^l'
38
;^g]bg`Zg]ZqbZe_hk\^
6 Bending and axial force

6.1 Assumptions
Bg]^m^kfbgbg`ma^k^lblmZg\^h_l^\mbhgl%ma^_heehpbg`ZllnfimbhglZk^fZ]^'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q IeZg^l^\mbhglk^fZbgieZg^'
6.1(2)
Q LmkZbgbgma^[hg]^]k^bg_hk\^f^gm%pa^ma^kbgm^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg%blma^lZf^ZlmaZm
bgma^lnkkhng]bg`\hg\k^m^'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Q M^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^blb`ghk^]'
3.1.7(3), fig. 3.5
Q K^\mZg`neZklmk^ll]blmkb[nmbhgbgma^l^\mbhgblZllahpgbg?b`nk^/'*'Hma^klmk^ll¾lmkZbg
kêZmbhglabilZk^`bo^gbg;L>G*22+&*&*<e','*'0'
Q Lmk^ll^lbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^]^kbo^]_khf?b`nk^/'+'Ma^bg\ebg^][kZg\ah_ma^]^lb`gebg^
fZr[^nl^]pa^glmkZbgebfbmlZk^\a^\d^]'
Q ?hkl^\mbhglghm_neerbg\hfik^llbhg%ma^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbg\hg\k^m^lahne][êbfbm^]
BS EN 1992-1-1 mhe\n+!l^^?b`nk^/',"'
fig. 6.1 Q ?hkl^\mbhglbgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhg%ma^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbg\hg\k^m^lahne][êbfbm^]
mhe\+!l^^?b`nk^/',"'
Q ?hklbmnZmbhglbgm^kf^]bZm^[^mp^^gma^l^mph\hg]bmbhgl%ma^lmkZbgikh_be^bl]^_bg^][r
Zllnfbg`maZmma^lmkZbgble\+ZmaZe_ma^]îmah_ma^l^\mbhg!l^^?b`nk^/',"'
>qik^llbhgl]^kbo^]_khf?b`nk^l/'*mh/',Zkîkhob]^]bgL^\mbhg*0'
e\n, n_\]
?\
:\ q lq
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 3.5 ]
s
:l ?l
el _r]
?hk_\d © .)FIZ%e\n,6)')),.%n 6*Zg]l6)'1'?hkhma^k\hg\k^m^\eZll^ll^^MZ[e^/'*

q 6 g^nmkZeZqbl]îma ?\!?l" 6 _hk\^bg\hg\k^m^!lm^ê"
e\n, 6 nembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbg\hg\k^m^ ] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îma
el 6 m^glbe^lmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm s 6 eô^kZkf
Figure 6.1
Rectangular stress distribution
Table 6.1
Values for n and l when _ck > 50
_ck ecu3a nb lc
55 )')),*, )'21 )'02
60 )'))+11 )'2. )'01
70 )'))+// )'2) )'0.
Key
a e\n,!"=+'/$,.T!2)¾_\d"(*))V-
b n =*¾!_\d¾.)"(+))
c l =)'1¾!_\d¾.)"(-))
39
B]^Zebl^]
d_rd d_rd
d_rd(gL
_rd
_r]6_rd(gL
BS EN 1992-1-1
Stress, s
=^lb`g fig. 3.8
_r](>l en] end

Strain, e
Pa^k^
gL 6 iZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkk^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê6 *'*.
d 6 !_m(_r"d!L^^MZ[e^,',"
en]6 ]^lb`glmkZbgebfbm_hkk^bg_hk\bg`
_rd 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\rbê]lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm lm^ê6 )'2end
_r] 6 ]^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm end 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmkZbgh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmZm
_m 6 m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm fZqbfnf_hk\^!l^^MZ[e^,',"
Figure 6.2
Idealised and design stress–strain diagrams for reinforcing steel (for tension and compression)
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.1
<hg\k^m^\hfik^llbhg
lmkZbgebfbm
!*¾e\+(e\n+"a
hk
!*¾e\,(e\n,"a
:l+
<hg\k^mînk^
\hfik^llbhg
]
a K^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê lmkZbgebfbm
m^glbhglmkZbg Dei ei!)"
:i
ebfbm
:l*
el%ei e\
en] er e\+ e\n+
)
!e\," !e\n,"
a) Section b) Strain
Pa^k^ en] 6 ]^lb`glmkZbgebfbm_hkk^bg_hk\bg`lm^êbgm^glbhg

:l* 6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^êbgeZr^k* e\, 6 \ hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^_hk\hg\k^m^bgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhgZllnfbg`
:i 6 Zk^Zh_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê [bebg^Zklmk^ll¾lmkZbgkêZmbhglabi!l^^?b`nk^,'-h_;L>G*22+&*&*"'
] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îma e\,!‰" 6 *'0._hk_\d©.)FIZ
a 6 ho^kZee]îmah_l^\mbhg e\,!‰" 6 *'0.$)'..T!_\d¾.)"(-)V_hk_\d7.)FIZ
e\ 6 \hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbg\hg\k^m^ e\n+ 6 !6e\n,"\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^ghm_neerbgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhg
el 6 lmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê e\n,!‰"6,'._hk_\d©.)FIZ'
ei!)" 6 bgbmbZelmkZbgbgik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê e\n,!‰" 6 +'/$)',.T!2)¾_\d"(*))V-_hk_\d7.)FIZ
Dei 6 \aZg`^bglmkZbgbgik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê er 6 k^bg_hk\^f^gmrbê]lmkZbg
Figure 6.3
Possible strain distributions in the ultimate limit state
40
La^Zk
7 Shear
7.1 General
7.1.1 Definitions
BS EN 1992-1-1
?hkmaô^kb_b\Zmbhgh_ma^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^ma^_heehpbg`lrf[helZk^]^_bg^]3 6.2.1(1)
OK]%\ 6 ]^lb`gla^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^kpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
OK]%l 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^la^Zk_hk\^maZm\Zg[^lnlmZbg^][rma^rbê]bg`la^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
OK]%fZq 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^fZqbfnfla^Zk_hk\^maZm\Zg[^lnlmZbg^][rma^f^f[^k%
ebfbm^][r\knlabg`h_ma^\hfik^llbhglmknml
Ma^l^k^lblmma^Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^%O>]'
7.1.2 Requirements for shear reinforcement

B_ O>] © OK]%\% gh \Ze\neZm^] la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl g^\^llZkr' Ahpô^k% fbgbfnf la^Zk BS EN 1992-1-1
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]lmbee[îkhob]^]!l^^L^\mbhg*.'+'/"^q\îmbg3 6.2.1(3)
Q LeZ[l%pa^k^Z\mbhgl\Zg[^k^]blmkb[nm^]mkZglo^klêr' BS EN 1992-1-1
Q F^f[^klh_fbghkbfihkmZg\^%pab\a]hghm\hgmkb[nm^lb`gb_b\Zgmermhma^ho^kZee 6.2.1(4)
k^lblmZg\^Zg]lmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^!^'`'ebgmêlpbmaZliZgh_e^llmaZg+f"'
B_ O>] 7 OK]%\ la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl k^jnbk^] ln\a maZm OK]%l 7 O>]'Ma^ k^lblmZg\^ h_ ma^ BS EN 1992-1-1
\hg\k^m^mhZ\mZlZlmknmlahne]Zelh[^\a^\d^]' 6.2.1(5)
BS EN 1992-1-1
Bgf^f[^klln[c^\mik^]hfbgZgmermhngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]bg`%ma^_heehpbg`Ziier3
6.2.1(8)
Q La^ZkZmma^lniihkmlahne]ghm^q\^^]OK]%fZq'
Q K^jnbk^]la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^\Ze\neZm^]ZmZ]blmZg\^]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^
lniihkmZg]\hgmbgn^]mhma^lniihkm'
Maêhg`bmn]bgZem^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^Z[e^mhk^lblmma^Z]]bmbhgZem^glbe^_hk\^ BS EN 1992-1-1
\Znl^][rla^Zk!l^^L^\mbhg*.'+'+"' 6.2.1(7)
BS EN 1992-2
Ma^NDG:ebfbmlla^Zklmk^g`mah_\hg\k^mâbà^kmaZg<.)(/)mhmaZmh_<.)(/)' 3.1.2(2) & NA
7.1.3 Shear and transverse bending

=n^mhmaîk^l^g\^h_\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll_bê]lZkblbg`_khfla^ZkZg][^g]bg`%ma^bgm^kZ\mbhg
BS EN 1992-2
[^mp^^gehg`bmn]bgZela^ZkZg]mkZglo^kl^[^g]bg`bgma^p^[lh_[hq`bk]^kl^\mbhgllahne][^ 6.2.106 (101)
\hglb]^k^]bgma^]^lb`g'Pa^gO>](OK]%fZq5)'+hkF>] (FK]%fZq5)'*%mablbgm^kZ\mbhg\Zg[^
]blk^`Zk]^]!pa^kÔK]%fZq Zg]FK]%fZqkîk^l^gmk^li^\mboêrma^fZqbfnfp^[\ZiZ\bmr_hk
ehg`bmn]bgZela^ZkZg]mkZglo^kl^[^g]bg`"'
?nkma^kbg_hkfZmbhghgma^bgm^kZ\mbhg[^mp^^gla^ZkZg]mkZglo^kl^[^g]bg`fZr[^_hng]bg
:gg^qFFh_;L>G*22+&+'
7.2 Resistance of members not requiring shear reinforcement

7.2.1 General situation
Ma^]^lb`goZen^_hkma^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^bl`bo^g[r3 BS EN 1992-2
6.2.2(101) & NA
OK]%\6 T!)'*1(g< "d!*))re_\d"*(,$)'*.s\iV[p]
ª ! )'),.d*'._\d)'. $)'*.s\i"[p]
41
pa^k^
d 6 *$!+))(]")'.©+')!]bgff4l^^MZ[e^0'*"
g<6 )'*.
re 6 :le (![p]"©)')+
pa^k^
:le 6 Zk^Zh_ma^m^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm^qm^g]bg`Zme^Zlme[]$][^rhg]ma^l^\mbhg
\hglb]^k^]!l^^?b`nk^0'*"4ma^Zk^Zh_[hg]^]ik^lmk^llbg`lm^êfZr[^bg\en]^]bg
ma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_:le'Bgmabl\Zl^Zp^bàm^]f^ZgoZen^h_]fZr[^nl^]'
e[] 6 ]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
[p 6 lfZee^lmpb]mah_ma^\khll&l^\mbhgbgma^m^glbe^Zk^Z
s\i6 G>] (:\5)'+_\]!FIZ"
pa^k^
G>] 6 ZqbZe_hk\^bgma^\khll&l^\mbhg]n^mhehZ]bg`hkik^lmk^llbg`bgg^pmhgl
!G>]7)_hk\hfik^llbhg"'Ma^bg_en^g\^h_bfihl^]]^_hkfZmbhglhgG>]
fZr[^b`ghk^]'
:< 6 Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhg!ff+"
Table 7.1
ORd,c ' shear resistance without shear reinforcement where s\i = 0 (MPa)
rl = :s/([]) Effective depth ] (mm)

≤200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
0.50% )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-.
0.75% )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.*
1.00% )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0
1.25% )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
1.50% )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
1.75% )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
≥ 2.00% )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
d +'))) *'2-, *'12- *'1., *'1*/ *'0./ *'0)0 *'//0 *'/,+ *'.00 *'.*/
Notes
1 MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf;L>G*22+&*&*Zg]ma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q'
2 MZ[e^\k^Zm^]_hk_ \d6,)FIZZllnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl'
3 ?hkreª)'-Zg]_\d 6 +.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_)'2- _\d 6 -.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*-
_\d 6 ,.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'). _\d ª .)FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*2
_\d 6 -)FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*)
7.2.2 Uncracked regions in prestressed members

Bg ik^lmk^ll^] lbgè^&liZg f^f[^kl pbmahnm la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm% ma^ la^Zk k^lblmZg\^ h_ ma^
BS EN 1992-1-1 k^`bhgl\kZ\d^]bg[^g]bg`fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`ma^>qik^llbhgbgL^\mbhg0'+'*'Bgk^`bhgl
6.2.2(2)
ng\kZ\d^] bg [^g]bg` !pa^k^ ma^ _e^qnkZe m^glbe^ lmk^ll bl lfZee^k maZg _\md%)').(g<" ma^ la^Zk
k^lblmZg\^lahne][êbfbm^][rma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^'Bgma^l^k^`bhglma^la^Zk
k^lblmZg\^bl`bo^g[r3
OK]%\6!B[p(L"!_\m]+$aes\i_\m]")'.
pa^k^
B 6 l^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Z
[p 6 p
b]mah_ma^\khll&l^\mbhgZmma^\^gmkhb]ZeZqbl%Zeehpbg`_hkmaîk^l^g\^h_]n\ml
!l^^[êhp"
42
La^Zk
L 6 _bklmfhf^gmh_Zk^ZZ[ho^Zg]Z[hnmma^\^gmkhb]ZeZqbl PD 6687-2
ae 6 eq(eim+©*')_hkik^m^glbhg^]m^g]hgl 7.2.2
6 *')_hkhma^kmri^lh_ik^lmk^llbg`
eq 6 ]blmZg\^h_l^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]_khfma^lmZkmbgìhbgmh_ma^mkZglfbllbhge^g`ma
eim+6 nii^k[hng]oZen^h_ma^mkZglfbllbhge^g`mah_maîk^lmk^llbg`!L^^l^\mbhg*-'/"
s\i6 \ hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^llZmma^\^gmkhb]ZeZqbl]n^mhZqbZeehZ]bg`Zg](hk
ik^lmk^llbg`!s\i6G>](:\bgFIZ%G>]7)bg\hfik^llbhg"
:em^kgZmboêr%pa^k^ma^k^blghZqbZe_hk\^%bg\en]bgìk^lmk^llbg`
OK]%\6[p]oK]%\pbmaoK]%\ZoZbeZ[e^_khfMZ[e^0'*
BgfhlmikZ\mb\Ze\Zl^lb_o>]5oK]%\la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmpbeeghm[^k^jnbk^]
pa^k^
o>] 6 la^Zklmk^ll_hkl^\mbhglpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm6O>] ([p]'
oK]%\ fZr[^bgm^kiheZm^]_khfMZ[e^0'*'
7.2.3 Short span shear enhancement

Ma^ZiikhZ\abg;L>G*22+&*&*h_Ziierbg`Zk^]n\mbhg_Z\mhkmhmaêhZ]blghmlnbmZ[e^
_hk\Zl^lpbmafnembie^%bg]bk^\mhk]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]l'Ma^k^_hk^%bgma^G:mh;L>G*22+&+%
ma^^qik^llbhg_hk<K]%\aZl[^^gfh]b_b^]_khfma^k^\hff^g]^]oZen^lhmaZmma^^__^\ml
h_la^Zk^gaZg\^f^gmZk^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmmakhnàbg\k^Zlbg`ma^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_
f^f[^klg^Zkmhlniihkml'L^^?b`nk^0'+'
?hkf^f[^klpbmaZ\mbhglZiieb^]ZmZ]blmZg\âopa^k^)'.]©ao©+]3
VRd,c = [ 0.18
gC
2d
av k (100r1 fck)b + 0.15scp bw d ] BS EN 1992-2
NA 6.2.2(101)
ikhob]^]maZmma^la^Zk_hk\^%O>]%blghmfnembieb^][rb!;L>G*22+&*&*%<e'/'+'+!/""Zg]ma^
ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbl_neerZg\ahk^]Zmma^lniihkm'
B[] B[]
O>] O>]
-.®
]
-.®
BS EN 1992-2
fig. 6.3
:le :le
L^\mbhg
\hglb]^k^] L^\mbhg
a) End support \hglb]^k^]
L^\mbhg
:le
\hglb]^k^]
] -.®
O>]
B[]
Figure 7.1 b) Internal support

Definition of :sl
43
Zo
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.4 ]
]
Zo
Figure 7.2
Loads near supports a) Beam with direct support b) Corbel
7.3 Resistance of members requiring shear reinforcement

BS EN 1992-1-1
6.2.3 7.3.1 Basis
Ma^]^lb`gh_f^f[^klpbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl[Zl^]hgma^mknllfh]êlahpgbg?b`nk^
0',' :lbfieb_b^]o^klbhgh_mabl]bZ`kZfbllahpgbg?b`nk^0'-'
<hfik^llbhg\ahk]
Lmknml
O!\hmy¾\hma"
?\]
O
)s F
a G
s6)'2]
] y
)s O
?m]
l
M^glbe^\ahk]
La^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
a) Truss model
BS EN 1992-2
fig. 6.5
[p [p
b) Web thickness [w
Figure 7.3
Truss model and notation for shear reinforced members
<hg\k^m^lmknmbg\hfik^llbhg
O^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Figure 7.4 Ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgm^glbhg
Variable strut angle, y
44
La^Zk
7.3.2 Shear resistance check

Ma^k^lblmZg\^h_ma^\hg\k^m^l^\mbhgmhZ\mZlZlmknmOK]%fZqlahne][^\a^\d^]mh^glnk^maZm
bm^jnZelhk^q\^^]lma^]^lb`gla^Zk_hk\^%O>]b'^'^glnk^maZm3
BS EN 1992-1-1
OK]%fZq 6 a\p[psv*_\]!\hmy$mZgy"ªO>]pbmao^kmb\Zeebgdl Exp. (6.9) Exp.
6 a\p[psv*_\]!\hmy$\hma"(!*$\hm+y"ªO>]pbmabg\ebg^]ebgdl (6.14) & NA
pa^k^
s 6 eô^kZkf!L^^L^\mbhg0',',"
BS EN 1992-2
v* 6 )'/T*¾!_\d (+.)"V!*¾)'.\hla" 6.2.3(103) & NA
_\] 6 *') _\d ( *'.
y 6 Zgè^h_bg\ebgZmbhgh_ma^lmknm%ln\amaZm\hmyeb^l[^mp^^g*')Zg]+'.'
a 6 Zgè^h_bg\ebgZmbhgh_maêbgdlmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqbl?hko^kmb\Zeebgdl\hma6)'
a\p 6 \h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ma^lmZm^h_ma^lmk^llbgma^\hfik^llbhg\ahk]!l^^
MZ[e^0'+"
6 * _hkghg&ik^lmk^ll^]lmkn\mnk^l
6 !*$s\i (_\]"_hk)5s\i©)'+._\]
BS EN 1992-2
6 *'+._hk)'+._\]5s\i©)'._\] 6.2.3(103)
& NA
6 +'.!*¾s\i (_\]"_hk)'._\]5s\i5*')_\]
pa^k^
s\i6f^Zg\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll%f^Zlnk^]ihlbmbo^%bgma^\hg\k^m^]n^mhma^]^lb`g
ZqbZe_hk\^'
s\ilahne][^h[mZbg^][rZo^kZ`bg`bmho^kma^\hg\k^m^l^\mbhgmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm'Ma^
oZen^h_s\ig^^]ghm[^\Ze\neZm^]ZmZ]blmZg\ê^llmaZg)'.]\hmy_khfma^^]`^h_ma^lniihkm'
MaôZen^lh_v*Zg]a\plahne]ghm`bo^kbl^mhZoZen^h_OK]%fZq`k^Zm^kmaZg+))[p+Zm
l^\mbhglfhk^maZgZ]blmZg\^]_khfma^^]`^h_Zlniihkm'?hkmablinkihl^%maôZen^h_[p
]h^lghmg^^]mh[^k^]n\^]_hk]n\ml'
Table 7.2
Values for a cw
_ck _cd Mean compressive stress, scp
0 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30
20 13.3 * *')- *')1 *'*. *'+, *'+. *'+. )'/, ¿ ¿
25 16.7 * *'), *')/ *'*+ *'*1 *'+- *'+. *')) ¿ ¿
30 20.0 * *'), *'). *'*) *'*. *'+) *'+. *'+. ¿ ¿
35 23.3 * *')+ *')- *')2 *'*, *'*0 *'+* *'+. )',/ ¿
40 26.7 * *')+ *')- *')1 *'** *'*. *'*2 *'+. )'/, ¿
45 30.0 * *')+ *'), *')0 *'*) *'*, *'*0 *'+. )'1, ¿
50 33.3 * *')+ *'), *')/ *')2 *'*+ *'*. *'+. *')) )'+.
60 40.0 * *')* *'), *'). *')1 *'*) *'*, *'+. *'+. )'/,
70 46.7 * *')* *')+ *')- *')/ *')2 *'** *'+* *'+. )'12
Bgma^\Zl^h_lmkZbàmm^g]hgl%Zabàeôêh_ik^lmk^ll!s\i (_\]7)'."Zg]mabgp^[l%b_ma^
m^glbhgZg]ma^\hfik^llbhg\ahk]lZk^Z[e^mh\Zkkrma^paheîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^Zg][eh\dlZk^
ikhob]^]Zmma^^qmk^fbmrh_[^Zflmh]bli^kl^maîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^!l^^?b`nk^0'."%bmfZr[^
Zllnf^]maZmmaîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^bl]blmkb[nm^][^mp^^gma^\ahk]l'Bgma^l^\bk\nflmZg\^l%
ma^\hfik^llbhg_bê]]n^mhla^Zkhgerlahne][^\hglb]^k^]bgma^p^[!a\p6*"'
I]%\
BS EN 1992-2
I]6 I]%\$I]%m fig. 6.101
I]
I]%m
Figure 7.5
Dispersion of prestressing by end blocks within the chords
45
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^fZqbfnf^__^\mbo^\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm:lp%fZq_hk\hmy6*bl
Exp. (6.15) `bo^g[r3
Asw,max fywd
≤ aacwv1 fcd
bw s
7.3.3 Lever arm, s

BS EN 1992-1-1 Bgma^la^ZkZgZerlblh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^%ma^ZiikhqbfZmôZen^s6)'2]fZrghkfZeer[^
6.2.3(1) nl^]'MablblghmZiikhikbZm^pa^g3
Q Ma^k^blZgZqbZe_hk\^hkik^lmk^ll%hk
Q Ma^pb]maZmma^\^gmkhb]bl`k^Zm^kmaZgma^fbgbfnf\khll&l^\mbhgpb]mabg
\hfik^llbhg%hk
PD 6687-2 Q Ma^\khll&l^\mbhgaZlZm^glbhg_eZg`^[nmgh\hfik^llbhg_eZg`^
7.2.4.1
Bgln\a\Zl^lmaêô^kZkflahne][^]^m^kfbg^][Zl^]hgZgZgZerlblh_ma^l^\mbhg'
7.3.4 Shear reinforcement required, :sw/s

Ma^ \khll&l^\mbhgZe Zk^Z h_ ma^ la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm k^jnbk^] bl \Ze\neZm^] nlbg` ma^ la^Zk
k^lblmZg\^3
BS EN 1992-1-1 OK]%l6!:lp(l" s _rp]!\hmy$\hma"lbga©OK]%fZq

Exp. (6.13)
pa^k^
:lp 6 \khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm'!?hk:lp%fbgl^^L^\mbhg*.'+'/"
l 6 liZ\bg`h_ma^lmbkknil
s 6 eô^kZkf!L^^L^\mbhg0',',"
_rp]6 _rpd (gL6]^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
a 6 Zgè^h_maêbgdlmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqbl
?hko^kmb\Zeebgdl%\hma6)Zg]lbga6*')%Zg]3
BS EN 1992-1-1 :lp(lªO>] ( !s _rp]\hmy"
Exp. (6.8)
7.3.5 Webs containing metal ducts

BS EN 1992-1-1 Pa^k^ma^p^[\hgmZbgl`khnm^]f^mZe]n\mlpbmaZ]bZf^m^kf7[p(1ma^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^
6.2.3(6) oK]%fZqlahne][^\Ze\neZm^]hgma^[Zlblh_ZghfbgZep^[mab\dg^ll`bo^g[r3
BS EN 1992-1-1 [p%ghf6[p¾)'.Sfpa^k^fblma^hnm^k]bZf^m^kh_ma^]n\mZg]Sfbl]^m^kfbg^]_hkma^
Exp. (6.16) fhlmng_ZohnkZ[eêôê'
?hk`khnm^]f^mZe]n\mlpbmaf©[p(1%[p%ghf6[p
?hkghg&`khnm^]]n\ml%`khnm^]ieZlmb\]n\mlZg]ng[hg]^]m^g]hglma^ghfbgZep^[mab\dg^llbl3
BS EN 1992-1-1
Exp. (6.17) [p%ghf6[p¾*'+Sf
MaôZen^*'+blbgmkh]n\^]mhmZd^Z\\hngmh_liebmmbg`h_ma^\hg\k^m^lmknml]n^mhmkZglo^kl^
m^glbhg'B_Z]^jnZm^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblikhob]^]mabloZen^fZr[^k^]n\^]mh*')'
7.3.6 Additional tensile forces

BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^Z]]bmbhgZem^glbe^_hk\^%D ?m] %bgmaêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm]n^mhla^ZkO>]fZr[^
Exp. (6.18)
\Ze\neZm^]_khf3
D ?m]6)'.O>]!\hmy¾\hma"
F>] (s$D ?m] lahne][^mZd^gZlghm`k^Zm^kmaZgF>]%fZq (s
46
La^Zk
pa^k^
F>]%fZq6fZqbfnffhf^gmZehg`ma^[^Zf
MablZ]]bmbhgZem^glbe^_hk\^`bo^lkbl^mhma^Âlab_mÃkne^_hkma^\nkmZbef^gmh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
!l^^L^\mbhg*.'+"'
Bg ma^ \Zl^ h_ [hg]^] ik^lmk^llbg`% eh\Zm^] pbmabg ma^ m^glbe^ \ahk]% ma^ k^lblmbg` ^__^\m h_ BS EN 1992-2
ik^lmk^llbg`fZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm_hk\Zkkrbg`ma^mhmZeehg`bmn]bgZem^glbe^_hk\^'Bgma^ 6.2.3(107)
\Zl^ h_ bg\ebg^] [hg]^] ik^lmk^llbg` m^g]hgl bg \hf[bgZmbhg pbma hma^k ehg`bmn]bgZe
k^bg_hk\^f^gm(m^g]hglma^la^Zklmk^g`mafZr[^ôZenZm^]%[rZlbfieb_b\Zmbhg%lni^kbfihlbg`
mph]b__^k^gmmknllfh]êlpbma]b__^k^gm`^hf^mkr!?b`nk^0'/"4Zp^bàm^]f^ZgoZen^[^mp^^g
y*Zg]y+fZr[^nl^]_hk\hg\k^m^lmk^ll_bê]o^kb_b\Zmbhgpbma>qik^llbhg!/'2"'
BS EN 1992-2
y* y+ fig. 6.102N
Figure 7.6
Superimposed resisting model for shear
7.3.7 Members with actions applied near bottom of section

Pa^kêhZ]blZiieb^]g^Zkma^[hmmhfh_Zl^\mbhg%ln__b\b^gmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmh\Zkkrma^ BS EN 1992-1-1
ehZ] mh ma^ mhi h_ ma^ l^\mbhg lahne] [^ ikhob]^] bg Z]]bmbhg mh Zgr la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm 6.2.1(9)
k^jnbk^]mhk^lblmla^Zk'
7.3.8 Shear between web and flanges of T-sections

Maêhg`bmn]bgZela^Zklmk^ll%o>]%Zmma^cng\mbhg[^mp^^ghg^lb]^h_Z_eZg`^Zg]ma^p^[bl]^m^kfbg^] BS EN 1992-2
6.2.4(103)
[rma^\aZg`^h_ma^ghkfZe!ehg`bmn]bgZe"_hk\^bgmaîZkmh_ma^_eZg`^\hglb]^k^]%Z\\hk]bg`mh3
o>]6D?] (!a_Dq"
pa^k^
a_ 6 mab\dg^llh__eZg`^Zmma^cng\mbhgl
Dq 6 e^g`mang]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg%l^^?b`nk^0'0
D?] 6 \aZg`^h_ma^ghkfZe_hk\^bgma^_eZg`^ho^kmaê^g`maDq
?d y_ :
<hfik^llbo^lmknml
?] [^__
Dq
:l_
L_
: a_
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.7
Ehg`bmn]bgZe[Zk
Zg\ahk^][^rhg] ?]$D ?]
mablikhc^\m^]ihbgm
?]$D ?]
[p
Figure 7.7
Notations for the connection between flange and web
47
Ma^fZqbfnfoZen^maZmfZr[^Zllnf^]_hkDqblaZe_ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^l^\mbhgpa^k^
ma^fhf^gmbl)Zg]ma^l^\mbhgpa^k^ma^fhf^gmblfZqbfnf'Pa^kîhbgmehZ]lZk^Ziieb^]
maê^g`maDqlahne]ghm^q\^^]ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gihbgmehZ]l'
:em^kgZmboêr%\hglb]^kbg`Ze^g`maDqh_ma^[^Zf%ma^la^ZkmkZglfbmm^]_khfma^p^[mhma^
_eZg`^blo>]Dq(sZg]bl]bob]^]bgmhmak^îZkml3hg^k^fZbgbg`pbmabgma^p^[[k^Z]maZg]ma^
hma^kmph`hbg`hnmmhma^_eZg`^hnmlmZg]l'Bmlahne][^`^g^kZeerZllnf^]maZmmaîkhihkmbhg
h_ ma^ _hk\^ k^fZbgbg` pbmabg ma^ p^[ bl ma^ _kZ\mbhg [p ([^__ h_ ma^ mhmZe _hk\^' : `k^Zm^k
ikhihkmbhg fZr [^ Zllnf^] b_ ma^ _nee ^__^\mbo^ _eZg`^ [k^Z]ma bl ghm k^jnbk^] mh k^lblm ma^
[^g]bg`fhf^gm'Bgmabl\Zl^Z\a^\d_hk\kZ\dlhi^gbg`ZmLELfZr[^g^\^llZkr'
Ma^kZm^h_\aZg`^h_ma^_eZg`^_hk\^l\Zg[^ng]^k^lmbfZm^]b_ma^^__^\mlh_p^[la^Zkhg
ma^_eZg`^_hk\^lZk^ghmbg\en]^]%iZkmb\neZker_hk\hfik^llbhg_eZg`^l'Ma^\ahk]_hk\^lZl
]^m^kfbg^]_hkma^]^lb`gh_ma^p^[k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ma^k^_hk^[^nl^]'
?hk\hfik^llbhg_eZg`^l%?]fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]Zl_heehpl3
PD 6687-2, ?]6![^__¾[p"?\](!+[^__"pa^ga_7q\
7.2.5
?]6![^__¾[p"_\]a_(+ pa^ga_©q\
pa^k^
q\ 6 ]îmah_ma^\hfik^llbhgshg^
?\] 6 mhmZe_hk\^bgma^\hfik^llbhg\ahk]h_ma^la^Zkmknllbgma^p^[
?hkm^glbhg_eZg`^l%?]fZr[^\Ze\neZm^][r]^m^kfbgbg`maîkhihkmbhgh_ma^mhmZem^glbhg
\ahk]_hk\^%?m]%\Zkkb^]bg^Z\alb]^h_ma^_eZg`^'
Ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmi^kngbme^g`ma:l_(l_fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]Zl_heehpl3
!:l__r](l_"ªo>]a_(\hmy_
BS EN 1992-1-1 Mhikô^gm\knlabg`h_ma^\hfik^llbhglmknmlbgma^_eZg`^%ma^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhglahne][^lZmbl_b^]3
6.2.4(4)
O>]© )'/!*¾_ (+.)" _\]lbgy_\hly_
\d
pa^k^
_\]6 *') _\d ( *'.
Maî^kfbmm^]kZg`^h_maôZen^l_hk\hmy_Zk^3
BS EN 1992-1-1 *') ©\hmy_© +') _hk\hfik^llbhg_eZg`^l!-.ªy_ª+/'."
6.2.4(6) *') ©\hmy_© *'+. _hkm^glbhg_eZg`^l!-.ªy_ª,1'/"
B_o>]ble^llmaZghk^jnZemh )'- _\m]gh^qmkZk^bg_hk\^f^gmZ[ho^maZm_hk_e^qnk^blk^jnbk^]'
Ehg`bmn]bgZem^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^_eZg`^lahne][^Zg\ahk^][^rhg]ma^lmknmk^jnbk^]
mh mkZglfbm ma^ _hk\^ [Z\d mh ma^ p^[ Zm ma^ l^\mbhg pa^k^ mabl k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl k^jnbk^]
!L^^L^\mbhg!:¾:"h_?b`nk^0'0"'
7.3.9 Interface shear between concretes placed at different times

Pa^g\hfihlbm^Z\mbhgblZllnf^][^mp^^gmpheZr^klh_\hg\k^m^\ZlmZm]b__^k^gmmbf^l%
BS EN 1992-1-1 bmblg^\^llZkrmhikô^gmlebi[^mp^^gma^mpheZr^kl'Mablpbeek^lnembgla^Zklmk^llZmma^
6.2.5 bgm^k_Z\^%pab\alahne][ô^kb_b^]'Ma^_hk\^Zmma^bgm^k_Z\^blma^_eZg`^_hk\^bgma^g^p
\hg\k^m^\Znl^][rma^[^g]bg`fhf^gmhgma^\hfihlbm^l^\mbhg'
Ma^ la^Zk lmk^ll Zm ma^ bgm^k_Z\^ [^mp^^g \hg\k^m^ \Zlm Zm ]b__^k^gm mbf^l lahne] lZmbl_r ma^
_heehpbg`'
o>]b©oK]b
48
La^Zk
pa^k^
o>]b6]^lb`goZen^h_ma^la^Zklmk^llbgma^bgm^k_Z\^Zg]bl`bo^g[r3
o>]b6b O>] (!s[b "
pa^k^
O>]6 mkZglo^kl^la^Zk_hk\^
s 6 eô^kZkfh_ma^\hfihlbm^l^\mbhg
[b 6 pb]mah_ma^bgm^k_Z\^!l^^?b`nk^0'1"
b 6 kZmbhh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^bgma^g^p\hg\k^m^Zg]ma^mhmZeehg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^
^bma^kbgma^\hfik^llbhghkm^glbhgshg^%[hma\Ze\neZm^]_hkma^l^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]
oK]b6\_\m]$¬sg$r_r]!¬lbga $\hla"©)'. )'/!*¾_\d (+.)" _\]

pa^k^
maôZen^lh_\Zg]¬]î^g]hgma^bgm^k_Z\^lnk_Z\^Zg]Zk^lahpgbgMZ[e^0',
_\m]6 _\md%)').( *'.
_\] 6 *') _\d( *'.
sg6 lmk^llghkfZemhma^bgm^k_Z\^ghmmh[^mZd^g`k^Zm^kmaZg)'/_\]
r 6 :l(:b
:l 6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm\khllbg`ma^bgm^k_Z\^bg\en]bg`hk]bgZkrla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
!b_Zgr"%pbmaZ]^jnZm^Zg\ahkZ`^Zm[hmalb]^lh_ma^bgm^k_Z\^
:b 6 Zk^Zh_ma^chbgm
a 6Zgè^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gm\khllbg`ma^bgm^k_Z\^!-.©a ©2)"
bi
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.8
bi
a) Double-T unit with topping b) I-beam with topping
Figure 7.8
Examples of interfaces for shear
Table 7.3
Values of m and \ for various interfaces
Classification of interface surfaces Friction coefficient, m Shear coefficient, \

O^krlfhhma3lnk_Z\^\ZlmZ`Zbglmlm^ê% )'. )'*)
ieZlmb\hklfhhmaphh]^gfhne]l
BS EN 1992-1-1
Lfhhma3lebi_hkf^]hk^qmkn]^]lnk_Z\^hk )'/ )'+) 6.2.5(2)
_Z\^ngmk^Zm^]Z_m^kob[kZmbhg
Khnà3Zlnk_Z\^pbmaZme^Zlm,ff )'0 )'-)
khnàg^llZm-)ffliZ\bg`
Pa^k^Zlmîi^]]blmkb[nmbhgh_mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblnl^]%ma^mhmZek^lblmZg\^pbmabg
Zgr[Zg]h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^ghme^llmaZgma^mhmZeehg`bmn]bgZela^Zkbgma^lZf^ PD 6687-2
e^g`ma Zg] ma^ ehg`bmn]bgZe la^Zk lmk^ll ôZenZm^] Zm Zgr ihbgm lahne] ghm ^q\^^] ma^ 7.2.6
k^lblmZg\^ôZenZm^]eh\Zeer[rfhk^maZg*)'
49
8 Punching shear
8.1 General
8.1.1 Basis of design
Ing\abg` la^Zk bl Z eh\Ze la^Zk _Zbenk^ Zkhng] \hg\^gmkZm^] ehZ]l hg leZ[l Zg] ma^ fhlm
\hffhglbmnZmbhglpa^k^maîng\abg`la^Zkkne^lZk^kêôZgmbg[kb]`^Ziieb\ZmbhglZk^bg
BS EN 1992-1-1 ma^]^lb`gh_ibe^\Zil%iZ]_hhmbg`l%Zg]]^\dleZ[lpab\aZk^ln[c^\m^]mhpa^êehZ]lZg]
6.4.1
Zkhng]lniihkmlbgleZ[llniihkm^]hg]bl\k^m^[^Zkbg`lhk\henfgl'Ma^k^lnembg`lmk^ll^lZk^
o^kb_b^]Zehg`]^_bg^]\hgmkhei^kbf^m^klZkhng]maêhZ]^]Zk^Z'Ma^la^Zk_hk\^Z\mlho^kZg
Zk^Zn]^__%pa^k^nblmaê^g`mah_maî^kbf^m^kZg]]^__blma^^__^\mbo^]îmah_ma^leZ[
mZd^gZlma^Zo^kZ`^h_ma^^__^\mbo^]îmalbgmphhkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhgl'
8.1.2 Design procedure

BS EN 1992-1-1 :mma^\henfgi^kbf^m^k%hkmaî^kbf^m^kh_maêhZ]^]Zk^Z%ma^fZqbfnfing\abg`la^Zk
6.4.3(2) lmk^lllahne]ghm[^^q\^^]^]%o>]©oK]%fZq'
Ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghmg^\^llZkrb_
o>]©oK]%\
Pa^kô>]^q\^^]loK]%\_hkma^\hgmkhel^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]%ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]
[îkhob]^]Z\\hk]bg`mhL^\mbhg1'.
pa^k^
BS EN 1992-1-1 o>] 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]la^Zklmk^ll!l^^L^\mbhgl1'+Zg]1',"
6.4.3(1) oK]%fZq6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^fZqbfnfing\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\^!l^^L^\mbhg1'/"Zehg`
ma^\hgmkhel^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]
oK]%\ 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ing\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_ZleZ[withouting\abg`la^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%Zehg`ma^\hgmkhel^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]!l^^L^\mbhg1'-"
oK]%\l 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ing\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_ZleZ[withing\abg`la^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%Zehg`ma^\hgmkhel^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]!l^^L^\mbhg1'."
8.2 Applied shear stress

8.2.1 General
Pa^k^ ma^ lniihkm k^Z\mbhg bl ^\\^gmkb\ pbma k^`Zk] mh ma^ \hgmkhe i^kbf^m^k% ma^ fZqbfnf
la^Zklmk^lllahne][^mZd^gZl3
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.3(3)
o>]6b O>] (!nb ]"
pa^k^
] 6 f^Zg^__^\mbo^]îma
6 !]r$]s"(+
nb 6 e^g`mah_ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg!l^^L^\mbhg1',"
O>] 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
b 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^\\^gmkb\bmr
]r 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmabgr&]bk^\mbhg
]s 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmabgs&]bk^\mbhg
50
Ing\abg`la^Zk
8.2.2 Values of b (conservative values from diagram)

?hk[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^l%pa^k^Z]cZ\^gmliZgl]hghm]b__^k[rfhk^maZg+.%maôZen^lh_ BS EN 1992-1-1
blahpgbg?b`nk^1'*fZr[^nl^]' 6.4.3(6)
<hkg^k\henfg
b 6*'.
>]`^\henfg Bgm^kgZe\henfg
b 6*'- b 6*'*.
Figure 8.1
Recommended
values for b
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.21N & NA
8.2.3 Values of b (using calculation method)

:l Zg Zem^kgZmbo^ mh L^\mbhg 1'+'+% ma^ oZen^l h_ b \Zg [^ h[mZbg^] nlbg` ma^ _heehpbg`
f^mah]l'
Bgm^kgZe\henfgl
Q ?hkbgm^kgZek^\mZg`neZk\henfglpbmaehZ]bg`^\\^gmkb\mhhg^Zqbl3 BS EN 1992-1-1
b6*$!dF>] (O>]"!n*(P*" Exp. (6.39)
pa^k^
d 6 \ h^__b\b^gm]î^g]bg`hgma^kZmbhh_ma^\henfg]bf^glbhgl\*Zg]\+Zl
lahpgbg?b`nk^1'+!l^^MZ[e^1'*"
F>]6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]bgm^kgZe[^g]bg`fhf^gm
n* 6 e^g`mah_ma^[Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^1',"
P* 6 Z]blmkb[nmbhgh_la^ZkZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^1'+Zg]blZ_ng\mbhgh_n*
P* 6 \*+(+$\*\+$-\+]$*/]+$+p]\*_hkZk^\mZg`neZk\henfg
nb

6 Ƒ uu
)
^ ]e_hkma^`^g^kZe\Zl^
BS EN 1992-1-1
pa^k^ Exp. (6.40)
uu6 ma^Z[lhenmôZen^
^ 6 ma^]blmZg\^h_]e_khfma^ZqblZ[hnmpab\aF>]Z\ml
]e 6 Ze^g`mabg\k^f^gmh_maî^kbf^m^k
+]
\*
BS EN 1992-1-1
Figure 8.2 fig. 6.19
Shear distribution
due to an unbalanced
moment at a slab/
\+ +] internal column
connection
51
Table 8.1
Values for d for rectangular loaded areas
BS EN 1992-1-1 \1/\2 © 0.5 1.0 2.0 ª 3.0

table 6.1 k )'-. )'/) )'0) )'1)
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q ?hkbgm^kgZek^\mZg`neZk\henfglpbmaehZ]bg`^\\^gmkb\mh[hmaZq^l3
Exp. (6.43) b6*$*'1T!^r([s"+$!^s ([r"+V)'.
pa^k^
^rZg]^s 6 F>] (O>]Zehg`rZg]sZq^lk^li^\mboêr
[rZg][s 6 ma^]bf^glbhglh_ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^1',"
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q ?hkbgm^kgZe\bk\neZk\henfgl3
Exp. (6.42) b6*$)'/p^(!=$-]"
pa^k^
= 6 ]bZf^m^kh_ma^\bk\neZk\henfg
^ 6 F>] (O>]
n* +] n*
n* +]
+]
+]
[s
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.13
[r
n*6[Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k
Figure 8.3
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
>]`^\henfgl
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.3(4) Q ?hk^]`^\henfgl%pbmaehZ]bg`^\\^gmkb\bmri^ki^g]b\neZkZg]bgm^kbhkmhma^leZ[^]`^%
b6n*(n*#
pa^k^
n* 6 [Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^1'-"
n*#6 k^]n\^]\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^1'."
Q ?hk^]`^\henfgl%pbma^\\^gmkb\bmrmh[hmaZq^lZg]bgm^kbhkmhma^leZ[^]`^
BS EN 1992-1-1 b6n*(n*#$dîZkn*(P*
Exp. (6.44)
pa^k^
d 6 \h^__b\b^gm]î^g]bg`hgma^kZmbhh_ma^\henfg]bf^glbhgl\*Zg]\+Zl
lahpgbg?b`nk^1'.!l^^MZ[e^1'+"
îZk6 ^\\^gmkb\bmriZkZeeêmhma^leZ[^]`^k^lnembg`_khfZfhf^gmZ[hnmZgZqbl
i^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^leZ[^]`^
P* 6 \++(-$\*\+$-\*]$1]+$p]\+
pa^k^
\*Zg]\+Zk^Zlbg?b`nk^1'.
52
Ing\abg`la^Zk
n*
+] +]
+]
n* n* BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.15
+]
+] +]
n*6[Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k
Figure 8.4
Control perimeters for loaded areas at or close to an edge or corner
©*'.]
©)'.\*
+] \+
©*'.]
©)'.\+
\*
\+ BS EN 1992-1-1
+]
n*# fig. 6.20
+] n*#
©*'.]
©)'.\*
\* +]
a) Edge column b) Corner column
Figure 8.5
Equivalent control perimeter n1*
Table 8.2
Values for d for rectangular loaded areas at edge of slabs and subject to eccentric loading in
both axes
\1/2\2* © 0.5 1.0 2.0 ª 3.0

k )'-. )'/) )'0) )'1)
Note
#]b__^kl_khfMZ[e^1'*
<hkg^k\henfgl BS EN 1992-1-1
?hk\hkg^k\henfglpbma^\\^gmkb\bmrmhpZk]lbgm^kbhkh_ma^leZ[ 6.4.3(5)
b6n*(n*# BS EN 1992-1-1
Exp. (6.46)
pa^k^
n* 6 [Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^1'-"
n*#6 k^]n\^]\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^1'."
53
I^kbf^m^k\henfglpa^k^^\\^gmkb\bmrbl^qm^kbhkmhleZ[
?hk^]`^Zg]\hkg^k\henfgl%pa^k^^\\^gmkb\bmrbl^qm^kbhkmhma^leZ[ma^^qik^llbhg
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.3(4) b6*$!dF>] (O>]"!n*(P*b

6.4.3(5)
Ziieb^lZl_hkbgm^kgZe\henfglZ[ho^'Ahpô^k%F>] (O>]!6^%^\\^gmkb\bmr"blf^Zlnk^]_khf
ma^\^gmkhb]h_ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k'
8.3 Control perimeters

8.3.1 Basic control perimeter n1 (internal columns)
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^[Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kn*fZr[^mZd^gmh[^ZmZ]blmZg\^h_+')]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^
6.4.2
ehZ]^]Zk^Z%\hglmkn\m^]lhZlmhfbgbfbl^bmle^g`ma!l^^bg?b`nk^1',"'
8.3.2 Openings
Pa^k^ hi^gbg`l bg ma^ leZ[ ^qblm pbmabg /] _khf ma^ _Z\^ h_ ma^ ehZ]^] Zk^Z% iZkm h_ ma^
\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kpbee[^bg^__^\mbo^Zlbg]b\Zm^]bg?b`nk^1'/'
©/] e*©e+ e*7e+
+]
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.14 Bg^__^\mbo^ e+ !e*e+")'.
n* Hi^gbg`
a) Where e1 e2 b) Where e1 > e2
Figure 8.6
Control perimeter near an opening
8.3.3 Perimeter columns

?hk^]`^hk\hkg^k\henfgl!hkehZ]^]Zk^Zl"%ma^[Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kn*lahpgbg?b`nk^
1'-fZr[^nl^]_hk\hg\^gmkb\ehZ]bg`'Mabli^kbf^m^kfnlmghm[^`k^Zm^kmaZgmaî^kbf^m^k
BS EN 1992-1-1 h[mZbg^]_hkbgm^kgZe\henfgl_khfnlbg`?b`nk^1',!l^^L^\mbhg1','*"'
6.4.2(5)
Pa^k^^\\^gmkb\bmrh_ehZ]lblbgm^kbhkmhma^leZ[%ma^k^]n\^]\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k%n*#lahpg
bg?b`nk^1'.lahne][^nl^]Zlbg]b\Zm^]bgL^\mbhg1'+','
8.3.4 Column heads

Pa^k^\henfga^Z]lZkîkhob]^]%]blmbg\mbhglahne][^fZ]^[^mp^^g\Zl^lpa^kêA7+aA
BS EN 1992-1-1 Zg]pa^kêA5+aA
6.4.2(9)
pa^k^
eA 6 ikhc^\mbhgh_a^Z]_khfma^\henfg
aA 6 a^bàmh_a^Z][êhplh__bmh_leZ[
54
Ing\abg`la^Zk
Pa^kêA5+aAing\abg`la^Zkg^^]lmh[^\a^\d^]hgerbgma^\hgmkhel^\mbhghnmlb]^ma^
\henfga^Z]!l^^?b`nk^1'0"'Pa^kêA7+aAma^\kbmb\Zel^\mbhgl[hmapbmabgmaâ^Z]Zg]
leZ[lahne][^\a^\d^]!l^^?b`nk^1'1"'
k\hgm k\hgm
;Zlb\\hgmkhel^\mbhg
y y ]
aA aA BS EN 1992-1-1
y y fig. 6.17
EhZ]^]Zk^Z:ehZ]
eA5+')aA eA5+')aA
Note
\
y 6+/'/®%mZgy6)'.
Figure 8.7
Slab with enlarged column head where eH < 2.0 aH
k\hgm%^qm k\hgm%^qm
k\hgm%^qm k\hgm%^qm
] ]
y y
]A BS EN 1992-1-1
]A
aA y aA fig. 6.18
y
;Zlb\\hgmkhe
EhZ]^]Zk^Z:ehZ] l^\mbhgl_hk
eA7+aA eA7+aA \bk\neZk\henfgl
Note
y6+/'/®%mZgy6)'. \
Figure 8.8
Slab with enlarged column head where eH > 2aH
8.4 Punching shear resistance without shear reinforcement

Ma^ ing\abg` la^Zk k^lblmZg\^ h_ Z leZ[ lahne] [^ Zll^ll^] _hk ma^ [Zlb\ \hgmkhe l^\mbhg
Z\\hk]bg`mhL^\mbhg1','Ma^]^lb`ging\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\^fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]Zl_heehpl3 BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.4
Ma^]^lb`goZen^_hkma^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^bl`bo^g[r3
oK]%\ 6 !)'*1(g<"d!*))re_\d"*(,$)'*.s\i BS EN 1992-1-1
ª )'),.d*'._\d)'. $)'*.s\i Exp. (6.47) & NA
pa^k^
d 6 *$!+))(]")'.©+')!]bgff"
g<6 *'.
re 6 !rer%res")'.©)')+
pa^k^
rer%res6 k ^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbhlbgma^rZg]s]bk^\mbhglk^li^\mboêr'MaôZen^llahne]
[^\Ze\neZm^]Zlf^ZgoZen^l%mZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmZleZ[pb]ma^jnZemhma^
\henfgpb]maienl,]^Z\alb]^
s\i 6 !s\r$s\s"(+
s\r 6 G>]%r(:\r
s\s 6 G>]%s(:\s
55
pa^k^
G>]%r%G>]%s 6 ehg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^lZ\khllma^_nee[Zr_hkbgm^kgZe\henfglZg]
maêhg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^lZ\khllma^\hgmkhel^\mbhg_hk^]`^
\henfgl'Ma^_hk\^fZr[^_khfZehZ]hkik^lmk^llbg`Z\mbhg
:< 6 Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhgZ\\hk]bg`mhma^]^_bgbmbhgh_G>]!ff+"
8.5 Punching shear resistance with shear reinforcement

BS EN 1992-1-1 Pa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]bmlahne][^\Ze\neZm^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^>qik^llbhg
6.4.5 [êhp3
BS EN 1992-1-1 oK]%\l6)'0.oK]%\$*'.!](lk":lp_rp]%^_!*(n*]"lbga
Exp. (6.52)
pa^k^
:lp 6 Z k^Zh_hgî^kbf^m^kh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmZkhng]ma^\henfg!ff+"
!_hk:lp%fbgl^^L^\mbhg*.'-',"
lk 6 kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!ff"
_rp]%^_ 6 ^__^\mbo^]^lb`glmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm!+.)$)'+.]"©_rp]
] 6 f^Zg^__^\mbo^]îmabgma^mphhkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhgl!ff"
n* 6 [Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZm+]_khfmaêhZ]^]Zk^Z!l^^?b`nk^1',"
lbga 6 *')_hko^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
a 6 Zgè^[^mp^^gma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]ieZg^h_ma^leZ[
:llnfbgò^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gm
:lp6!o>]¾)'0.oK]%\"lkn*(!*'._rp]%^_"i^ki^kbf^m^k
8.6 Punching shear resistance adjacent to columns

:]cZ\^gmmhma^\henfgmaîng\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\^blebfbm^]mhZfZqbfnfh_3
BS EN 1992-1-1 o>]6bO>] (n)]©oK]%fZq

6.4.5(3)
pa^k^
b 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^\\^gmkb\bmr!l^^L^\mbhg1'+"
n) 6 e^g`mah_\henfgi^kbia^kr_hkZgbgm^kbhk\henfg
6+!\*$\+"_hkbgm^kbhk\henfgl
6 \+$,]©\+$+\*_hk^]`^\henfgl
6 ,]©\*$\+_hk\hkg^k\henfgl
pa^k^
\* 6 \henfg]îma!_hk^]`^\henfgl%f^Zlnk^]i^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^_k^^^]`^"
\+ 6 \henfgpb]maZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^1'.
oK]%fZq6)'.v_\]
pa^k^
v6 )'/T*¾!_\d (+.)"V
8.7 Control perimeter where shear reinforcement is no

longer required, nout
La^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghmk^jnbk^]ZmZi^kbf^m^kpa^k^ma^la^Zklmk^ll]n^mhma^^__^\mbo^
BS EN 1992-1-1 la^Zk_hk\^]h^lghm^q\^^]oK]%\'Ma^hnm^kfhlmi^kbf^m^kh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^
6.4.5(4) & NA ieZ\^]ZmZ]blmZg\^ghm`k^Zm^kmaZg *'.] pbmabgmaî^kbf^m^kpa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblgh
ehg`^kk^jnbk^]'L^^?b`nk^l1'2%*.'/Zg]*.'0'
56
Ing\abg`la^Zk
I^kbf^m^knhnm I^kbf^m^knhnm%^_
7+]
©+] *'.]
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.22
*'.]
]
Figure 8.9
Control perimeters at internal columns
8.8 Distribution of shear reinforcement

Ma^>qik^llbhg`bo^gbgL^\mbhg1'.Zllnf^lZ\hglmZgmZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmhg^Z\ai^kbf^m^k
fhobg`ZpZr_khfmaêhZ]^]Zk^ZZllahpgbg?b`nk^1'2'Bg\Zl^lpa^k^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^ZoZkb^l
hgln\\^llboî^kbf^m^kl%ma^k^jnbk^]la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[^]^m^kfbg^][r\a^\dbg`ln\\^llbo^
i^kbf^m^kl%nb[^mp^^gma^[Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZg]maî^kbf^m^knhnm%mh^glnk^maZmma^la^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zk^ZS:lplZmbl_b^lma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg3
(vEd – 0.75 vRd, c ) ui d

SAsw =
fywd, ef sin a PD 6687-2
7.3.2
pa^k^ S:lp bl ma^ mhmZe la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm Zl lahpg bg ?b`nk^ 1'*)% ieZ\^] pbmabg Zg
Zk^Z ^g\ehl^] [^mp^^g ma^ \hgmkhe i^kbf^m^k nb \ahl^g Zg] hg^ +] bglb]^ bm% ^q\îm maZm
la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm pbmabg Z ]blmZg\^ h_ )',] _khf ma^ bgg^k i^kbf^m^k Zg] )'+] _khf ma^
\hgmkhei^kbf^m^klahne][^b`ghk^]'?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^Zg][Z\d`khng]Zk^`bo^g[rA^g]rLfbmaT+)V
+]
)',] )'+]
Nhnm
Notes
* *nbbl[^mp^^gn*
Zg]nhnm
+K^bg_hk\^f^gmS :lp
mhbg\en]^bg\en]^_hk
\a^\dhgi^kbf^m^knb PD 6687-2
fig. 4
Nb
Figure 8.10
Reinforcement to include in punching shear check
57
8.9 Punching shear resistance of foundation bases
Bg Z]]bmbhg mh ma^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg Zm ma^ [Zlb\ \hgmkhe i^kbf^m^k Zm +] _khf ma^ _Z\^ h_ ma^
\henfg% i^kbf^m^kl pbmabg ma^ [Zlb\ i^kbf^m^k lahne] Zelh [^ \a^\d^] _hk ing\abg`
BS EN 1992-1-1 k^lblmZg\^'Bg\Zl^lpa^k^ma^]îmah_ma^[ZlôZkb^l%ma^^__^\mbo^]îmah_ma^[Zl^fZr
6.4.2(6)
[^Zllnf^]mh[^maZmZmmaî^kbf^m^kh_maêhZ]^]Zk^Z'L^^?b`nk^1'**'
?hk\hg\^gmkb\ehZ]bg`ma^g^mZiieb^]_hk\^bl
BS EN 1992-1-1
O>]%k^]6O>]¾DO>]
6.4.4(2) pa^k^
O>] 6 Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
DO>] 6 g^mnipZk]_hk\^pbmabgmaî^kbf^m^k\hglb]^k^]%b'^'nipZk]ik^llnk^_khflhbe
fbgnllê_&p^bàmh_[Zl^'
Pa^gZ\henfgmkZglfbmlZgZqbZeehZ]O>]Zg]Zfhf^gmF>]%maîng\abg`la^Zklmk^llbl
`bo^g[rma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg3
o>]6!O>]%k^] (n]"T*$dF>] n(!O>]%k^]P"V

BS EN 1992-1-1
Exp. (6.51) pa^k^
n 6 maî^kbf^m^k[^bg`\hglb]^k^]
d 6 Z \h^__b\b^gm]î^g]bg`hgma^kZmbhh_ma^\henfg]bf^glbhgllahpgbg?b`nk^1'+
Zg]MZ[e^1'*
P 6 P*
?hkZljnZk^\henfgZg]Z`^g^kZei^kbf^m^kZmkbpbmae^g`manb3
PD 6687-2 c12
W1 = + c1 c2 + 2c2 ri + 4ri 2 + p ri c1
7.3.1 2
Maîng\abg`la^Zkk^lblmZg\ôK]%\`bo^gbgL^\mbhg1'-fZr[^^gaZg\^]_hk\henfg[Zl^l
[rfnembierbg`ma^>qik^llbhgl[r+](Z%pa^k^Zblma^]blmZg\^h_maî^kbf^m^k\hglb]^k^]
_khfmaî^kbia^krh_ma^\henfg'
yªZk\mZg!)'."
EhZ]^]Zk^Z
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.16 y
Figure 8.11
Depth of control section in a footing with variable depth
58
Mhklbhg
9 Torsion
9.1 General
MhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^lahne][ô^kb_b^]bgê^f^gmlmaZmkêrhgmhklbhg_hklmZmb\^jnbeb[kbnf'
BglmZmb\Zeerbg]^m^kfbgZm^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lbgpab\amhklbhgZkbl^l_khf\hglb]^kZmbhgh_ BS EN 1992-1-1
\hfiZmb[bebmrZg]ma^lmkn\mnk^blghm]î^g]^gmhgmhklbhg_hklmZ[bebmr%bmpbeeghkfZeer[^ 6.3.1
ln__b\b^gmmhkêrhg]^mZbebg`kne^l_hkfbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhlZ_^`nZk]Z`Zbglm^q\^llbo^
\kZ\dbg`%pbmahnmma^^qieb\bm\hglb]^kZmbhgh_mhklbhgZmNEL'
Bg>nkh\h]^+%mhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^bl\Ze\neZm^][rfh]êebg`Zeel^\mbhglZl^jnboZe^gmmabg&
BS EN 1992-1-1
pZee^]l^\mbhgl'<hfie^ql^\mbhgl%ln\aZlM&l^\mbhglZk^]bob]^]bgmhZl^kb^lh_ln[&l^\mbhgl 6.3.2
Zg]ma^mhmZek^lblmZg\^blmZd^gZlma^lnfh_ma^k^lblmZg\^lh_ma^bg]bob]nZemabg&pZee^]
ln[&l^\mbhgl'
Ma^lZf^lmknmbg\ebgZmbhgylahne][^nl^]_hkfh]êebg`la^ZkZg]mhklbhg'Maêbfbml_hk
\hmyghm^]bgL^\mbhg0_hkla^ZkZelhZiiermhmhklbhg'
9.2 Torsional resistances

BS EN 1992-2
Ma^]^lb`gmhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^fhf^gm 6.3.2 (104)
MK]%fZq6+va\p_\]:d m^_%blbgy \hly

pa^k^
v 6 )'/T*¾!_\d (+.)"V
:d 6 Z k^Z^g\ehl^][rma^\^gmkêbg^lh_\hgg^\mbg`pZeelbg\en]bg`ma^bgg^kaheehp
Zk^Z!l^^?b`nk^2'*"
m^_%b 6 ^__^\mbo^pZeemab\dg^ll!l^^?b`nk^2'*"'BmfZr[^mZd^gZl:(n[nmlahne]ghm[^
mZd^gZle^llmaZgmpb\^ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^g^]`^ !ma^hnmlb]^_Z\^h_ma^
f^f[^k" Zg]\^gmk^h_maêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm'?hkaheehpl^\mbhglma^
k^Zemab\dg^llblZgnii^kebfbm
y 6 Zgè^h_ma^\hfik^llbhglmknm
a\p6 \h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ma^lmZm^h_lmk^llbgma^\hfik^llbhg\ahk]!l^^MZ[e^0'+"
6 * _hkghg&ik^lmk^ll^]lmkn\mnk^l
6 !*$s\i (_\]"_hk)5s\i©)'+._\]
BS EN 1992-2
6 *'+._hk)'+._\]5s\i©)'._\] 6.2.3(103) & NA
6 +'.!*¾s\i (_\]"_hk)'._\]5s\i5*')_\]
pa^k^
s\i6f^Zg\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll%f^Zlnk^]ihlbmbo^%bgma^\hg\k^m^]n^mhma^]^lb`g
ZqbZe_hk\^'
s\i lahne] [^ h[mZbg^] [r Zo^kZ`bg` bm ho^k ma^ \hg\k^m^ l^\mbhg mZdbg` Z\\hngm h_ ma^
k^bg_hk\^f^gm'MaôZen^h_s\ig^^]ghm[^\Ze\neZm^]ZmZ]blmZg\ê^llmaZg)'.]\hmy_khf
ma^^]`^h_ma^lniihkm'
59
sb
Hnm^k^]`^h_
^__^\mbo^\khll&l^\mbhg%
<ho^k \bk\nf_^k^g\^%n
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.11
M>]
m^_(+
m^_ <^gmkêbg^
Figure 9.1
Notations used in Section 9
Ma^mhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^h_Zlheb]k^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgpbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmhgma^hnm^k
i^kbia^krMK]%fZqfZr[^]^]n\^]_khfma^`^g^kZe^qik^llbhg%Zllnfbg`m^__6:(n3
MK]%fZq6+va\p_\]d+[,lbgy\hly
pa^k^
d+ 6 \h^__b\b^gmh[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^2'*
[ 6 [k^Z]mah_ma^l^\mbhg!5a%]îmah_l^\mbhg"
Table 9.1
Values of d2
a/[ 1 2 3 4
k2 )'*-* )',/0 )'/+- )'1/-
ENV 1992-1-1 MhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^`ho^kg^][rma^Zk^Zh_\ehl^]ebgdlbl`bo^g[r3

Exp. (4.43)[21]
MK]6:lp+:d\hmy_rp](l
pa^k^
:lp 6 Zk^Zh_ebgdk^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rp%] 6 ]^lb`glmk^g`mah_maêbgdk^bg_hk\^f^gm
l 6 liZ\bg`h_ebgdl
Ma^k^jnbk^]Zk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm_hkmhklbhg%S:le%fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khf3
BS EN 1992-2
Exp. (6.28) S:le_r]6M>]nd\hmy(!+:d"
pa^k^
M>] 6 Ziieb^]]^lb`gmhklbhg
nd 6 i^kbf^m^kh_ma^Zk^Z:d
Bg\hfik^llbo^\ahk]l%maêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[^k^]n\^]bgikhihkmbhgmhma^ZoZbeZ[e^
\hfik^llbo^_hk\^'Bgm^glbe^\ahk]l%maêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm_hkmhklbhglahne][^Z]]^]mh
ma^hma^kk^bg_hk\^f^gm'Maêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]`^g^kZeer[^]blmkb[nm^]ho^kma^
BS EN 1992-2 e^g`mah_lb]^sb %!lb]ê^g`mah_pZeeb]^_bg^][rma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^bgm^kl^\mbhgihbgmlpbma
6.3.2(103) ma^Z]cZ\^gmpZeel"%[nm_hklfZee^kl^\mbhglbmfZr[^\hg\^gmkZm^]Zmma^^g]lh_mable^g`ma'
;hg]^] ik^lmk^llbg` m^g]hgl \Zg [^ mZd^g bgmh Z\\hngm ebfbmbg` ma^bk lmk^ll bg\k^Zl^ mh
Dsi©.))FIZ'BgmaZm\Zl^%S:le_r]bg>qik^llbhg!/'+1"blkîeZ\^][rS :le_r]$:iDsi'
60
Mhklbhg
9.3 Combined torsion and shear

Bglheb]l^\mbhglma^_heehpbg`kêZmbhglabilahne][^lZmbl_b^]3
BS EN 1992-2
!M>](MK]%fZq"$!O>] (OK]%fZq"©*')
Exp. (6.29)
pa^k^
MK]%fZq 6 ]^lb`gmhklbhgZek^lblmZg\^fhf^gm
6 +va\p _\]:dm^_%blbgy\hlyZlbgL^\mbhg2'+'
OK]%fZq 6 fZqbfnf]^lb`gla^Zkk^lblmZg\^
6 a\p[p sv*_\]!\hmy$\hma"(!*$\hm+y"ZlbgL^\mbhg0','+'
Ma^ ^__^\ml h_ mhklbhg Zg] la^Zk _hk [hma aheehp Zg] lheb] f^f[^kl fZr [^ lni^kbfihl^]% BS EN 1992-2
Zllnfbg`ma^lZfôZen^_hkma^lmknmbg\ebgZmbhgy'Maêbfbml_hky`bo^gbgL^\mbhg0','+Zk^ 6.3.2 (102)
Zelh_neerZiieb\Z[e^_hkma^\Zl^h_\hf[bg^]la^ZkZg]mhklbhg'
?hk[hql^\mbhgl%^Z\apZeelahne][ô^kb_b^]lîZkZmêr%_hkma^\hf[bgZmbhgh_la^Zk_hk\^l
]^kbo^]_khfla^ZkZg]mhklbhg!?b`nk^2'+"'
BS EN 1992-2
+ = fig. 6.104
a) Torsion b) Shear c) Combination
Figure 9.2
Internal actions combination within the different walls of a box section
61
10 Strut-and-tie models, bearing zones
and partially loaded areas
10.1 Design with strut-and-tie models

10.1.1 Struts
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^]^lb`glmk^g`ma_hkZ\hg\k^m^lmknmbgZk^`bhgpbmamkZglo^kl^\hfik^llbo^lmk^llhkgh
6.5.2 mkZglo^kl^lmk^llfZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khfma^_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg!l^^?b`nk^*)'*"'
sK]%fZq6_\]6 )'1. _\d ( *'.
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.23
sK]%fZq
Figure 10.1
Design strength of concrete
struts without transverse
tension
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.24
sK]%fZq
Figure 10.2
Design strength of concrete
struts with transverse
tension
Ma^]^lb`glmk^g`ma_hk\hg\k^m^lmknmllahne][^k^]n\^]bg\kZ\d^]\hfik^llbhgshg^lZg]%
nge^llZfhk^kb`hkhnlZiikhZ\ablnl^]%fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khfma^_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg!l^^
?b`nk^*)'+"'
sK]%fZq6)'/ !*¾_\d(+.)" _\]
pa^k^
_\]6 *') _\d( *'.
10.1.2 Ties
K^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmma^_hk\^lZmma^\hg\^gmkZm^]gh]^lfZr[^lf^Zk^]ho^kZ
BS EN 1992-1-1
e^g`ma!l^^?b`nk^*)',"'Pa^gma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^gh]^Zk^Z^qm^g]lho^kZ\hglb]^kZ[e^
6.5.3
e^g`ma h_ Zg ê^f^gm% ma^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] [^ ]blmkb[nm^] ho^k ma^ e^g`ma pa^k^ ma^
\hfik^llbhgmkZc^\mhkb^lZk^\nko^]!mb^lZg]lmknml"'Ma^m^glbe^_hk\^%M%fZr[^h[mZbg^][r3
Q ?hkiZkmbZe]bl\hgmbgnbmrk^`bhgl![©A(+"
M6![¾Z"?(-[
Q ?hk_nee]bl\hgmbgnbmrk^`bhgl![7A(+"
M6!*¾)'0Z(a"?(-
62
Lmknm&Zg]&mb^fh]êl%[^Zkbg`shg^lZg]iZkmbZeerehZ]^]Zk^Zl
[^_ [^_
Z Z
? ?
=bl\hgmbgnbmr a6[
k^`bhg s6a(+ a6A(+
<hgmbgnbmr A
k^`bhg
BS EN 1992-1-1
=bl\hgmbgnbmr fig 6.25
k^`bhg
? ?
[ [
[^_6[ [^_6)'.A$)'/.Z4ZAa
a) Partial discontinuity b) Full discontinuity
Figure 10.3
Parameters for the determination of transverse tensile forces in a compression field with smeared
reinforcement
10.1.3 Nodes
Ma^kne^l_hkgh]^lZelhZiiermhk^`bhglpa^k^\hg\^gmkZm^]_hk\^lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]bgZf^f[^k BS EN 1992-1-1
Zg]pab\aZk^ghm]^lb`g^][rma^lmknm&Zg]&mb^f^mah]'Ma^_hk\^lZ\mbg`Zmgh]^llahne][^ 6.5.4
bg^jnbeb[kbnf'MkZglo^kl^m^glbe^_hk\^li^ki^g]b\neZkmhZgbgieZg^gh]^lahne][^\hglb]^k^]'
Ma^ ]bf^glbhgbg` Zg] ]^mZbebg` h_ \hg\^gmkZm^] gh]^l Zk^ \kbmb\Ze bg ]^m^kfbgbg` ma^bk
ehZ][^Zkbg` k^lblmZg\^'<hg\^gmkZm^] gh]^l fZr ]ôêhi% _hk ^qZfie^% pa^k^ ihbgm ehZ]l Zk^
Ziieb^]% Zm lniihkml% bg Zg\ahkZ`^ shg^l pbma \hg\^gmkZmbhg h_ k^bg_hk\^f^gm hk ik^lmk^llbg`
m^g]hgl%Zm[^g]lbgk^bg_hk\bg`[Zkl%Zg]Zm\hgg^\mbhglZg]\hkg^klh_f^f[^kl'
Ma^]^lb`goZen^l_hkma^\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll^lpbmabggh]^lfZr[^]^m^kfbg^]bgmak^^pZrl3
Q Bg\hfik^llbhggh]^lpa^k^ghmb^lZk^Zg\ahk^]Zmma^gh]^!l^^?b`nk^*)'-"
sK]%fZq6 *') !*¾_\d(+.)" _\]
pa^k^
sK]%fZq 6 fZqbfnflmk^llpab\a\Zg[^Ziieb^]Zmma^^]`^lh_ma^gh]^
_\] 6 )'1. _\d( *'.

?\]%,
?\]%+ s \%) Z,
Z+
BS EN 1992-1-1
s K]%+ s K]%, fig. 6.26
?\]%)
s K]%*
?\]%*e ?\]%*k
?\]%*6?\]%*k$?\]%e
Z*
Figure 10.4
Compression node without ties
63
Q Bg\hfik^llbhg¾m^glbhggh]^lpbmaZg\ahk^]mb^likhob]^]bghg^]bk^\mbhg!l^^?b`nk^*)'."
sK]%fZq6 )'1. !*¾_\d(+.)" _\]
pa^k^
sK]%fZqblma^fZqbfnfh_sK]%*Zg]sK]%+
_\]6 )'1. _\d( *'.
Z+
?\]%+ s K]%+
l)
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.27 n l ?m]
l)
s K]%*
?\]%*
R+l) Z*
e[]
Figure 10.5
Compression–tension node with reinforcement provided in one direction
Q Bg\hfik^llbhg¾m^glbhggh]^lpbmaZg\ahk^]mb^likhob]^]bgfhk^maZghg^]bk^\mbhg!l^^
?b`nk^*)'/"%
sK]%fZq6 )'0. !*¾_\d(+.)" _\]
pa^k^
_\]6 )'1. _\d( *'.
?m]%*
s K]%fZq
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.28
?\]
?m]%+
Figure 10.6
Compression–tension node with reinforcement provided in two directions
64
Lmknm&Zg]&mb^fh]êl%[^Zkbg`shg^lZg]iZkmbZeerehZ]^]Zk^Zl
Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^h_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbg\hfik^llbhg&m^glbhggh]^llmZkmlZmma^[^`bggbg`h_ma^
gh]^4bgma^\Zl^h_ZlniihkmZg\ahkZ`^%lmZkmbg`Zmbmlbgg^k_Z\^!l^^?b`nk^*)'."'Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^
e^g`malahne]^qm^g]ho^kma^^gmbk^gh]ê^g`ma'Bg\^kmZbg\Zl^l%ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmfZrZelh[^
Zg\ahk^][âbg]ma^gh]^'
10.2 Partially loaded areas BS EN 1992-1-1

6.7

?hkZngb_hkf]blmkb[nmbhgh_ehZ]hgZgZk^Z:\)!l^^?b`nk^*)'0"ma^\hg\^gmkZm^]k^lblmZg\^
_hk\^fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]Zl_heehpl3
?K]n6:\)_\]!:\*(:\)")'.©,')_\]:\)
pa^k^
:\)6 ehZ]^]Zk^Z%
:\*6 fZqbfnf]^lb`g]blmkb[nmbhgZk^ZpbmaZlbfbeZklaZi^mh:\)
_\] 6 )'1. _\d( *'.
Ma^]^lb`g]blmkb[nmbhgZk^Z:\*k^jnbk^]_hkma^k^lblmZg\^_hk\^?K]nlahne]\hkk^lihg]mhma^
_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhgl3
Q Maâ^bàm_hkmaêhZ]]blmkb[nmbhgbgmaêhZ]]bk^\mbhglahne]\hkk^lihg]mhma^
\hg]bmbhgl`bo^gbg?b`nk^*)'0'
Q Ma^\^gmk^h_ma^]^lb`g]blmkb[nmbhgZk^Z:\*lahne][^hgmaêbg^h_Z\mbhgiZllbg`
makhnàma^\^gmk^h_maêhZ]Zk^Z:\)'
Q B_ma^k^blfhk^maZghg^\hfik^llbhg_hk\^Z\mbg`hgma^\hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhg%ma^
]^lb`g^]]blmkb[nmbhgZk^Zllahne]ghmho^keZi'
K^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] [^ ikhob]^] mh k^lblm ma^ m^glbe^ _hk\^l ]n^ mh ma^ ^__^\m h_ Z\mbhgl%
ma^kne^l_hklmknmZg]mb^fZr[^nl^]'
MkZglo^kl^ m^glbe^ _hk\^l \Zg Zkbl^ bg ma^ eh\Zebl^] Zk^Z g^Zk Z \hg\^gmkZm^] ehZ] Zg] Zelh
_khf Zgr _nkma^k lik^Z] h_ ehZ] hnmlb]^ ma^ eh\Zebl^] Zk^Z'Ma^ lmknm&Zg]&mb^ fh]ê nl^] PD 6687-2
lahne] Z\\hngm _hk [hma h_ ma^l^ ihm^gmbZe lhnk\^l h_ mkZglo^kl^ m^glbe^ _hk\^l ?nkma^k 7.5
`nb]Zg\^Zg][Z\d`khng]Zk^`bo^g[rA^g]rLfbmaT+)V'
:\)
[*
]*
Ebg^h_Z\mbhg
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 6.29
a
]+A,]*
aR![+¾[*"Zg]
[+A,[* R!]+¾]*"
:\*
Figure 10.7
Design distribution for partially loaded areas
65
10.3 Bearing zones of bridges
?hk[^Zkbg`shg^lh_[kb]`^l%L^\mbhg*)'+_hkiZkmbZeerehZ]^]Zk^Zllahne][^nl^]%ghmbg`
ma^_heehpbg`'
BS EN 1992-2
?hk\hg\k^m^\eZll^l^jnZemhhkabà^kmaZg<..(/0%ma^\hg\^gmkZm^]k^lblmZg\^_hk\^lahne]
J.104.1 (103)
[^\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`ma^_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg3

?K]n6:\)_\]!)'-/_\d+(,"(!*$)'*_\d"q!:\*(:\)")'.©,'):\)_\]!)'-/_\d"(!*$)'*_\d+(,"
Ma^]blmZg\^_khfma^^]`^h_maêhZ]^]Zk^Zmhma^_k^^^]`^h_ma^\hg\k^m^l^\mbhglahne]
BS EN 1992-2 ghm[ê^llmaZg*(/h_ma^\hkk^lihg]bg`]bf^glbhgh_maêhZ]^]Zk^Zf^Zlnk^]bgma^lZf^
J.104.1 (102)
]bk^\mbhg'Bggh\Zl^lahne]ma^]blmZg\^mhma^_k^^^]`^[^mZd^gZle^llmaZg.)ff'
Bghk]^kmhZohb]^]`^leb]bg`%ngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmiZkZeeêmhmaêhZ]^]_Z\^lahne]
BS EN 1992-2
[îkhob]^]mhmaîhbgmZmpab\aeh\Ze\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll^lZk^]bli^kl^]'Mablihbgmbl]^m^kfbg^]
J.104.1 (104)
[r]kZpbg`Zebg^ZmZgZgè^%y!,)"%mhma^]bk^\mbhgh_ehZ]Ziieb\Zmbhg_khfma^^]`^h_ma^l^\mbhg
mhbgm^kl^\mpbmama^hiihlbm^^]`^h_maêhZ]^]lnk_Z\^%Zllahpgbg?b`nk^*)'1'Ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
ikhob]^]mhZohb]^]`^leb]bg`lahne][^Z]^jnZmêrZg\ahk^]'
?K]n
BS EN 1992-2
fig. J.107
Figure 10.8
Edge sliding mechanism
Ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]bghk]^kmhZohb]^]`^leb]bg`!:k"lahne][^\Ze\neZm^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^
pbmama^^qik^llbhg:k_r]ª?K]n(+'
66
Ik^lmk^ll^]f^f[^klZg]lmkn\mnk^l
11 Prestressed members and structures

11.1 General
Ma^l^\mbhgikhob]^l`nb]Zg\^maZmblli^\b_b\mhik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^nlbg`lmk^ll^]m^g]hgl'
Bg`^g^kZe%ik^lmk^llblbgmkh]n\^]bgma^Z\mbhg\hf[bgZmbhgl]^_bg^]bg;L>G*22)ZliZkm
h_maêhZ]bg`\Zl^lZg]bml^__^\mllahne][^bg\en]^]bgma^Ziieb^]bgm^kgZefhf^gmZg]
ZqbZe_hk\^'
Ma^ \hgmkb[nmbhg h_ ma^ ik^lmk^llbg` m^g]hgl mh ma^ k^lblmZg\^ h_ ma^ l^\mbhg lahne] [^
ebfbm^] mh ma^bk Z]]bmbhgZe lmk^g`ma [^rhg] ik^lmk^llbg`'Mabl k^jnbk^f^gm bl fhlm lbfier
Z\abô^][rmk^Zmbg`ma^l^\hg]Zkr^__^\mlh_ik^lmk^llZlZgZiieb^]Z\mbhg!b'^'ZehZ]"%pabelm
hfbmmbg`maîkbfZkr^__^\mlh_ma^]^lb`gik^lmk^llbg`_hk\^'MablfZr[^\Ze\neZm^]Zllnfbg`
maZmma^hkb`bgh_ma^lmk^ll¾lmkZbgkêZmbhglabih_ma^m^g]hglbl]blieZ\^][rma^^__^\mlh_
ik^lmk^llbg`'
11.2 Brittle fracture

;kbmme^_Zbenk^h_ma^f^f[^k\Znl^][r_Zbenk^h_ik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hgllahne][^Zohb]^][r BS EN 1992-2
nlbg`hg^h_mak^^f^mah]l`bo^g[êhp ' 6.1(109)
11.2.1 Verification
O^kb_rmaêhZ]\ZiZ\bmrnlbg`Zk^]n\^]Zk^Zh_ik^lmk^llZl_heehpl3
Q <Ze\neZm^ma^Ziieb^][^g]bg`fhf^gm]n^mhma^_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl F_k^j '
Q =^m^kfbg^ma^k^]n\^]Zk^Zh_ik^lmk^ll%:i%K^]%maZmk^lnemlbgma^m^glbe^lmk^llk^Z\abg`
_\mfZmma^^qmk^f^m^glbhg_b[k^pa^gma^l^\mbhgblln[c^\mmhma^[^g]bg`fhf^gm
\Ze\neZm^]Z[ho^'
:i%K^]6!F_k^j(S¾_\mf"(Tsi!*(:\$^(S"V
pa^k^
S 6 l^\mbhgfh]nenl
_\mf 6 f^ZgoZen^h_\hg\k^m^\rebg]^k\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma
si 6 lmk^llbgm^g]hglcnlmikbhkmh\kZ\dbg`
:\ 6 Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^
^ 6 ^\\^gmkb\bmrh_ma^m^g]hgl
?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^bl`bo^g[rA^g]rLfbmaT+)V
Q Nlbg`mablk^]n\^]Zk^Zh_ik^lmk^ll%\Ze\neZm^ma^nembfZm^_e^qnkZe\ZiZ\bmr'Bmlahne][^
^glnk^]maZmmabl^q\^^]lma^[^g]bg`fhf^gm]n^mhma^_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhg'
K^]blmkb[nmbhgh_bgm^kgZeZ\mbhglpbmabgma^lmkn\mnk^fZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm_hkmabl
o^kb_b\ZmbhgZg]ma^nembfZm^[^g]bg`k^lblmZg\^lahne][^\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`ma^fZm^kbZe
iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkZ\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'2'
:llnfbg`ma^k^blgh\hgo^gmbhgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmma^g3
F_k^jª!_\mfsl"(T!sl(S"¾Tsi!*(:\$^(S"(_i)'*d VV
pa^k^
sl 6 eô^kZkf_hkmaîk^lmk^ll%pa^k^:i%K^]aZl[^^gnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^
Z\\b]^gmZenembfZmêbfbmlmZm^'
_\mf6 f^ZgoZen^h_\hg\k^m^\rebg]^k\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma
si 6 lmk^llbgm^g]hglcnlmikbhkmh\kZ\dbg`
67
:\ 6 Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^
^ 6 ^\\^gmkb\bmrh_ma^m^g]hgl
?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^bl`bo^g[rA^g]rLfbmaT+)V
11.2.2 Minimum provision

Ma^ fbgbfnf k^bg_hk\^f^gm Zk^Z% :l%fbg% bl `bo^g [êhp' K^bg_hk\bg` lm^ê ikhob]^] _hk hma^k
inkihl^lfZr[^bg\en]^]bg:l%fbg'
BS EN 1992-2 :l%fbg6Fkî(!sl_rd"
Exp. (6.101a)
pa^k^
Fkî6 \kZ\dbg`[^g]bg`fhf^gm\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`ZgZiikhikbZm^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma%
_\md%)'). Zmma^^qmk^f^m^glbhg_b[k^h_ma^l^\mbhg%b`ghkbg`Zgr^__^\mh_
ik^lmk^llbg`':mma^chbgmh_l^`f^gmZeik^\Zlmê^f^gmlFkîlahne][^Zllnf^]
mh[^s^kh
sl 6 eô^kZkfZmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^kêZm^]mhma^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
BS EN 1992-2 Mablfbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gmlm^êZk^Zlahne][îkhob]^]bgk^`bhglpa^k^m^glbe^lmk^ll^lh\\nk
6.1(110) bgma^\hg\k^m^ng]^kma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl'Bgmabl\a^\dma^l^\hg]Zkr^__^\ml
h_ik^lmk^llbg`lahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zg]maîkbfZkr^__^\mllahne][^b`ghk^]'
?hkik^m^glbhg^]f^f[^kl%>qik^llbhg!/'*)*Z"lahne][^Ziieb^]nlbg`hg^h_ma^Zem^kgZmbo^
ZiikhZ\a^l]^l\kb[^][êhp3
Q M^g]hglpbma\hg\k^m^\ho^kZme^Zlm *') mbf^lma^fbgbfnfli^\b_b^]bg?b`nk^-'*Zk^
\hglb]^k^]Zl^__^\mbo^bg:l%fbg':oZen^h_sl[Zl^]hgma^^__^\mbo^lmkZg]lblnl^]bgma^
^qik^llbhgZg]_rdblkîeZ\^]pbma_i)'*d'
Q M^g]hglln[c^\mmhlmk^ll^lehp^kmaZg)'/_idZ_m^kehll^lng]^kma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\
\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhglZk^\hglb]^k^]Zl_neerZ\mbo^'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^_heehpbg`k^jnbk^f^gm
lahne][^f^m'
BS EN 1992-2 :l%fbg_rd$:iDsiªFkî(s
Exp. (6.101b)
pa^k^
Dsi6lfZee^kh_)'- _imdZg].))FIZ
Q Mh^glnk^Z]^jnZm^]n\mbebmrma^fbgbfnfk^bg_hk\bg`lm^êZk^Z:l%fbg%bg\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl
lahne]^qm^g]mhma^bgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmh_ma^liZg\hglb]^k^]'Ahpô^kmabl^qm^glbhgbl
ghm g^\^llZkr b_% Zm ma^ nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^% ma^ k^lblmbg` m^glbe^ \ZiZ\bmr ikhob]^] [r
k^bg_hk\bg`Zg]ik^lmk^llbg`lm^êZ[ho^ma^lniihkml% \Ze\neZm^] pbma ma^ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\
lmk^g`ma _rd Zg] _i)'*d k^li^\mboêr% bl e^ll maZg ma^ k^lblmbg` \hfik^llbo^ \ZiZ\bmr h_ ma^
[hmmhf_eZg`^'Mablf^ZglmaZmma^_Zbenk^h_ma^\hfik^llbo^shg^blghmebdêrmhh\\nk%Zg]
\Zg[^Zll^ll^]Zl_heehpl3
BS EN 1992-2 :l_rd$ *') :i_i)%*d5mbg_[) *') _\d
Exp. (6.102)
pa^k^
mbg_ 6 m a^mab\dg^llh_ma^[hmmhf_eZg`^h_ma^l^\mbhg'Bg\Zl^h_M&l^\mbhgl%mbg_bl
mZd^gZl^jnZemh[)
[) 6 ma^pb]mah_ma^[hmmhf_eZg`^h_ma^l^\mbhg
:l 6 ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^]lm^êbgma^m^glbe^shg^Zmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^
:i 6 ma^Zk^Zh_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^êbgma^m^glbe^shg^Zmma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^
11.2.3 Inspection
:`k^^f^gmh_ZgZiikhikbZm^bgli^\mbhgk^`bf^pbmama^kêôZgmgZmbhgZeZnmahkbmrhgma^[Zlbl
h_lZmbl_Z\mhkrôb]^g\^'
68
11.3 Prestressing force during tensioning
11.3.1 Maximum stressing force

Ma^_hk\^Ziieb^]mhZm^g]hg%IfZq!b'^'ma^_hk\^Zmma^Z\mbo^^g]]nkbg`m^glbhgbg`"
laZeeghm^q\^^]ma^_heehpbgòZen^3
IfZq6:isi%fZq
pa^k^
:i 6 \khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^m^g]hg
si%fZq 6 fZqbfnflmk^llZiieb^]mhma^m^g]hg BS EN 1992-1-1
5.10.2.1
6 FBGt )'1 _id4 )'2 _i)%*dv
Ho^klmk^llbg`bli^kfbmm^]b_ma^_hk\^bgma^cZ\d\Zg[^f^Zlnk^]mhZgZ\\nkZ\rh_¨.h_
ma^_bgZeoZen^h_maîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^'Bgln\a\Zl^lma^fZqbfnfik^lmk^llbg`_hk\ÎfZqfZr
[^bg\k^Zl^]mh )'2. _i)'*d:i!^'`'_hkma^h\\nkk^g\^h_ng^qi^\m^]erabà_kb\mbhgbgehg`&ebg^
ik^m^glbhgbg`"' ?hkik^&m^glbhgbg`mablkêZqZmbhgblbgm^g]^]mh[^nl^]hgerpa^k^ma^k^Zk^
ng_hk^l^^gikh[e^fl]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg'
Ma^\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^llbgma^lmkn\mnk^k^lnembg`_khfmaîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^Zg]hma^k
ehZ]lZ\mbg`Zmma^mbf^h_m^glbhgbg`hkkê^Zl^h_ik^lmk^ll%lahne][êbfbm^]mh3
s\©)'/_\d!m"
pa^k^
_\d!m" 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^Zmmbf^mpa^gbmblln[c^\m^]
mhmaîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^ BS EN 1992-1-1
?hkik^m^glbhg^]ê^f^gmlma^lmk^llZmma^mbf^h_mkZgl_^kh_ik^lmk^llfZr[^bg\k^Zl^]mh 5.10.2.2(5)
)'0 _\d!m"%b_bm\Zg[^cnlmb_b^][rm^lmlhk^qi^kb^g\^maZmehg`bmn]bgZe\kZ\dbg`blikô^gm^]'
B_ma^\hfik^llbo^lmk^lli^kfZg^gmer^q\^^]l)'-._\d!m"ma^ghg&ebg^Zkbmrh_\k^îlahne][^
mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm'
11.3.2 Prestress force

MaôZen^h_ma^bgbmbZeik^lmk^ll_hk\Îf)!q"!Zmmbf^m6m)"Ziieb^]mhma^\hg\k^m^bff^]bZmêr
Z_m^km^glbhgbg`Zg]Zg\ahkbg`!ihlm&m^glbhgbg`"hkZ_m^kmkZgl_^kh_ik^lmk^llbg`!ik^&m^glbhgbg`"
blh[mZbg^][rln[mkZ\mbg`_khfma^_hk\^Zmm^glbhgbgÌfZqma^bff^]bZmêhll^lDIb!q"Zg]
lahne]ghm^q\^^]ma^_heehpbgòZen^3
If)!q"6:isif)!q"
pa^k^
BS EN 1992-1-1
sif)!q" 6 lmk^llbgma^m^g]hgbff^]bZmêrZ_m^km^glbhgbg`hkmkZgl_^k 5.10.3(2)
6 FBGt )'0. _id4 )'1. _i)%*dv
:mZ`bo^gmbf^mZg]]blmZg\^q!hkZk\e^g`ma"_khfma^Z\mbo^^g]h_ma^m^g]hgma^f^Zg
ik^lmk^ll_hk\Îf%m!q"bl^jnZemhma^fZqbfnf_hk\ÎfZqbfihl^]Zmma^Z\mbo^^g]%fbgnlma^
bff^]bZmêhll^lZg]ma^mbf^]î^g]^gmehll^l3
If%m!q"6If)!q"&DI\$l$k!q"'
pa^k^
If%m!q" 6 f
^ZgoZen^h_maîk^lmk^ll_hk\^Zmma^mbf^m7m)Zg]lahne][^ BS EN 1992-1-1
]^m^kfbg^]pbmak^li^\mmhmaîk^lmk^llbg`f^mah] 5.10.3(1)&(4)
DI\$l$k!q" 6 \aZg`^bgik^lmk^ll]n^mhma^k^lnemh_\k^î%lakbgdZ`^h_ma^\hg\k^m^
Zg]maêhg`m^kfkêZqZmbhgh_maîk^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
:[lhenmôZen^lZk^\hglb]^k^]_hkZeemaêhll^l'
69
11.3.3 Immediate losses
BS EN 1992-1-1
Pa^g]^m^kfbgbg`ma^bff^]bZmêhll^lDIb!q"ma^_heehpbg`bff^]bZm^bg_en^g\^llahne][^
5.10.3(3) \hglb]^k^]_hkik^&m^glbhgbg`Zg]ihlm&m^glbhgbg`pa^k^kêôZgm3
Q Ehll^l]n^mhêZlmb\]^_hkfZmbhgh_\hg\k^m^%DIê'
?hkik^&m^glbhgbg`3
DIê!q"6:i>is\!q"(>\f!m"
pa^k^
>i 6 fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmrh_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
>\f!m" 6 fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmrh_\hg\k^m^Zmmbf^%m
s\!q" 6 lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^Z]cZ\^gmmhma^m^g]hgZmmkZgl_^k
BS EN 1992-1-1 ?hkihlm&m^glbhgbg`3
5.10.5.1(2) DIê6:i>iS!cDs\!m"(>\f!m""
pa^k^
Ds\!m"6oZkbZmbhgh_lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^Zmma^\^gmk^h_`kZobmrh_ma^m^g]hglZiieb^]
Zmmbf^m
c 6!g¾*"(+gpa^g\hglb]^kbgèhll^l[^_hk^lmk^llbg`':lZgZiikhqbfZmbhgcfZr[^
mZd^gZl*(+
6*_hkmaôZkbZmbhgl]n^mhi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZiieb^]Z_m^kik^lmk^llbg`
g 6gnf[^kh_b]^gmb\Zem^g]hglln\\^llboêrik^lmk^ll^]'
Q Ehll^l]n^mhlahkmm^kfkêZqZmbhg%DIk !^'`'ehll]n^mhkêZqZmbhgh_maîk^lmk^llbg`
]nkbg`maî^kbh]pab\aêZil^l[^mp^^gma^m^glbhgbg`h_ma^m^g]hglZg]ik^lmk^llbg`h_
ma^\hg\k^m^"'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q Ehll^l]n^mh_kb\mbhg%DI
¬!q"%bgihlm&m^glbhg^]m^g]hglfZr[^^lmbfZm^]_khf3
5.10.5.2(1) D I¬!q"6IfZq!*^¾¬!y$dq""
pa^k^
y 6 lnfh_ma^Zg`neZk]blieZ\^f^gmlho^kZ]blmZg\^q!bkk^li^\mbo^h_]bk^\mbhghklb`g"
¬ 6 \h^__b\b^gmh__kb\mbhg[^mp^^gma^m^g]hgZg]bml]n\m
d 6 ngbgm^gmbhgZeZg`neZk]blieZ\^f^gm_hkbgm^kgZem^g]hgl!i^kngbme^g`ma"
q 6 ]blmZg\^Zehg`ma^m^g]hg_khfmaîhbgmpa^k^maîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^bl^jnZemh
IfZq!ma^_hk\^Zmma^Z\mbo^^g]]nkbg`m^glbhgbg`"
MaôZen^l¬Zg]dZk^`bo^gbgma^kêôZgm>nkhi^ZgM^\agb\Ze:iikhoZe'Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_]ZmZ
BS EN 1992-1-1 `bo^gbgZ>nkhi^ZgM^\agb\Ze:iikhoZemaôZen^l_hk¬`bo^gbgMZ[e^**'*fZr[^Zllnf^]'
5.10.5.2(2) &(3)
Ngbgm^g]^]Zg`neZk]blieZ\^f^gml_hkbgm^kgZem^g]hglpbee`^g^kZeer[^bgma^kZg`^)')).5d
5)')*i^kf^mk^'
Table 11.1
Coefficients of friction, ¬, for post-tensioned internal tendons and external unbonded tendons
Tendon type Internal External unbonded tendons

tendonsa
Steel duct: HDPE duct: Steel duct: HDPE duct:
non-lubricated non-lubricated lubricated lubricated
Cold drawn wire )'*0 )'+. )'*- )'*1 )'*+
Strand )'*2 )'+- )'*+ )'*/ )'*)
BS EN 1992-1-1
table 5.1 Deformed bar )'/. ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Smooth round bar )',, ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Key
a?hkm^g]hglpab\a_beeZ[hnmaZe_h_ma^]n\m
70
Q Ehll^l]n^mhZg\ahkZ`^lebi%DIle% pab\aZk^ZoZbeZ[e^_khfma^>nkhi^ZgM^\agb\Ze
:iikhoZe'
Q Ehll^l]n^mh_kb\mbhgZmma^[^g]l!bgma^\Zl^h_\nko^]pbk^lhklmkZg]l"'
11.3.4 Time-dependent losses of prestress

BS EN 1992-1-1
:lbfieb_b^]f^mah]mhôZenZm^mbf^]î^g]^gmehll^lZmeh\Zmbhgqng]^kma^
5.10.6
i^kfZg^gmehZ]lblZl_heehpl3
Ep
ecsEp+ 0.8Dspr + h (t,t0)sc,QP
Ecm
DPc+s+r = ApDsp,c+s+r = Ap
Ep Ap Ac
1+ (1 + z 2 ) [1 + 0.8 h (t,t0)]
Ecm Ac Ic cp
pa^k^
:i 6 Zk^Zh_Zeemaîk^lmk^llbg`m^g]hglZmmaêh\Zmbhgq
Dsi%\$l$k6 Z[lhenmôZen^h_maôZkbZmbhgh_lmk^llbgma^m^g]hgl]n^mh\k^î%
lakbgdZ`^Zg]kêZqZmbhgZmeh\Zmbhgq%Zmmbf^m
e\l 6 ^lmbfZm^]lakbgdZ`^lmkZbg%bgZ[lhenmôZen^
>i 6 fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmr_hkmaîk^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
>\f 6 fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmr_hkma^\hg\k^m^
Dsik 6 Z[lhenmôZen^h_maôZkbZmbhgh_lmk^llbgma^m^g]hglZmeh\Zmbhgq%Zm
mbf^m%]n^mhma^kêZqZmbhgh_maîk^lmk^llbg`lm^ê'Bmbl]^m^kfbg^]_hk
Zlmk^llh_si6si!@$If)$c+J"%pab\ablma^bgbmbZelmk^llbgma^m^g]hgl
]n^mhbgbmbZeik^lmk^llZg]jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl
h !m%m) " 6 \k^î\h^__b\b^gmZmZmbf^mZg]ehZ]Ziieb\ZmbhgZmmbf^m)
s\%JI 6 lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^Z]cZ\^gmmhma^m^g]hgl%]n^mhlê_&p^bàmZg]bgbmbZe
ik^lmk^llZg]hma^kjnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglpa^k^kêôZgm'MaôZen^h_s\%JI
fZr[^ma^^__^\mh_iZkmh_lê_&p^bàmZg]bgbmbZeik^lmk^llhkma^^__^\mh_Z
_neejnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl!s\!@$If) $c+J""%]î^g]bg`
hgma^lmZ`^h_\hglmkn\mbhg\hglb]^k^]
:\ 6 Zk^Zh_ma^\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg
B\ 6 l^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Zh_ma^\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg
s\i 6]blmZg\^ [^mp^^g ma^ \^gmk^ h_ `kZobmr h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^ l^\mbhg Zg] ma^
m^g]hgl
<hfik^llbo^ lmk^ll^l Zg] ma^ \hkk^lihg]bg` lmkZbgl lahne] [^ nl^] pbma Z ihlbmbo^ lb`g'Mabl
>qik^llbhgZiieb^l_hk[hg]^]m^g]hglpa^geh\ZeoZen^lh_lmk^ll^lZk^nl^]Zg]_hkng[hg]^]
m^g]hglpa^gf^ZgoZen^lh_lmk^ll^lZk^nl^]'Ma^f^ZgoZen^llahne][^\Ze\neZm^][^mp^^g
lmkZbàm l^\mbhgl ebfbm^] [r ma^ b]^Zebl^] ]ôbZmbhg ihbgml _hk ^qm^kgZe m^g]hgl hk Zehg` ma^
^gmbkê^g`mabg\Zl^h_bgm^kgZem^g]hgl'
11.3.5 Effects of prestressing at ultimate limit state

Bg`^g^kZema^]^lb`goZen^h_maîk^lmk^llbg`_hk\^fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khf BS EN 1992-1-1
I]%m!q"6gI % If%m!q" 5.10.8 & NA
?hk ik^lmk^ll^] f^f[^kl pbma i^kfZg^gmer ng[hg]^] m^g]hgl% bm bl `^g^kZeer g^\^llZkr mh
mZd^ma^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^pahe^f^f[^kbgmhZ\\hngmpa^g\Ze\neZmbg`ma^bg\k^Zl^h_ma^
lmk^llbgmaîk^lmk^llbg`lm^ê'B_gh]^mZbe^]\Ze\neZmbhgblfZ]^%bmfZr[^Zllnf^]maZmma^
bg\k^Zl^ h_ ma^ lmk^ll _khf ma^ ^__^\mbo^ ik^lmk^ll mh ma^ lmk^ll bg ma^ nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^ bl
*))FIZnge^llma^m^g]hgblhnmpbmab]_khfma^m^glbhg_Z\^%bgpab\a\Zl^Dsi%NEL6)'
b 6)'*_hk]ª*)))ff
6)'+._hk]©.))ff
MaôZen^h_bfZr[^bgm^kiheZm^]_hkmaôZen^lh_][^mp^^g.))ffZg]*)))ff'
B_ma^lmk^llbg\k^Zl^bg^qm^kgZem^g]hglbl\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`ma^]^_hkfZmbhglmZm^h_ BS EN 1992-2
ma^ho^kZeef^f[^k%ghg&ebg^ZkZgZerlbllahne][^nl^]' 5.10.8 (103)
71
12 Fatigue
12.1 Verification conditions
PD 6687-2 ;^\Znl^h_maâbàeboêhZ]mh]^Z]ehZ]kZmbh%]^\dleZ[lZkêbdêrmh[^Zfhg`lmma^ê^f^gml
7.6.1 fhlmZ__^\m^][r_Zmb`n^\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ahpô^k%m^lmllahpmaZmma^Z\mnZelmk^llkZg`^lbgma^
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^l^Zk^fn\aehp^kmaZgma^\hgo^gmbhgZeêZlmb\\Ze\neZmbhglln``^lm';^\Znl^
h_mabl%ma^G:mh;L>G*22+&+b]^gmb_b^l\Zl^lpa^k^_Zmb`n^Zll^llf^gmblghmk^jnbk^]Zg]
ikhob]^l\hgl^koZmbo^kne^l'
BS EN 1992-2 :_Zmb`nô^kb_b\Zmbhgbl`^g^kZeerghmg^\^llZkr_hkma^_heehpbg`lmkn\mnk^lZg]lmkn\mnkZeê^f^gml3
6.8.1(102)
Q ?hhm[kb]`^l%pbmama^^q\îmbhgh_lmkn\mnkZe\hfihg^gmlo^krl^glbmbo^mhpbg]Z\mbhg'
Q ;nkb^]Zk\aZg]_kZf^lmkn\mnk^lpbmaZfbgbfnf^Zkma\ho^kh_*fZg]*'.f_hkkhZ]
Zg]kZbepZr[kb]`^l'
Q ?hng]Zmbhgl'
Q Ib^klZg]\henfglpab\aZk^ghmkb`b]er\hgg^\m^]mhlni^klmkn\mnk^l'
Q K^mZbgbg`pZeelh_^f[Zgdf^gml_hkkhZ]lZg]kZbepZrl'
Q :[nmf^gmlh_khZ]Zg]kZbepZr[kb]`^lpab\aZk^ghmkb`b]er\hgg^\m^]mhlni^klmkn\mnk^l%
^q\îmma^leZ[lh_aheehpZ[nmf^gml'
Q Ik^lmk^llbg`Zg]k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê%bgk^`bhglpa^k^%ng]^kma^_k^jn^gmehZ]\hf[bgZmbhgh_
Z\mbhglZg]Idhger\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll^lh\\nkZmma^^qmk^f^\hg\k^m^_b[k^l'
BS EN 1992-2 ?Zmb`n^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg _hk khZ] [kb]`^l bl ghm g^\^llZkr _hk ma^ eh\Ze ^__^\ml h_ pa^ê ehZ]l
NA 6.8.1(102)
Ziieb^]]bk^\mermhZleZ[liZggbg`[^mp^^g[^Zflhkp^[likhob]^]maZm3
Q Ma^leZ[]h^lghm\hgmZbgpê]^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkk^bg_hk\^f^gm\hnie^kl'
Q Ma^\e^ZkliZgmhho^kZee]îmakZmbhh_ma^leZ[]h^lghm^q\^^]*1'
Q Ma^leZ[Z\ml\hfihlbmêrpbmabmllniihkmbg`[^Zflhkp^[l'
Q >bma^k3
ma^leZ[ZelhZ\ml\hfihlbmêrpbmamkZglo^kl^]bZiakZ`fl4hk
ma^pb]mah_ma^leZ[i^ki^g]b\neZkmhbmlliZg^q\^^]lmak^^mbf^lbml\e^ZkliZg'
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.8.2 12.2 Internal forces and stresses for fatigue verification
Ma^lmk^ll\Ze\neZmbhglaZee[^[Zl^]hgma^Zllnfimbhgh_\kZ\d^]\khll&l^\mbhglg^è^\mbg`ma^
m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^[nmlZmbl_rbg`\hfiZmb[bebmrh_lmkZbgl'
Ma^^__^\mh_]b__^k^gm[hg][âZobhnkh_ik^lmk^llbg`Zg]k^bg_hk\bg`lm^êlaZee[^mZd^gbgmh
Z\\hngm[rbg\k^Zlbg`ma^lmk^llkZg`^bgma^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê\Ze\neZm^]ng]^kma^Zllnfimbhg
h_i^k_^\m[hg][rma^_Z\mhk%n%`bo^g[r
As + Ap
n=
As + Ap j cfs /fpm
pa^k^3
:l 6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
:i 6 Zk^Zh_ik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hghkm^g]hgl
f l 6 eZk`^lm]bZf^m^kh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
f i 6 ]bZf^m^khk^jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kh_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^ê
−
6 *'/√ :I_hk[ng]e^l
6 *'0.fpbk^_hklbgè^0&pbk^lmkZg]lpa^k^fpbk^blma^pbk^]bZf^m^k
6 *'+)fpbk^_hklbgè^,&pbk^lmkZg]lpa^k^fpbk^blma^pbk^]bZf^m^k
j 6 kZmbhh_[hg]lmk^g`ma[^mp^^g[hg]^]m^g]hglZg]kb[[^]lm^êbg\hg\k^m^'Ma^
oZen^blln[c^\mmhma^kêôZgm>nkhi^ZgM^\agb\Ze:iikhoZe'Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_mabl
maôZen^l`bo^gbgMZ[e^*+'*fZr[^nl^]'
72
?Zmb`n^
Table 12.1
Ratio of bond strength, j , between tendons and reinforcing steel
Prestressing steel j
Pre-tensioned Bonded, post-tensioned

≤ C50/60 ≥ C70/85
Smooth bars and wires GhmZiieb\Z[e^ )', )'*. BS EN 1992-1-1
Strands )'/ )'. )'+. table 6.2
Indented wires )'0 )'/ )',)

Ribbed bars )'1 )'0 )',.
Note
?hkbgm^kf^]bZmôZen^l[^mp^^g<.)(/)Zg]<0)(1.bgm^kiheZmbhgfZr[^nl^]'
Bgma^]^lb`gh_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmma^bg\ebgZmbhgh_ma^\hfik^llbo^lmknmly_ZmfZr[^
\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`Zlmknm&Zg]&mb^fh]êhkbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma
pa^k^
y 6 Zgè^h_\hfik^llbhglmknmlmhma^[^ZfZqblZllnf^]bgNEL]^lb`g!l^^L^\mbhg0','+"'
12.3 Verification of concrete under compression or shear

L¾G \nko^l k^jnbk^] mh ng]^kmZd^ Z _Zmb`n^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg h_ \hg\k^m^ ng]^k \hfik^llbhg hk PD 6687-2
la^ZkZk^ngebdêrmh[^ZoZbeZ[e^_khfGZmbhgZe:nmahkbmb^l'Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_ln\a]ZmZ%ma^ 7.6.2
lbfieb_b^]ZiikhZ\a`bo^gbg;L>G*22+&+%:gg^qGGfZr[^nl^]_hkkZbepZr[kb]`^l%[nm
ghln\ahimbhg^qblml_hkabàpZr[kb]`^l'
Ma^ _Zmb`n^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg _hk \hg\k^m^ ng]^k \hfik^llbhg fZr [^ Zllnf^] mh[^f^m b_ ma^
_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhgbllZmbl_b^]3
s s BS EN 1992-1-1
6.8.7(2)
f
f

pa^k^
s\%fZq6 f Zqbfnf \hfik^llbo^ lmk^ll Zm Z _b[k^ ng]^k ma^ _k^jn^gm ehZ] \hf[bgZmbhg
!\hfik^llbhgf^Zlnk^]ihlbmbo^"
s\%fbg 6 fbgbfnf\hfik^llbo^lmk^llZmma^lZf^_b[k^pa^k^s\%fZqh\\nkl'B_s\%fbgblZ
m^glbe^lmk^ll%ma^gs\%fbglahne][^mZd^gZl)
_\]%_Zm 6 ]^lb`g_Zmb`n^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^
_
6 )'1. b\\!m)"_\]e *¾ \d n
+.)
_\] 6 *') _\d( *'.
b\\!m)"6\h^__b\b^gm_hk\hg\k^m^lmk^g`maZm_bklmehZ]Ziieb\Zmbhg
0.5
6 exp s 1 – 28
t0

pa^k^
m) 6 mbf^h_ma^lmZkmh_ma^\r\eb\ehZ]bg`hg\hg\k^m^bg]Zrl
l 6 )'+_hk\^f^gmh_lmk^g`ma<eZll^l<>F-+'.K%<>F.+'.GZg]<>F.+'.K!<eZllK"
6 )'+._hk\^f^gmh_lmk^g`ma<eZll^l<>F,+'.K%<>F-+'.!<eZllG"
6 )',1_hk\^f^gmh_lmk^g`ma<eZll<>F,+'.!<eZllL"
Ma^fZqbfnfoZen^_hkma^kZmbhs\%fZq(_\]%_Zmbl`bo^gbgMZ[e^*+'+'
73
Concrete strength sc,max /_cd, fat
_\d≤.)FIZ ≤)'2
Table 12.2
≤)'1
Values for sc,max (_cd, fat _\d>.)FIZ
BS EN 1992-1-1 ?hkf^f[^klghmk^jnbkbg`]^lb`gla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hkma^nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^bmfZr[^
6.8.7(4) Zllnf^]maZmma^\hg\k^m^k^lblml_Zmb`n^]n^mhla^Zk^__^\mlpa^k^ma^_heehpbg`Ziier3
O>]%fbg
_hk ª)3
O>]%fZq
O>]%fZq O>]%fbg ©)'2nimh<.)(/)
©)'.$)'-.
OK]%\ OK]%\ ©)'1`k^Zm^kmaZg<..(/0
O>]%fbg
_hk 5)3
O>]%fZq
O>]%fZq O>]%fbg
©)'.
OK]%\ OK]%\
pa^k^
O>]%fZq 6]^lb`goZen^h_ma^fZqbfnfZiieb^]la^Zk_hk\^ng]^k_k^jn^gmehZ]
\hf[bgZmbhg
O>]%fbg 6 blma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^fbgbfnfZiieb^]la^Zk_hk\^ng]^k_k^jn^gmehZ]
\hf[bgZmbhgbgma^\khll&l^\mbhgpa^kÔ>]%fZqh\\nkl
OK]%\ 6 ]^lb`goZen^_hkla^Zkk^lblmZg\^Z\\hk]bg`mhL^\mbhg0'+'*'
12.4 Limiting stress range for reinforcement under tension

:]^jnZm^ _Zmb`n^ k^lblmZg\^ fZr [^ Zllnf^] _hk k^bg_hk\bg` [Zkl ng]^k m^glbhg b_ ma^ lmk^ll
BS EN 1992-1-1 kZg`^ ng]^k ma^ _k^jn^gm \r\eb\ ehZ] \hf[bg^] pbma ma^ [Zlb\ \hf[bgZmbhg ]h^l ghm ^q\^^]
6.8.6(1)
0)FIZ _hkngpê]^][ZklZg] ,.FIZ _hkpê]^][Zkl'
?hk ND abàpZr [kb]`^l% ma^ oZen^l bg MZ[e^l *+', Zg] *+'- fZr [^ nl^] _hk lmkZbàm
PD 6687-2 k^bg_hk\^f^gm'Ma^l^Zk^[Zl^]hg[Zkl\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---2'?hk[Zklghm\hg_hkfbg`mh
7.6.3 ;L---2%ma^kne^l_hk[Zkl7*/ff]bZf^m^klahne][^nl^]_hkZeelbs^lnge^llma^kZg`^l
_hk[Zkl©*/ff]bZf^m^k\Zg[^cnlmb_b^]'
Table 12.3
Limiting stress ranges – longitudinal bending for unwelded reinforcing bars in road bridges, MPa
Span m Adjacent spans loaded Alternate spans loaded

Bars ≤ 16 mm Bars > 16 mm Bars ≤ 16 mm Bars > 16 mm
© 3.5 *.) **. +*) */)

5 *+. 2. *0. *,.
10 **) 1. *0. *,.
PD 6687-2
table 2A 20 **) 1. *-) **)
30 to 50 2) 0) **) 1.
100 **. 2) *,. *).
ª 200 *2) *-. +)) *..
Notes
1Bgm^kf^]bZmôZen^lfZr[^h[mZbg^][rebg^Zkbgm^kiheZmbhg'
2MablmZ[e^Ziieb^lmhleZ[l[nmg^^]hger[^Ziieb^]mhmahl^leZ[lmaZm]hghm\hg_hkfmhma^
\kbm^kbZ`bo^gbgL^\mbhg*+'*'
74
?Zmb`n^
Table 12.4
Limiting stress ranges – transverse bending for unwelded reinforcing bars in road bridges, MPa
Span m Bars ≤ 16 mm Bars > 16 mm

≤3.5 +*) */)

PD 6687-2
5 *+) 2) table 2B
≥10 0) ..
Notes
1Bgm^kf^]bZmôZen^lfZr[^h[mZbg^][rebg^Zkbgm^kiheZmbhg'
2MablmZ[e^Ziieb^lmhleZ[l[nmg^^]hger[^Ziieb^]mhmahl^leZ[lmaZm]hghm\hg_hkfmhma^
\kbm^kbZ`bo^gbgL^\mbhg*+'*'
B_ma^lmk^llkZg`êbfbml^q\^^]maôZen^l`bo^gbgMZ[e^l*+',Zg]*+'-!^'`'_hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
ho^kmaîb^k"%_nee_Zmb`n^\a^\dlZk^mh[^\Zkkb^]hnmnlbg`ma^Â]ZfZ`^^jnboZe^gmlmk^ll
kZg`^Ãf^mah]%_heehpbg`ma^`nb]Zg\^`bo^gbg:gg^qGGh_;L>G*22+&+'Ma^lmk^llkZg`^l
Zk^\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`Â?Zmb`nÊhZ]Fh]ê,Ã%pab\akîk^l^gmlZ_hnk&Zqeôâb\e^pbmaZgZee
nip^bàmh_-1mhgg^l':gg^qGG_nkma^kbg\k^Zl^lmablp^bàmmh1-mhgg^l_hkbgm^kf^]bZm^
lniihkmlZg]/0mhgg^l_hkhma^kZk^Zl'
75
13 Serviceability
13.1 General
Ma^\hffhgl^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l\hglb]^k^]Zk^3
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q Lmk^llebfbmZmbhg'
7.1 Q <kZ\d\hgmkhe'
Q =^_e^\mbhg\hgmkhe'
Bgma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_lmk^ll^lZg]]^_e^\mbhgl%\khll&l^\mbhgllahne][^Zllnf^]mh[^ng\kZ\d^]
ikhob]^]maZmma^_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^ll]h^lghm^q\^^]_\m%^__'MaôZen^h__\m%^__fZr[^mZd^g
Zl_\mfhk_\mf%_eikhob]^]maZmma^\Ze\neZmbhg_hkfbgbfnfm^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblZelh[Zl^]
hg ma^ lZf^ oZen^' ?hk ma^ inkihl^l h_ \Ze\neZmbg` \kZ\d pb]mal Zg] m^glbhg lmb__^gbg` _\mf
lahne][^nl^]'
13.2 Stress limitation

BS EN 1992-2
Ehg`bmn]bgZe\kZ\dlfZrh\\nkb_ma^lmk^lleôêng]^kma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hf[bgZmbhgh_ehZ]l
7.2(102) & NA ^q\^^]lZ\kbmb\ZeoZen^'Ln\a\kZ\dbg`fZre^Z]mhZk^]n\mbhgh_]nkZ[bebmr'Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_
hma^kf^Zlnk^l%ln\aZlZgbg\k^Zl^bgma^\ho^kmhk^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^\hfik^llbo^shg^hk
PD 6687-2 \hg_bg^f^gm [r mkZglo^kl^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm% bm blk^\hff^g]^]maZm ma^ \hfik^llbo^ lmk^ll bl
8.1.1
ebfbm^]mhZoZen^ )'/ _\dbgZk^Zl^qihl^]mh^gobkhgf^gmlh_^qihlnk^\eZll^lQ=%Q?Zg]QL
!l^^MZ[e^-'+"'Bgmaîk^l^g\^h_\hg_bg^f^gmma^fZqbfnflmk^llebfbmbl )'// _\d'
BS EN 1992-1-1 B_ma^lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^ng]^kma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]lble^llmaZg )'-. _\d%ebg^Zk\k^î

7.2(3) fZr [^ Zllnf^]' B_ ma^ lmk^ll bg \hg\k^m^ ^q\^^]l )'-. _\d% ghg&ebg^Zk \k^î lahne] [^
\hglb]^k^]!l^^L^\mbhg,'*'+"'
?hk ma^ Zii^ZkZg\^ ngZ\\îmZ[e^ \kZ\dbg` hk ]^_hkfZmbhg fZr [^ Zllnf^] mh [^ Zohb]^]
BS EN 1992-1-1
7.2(5), NA b_% ng]^k ma^ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hf[bgZmbhgh_ehZ]l%ma^m^glbe^lmk^llbg ma^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm]h^l
ghm^q\^^] )'1 _rd'Pa^k^ma^lmk^llbl\Znl^][rZgbfihl^]]^_hkfZmbhg%ma^m^glbe^lmk^ll
lahne] ghm ^q\^^] *') _rd'Ma^ f^Zg oZen^ h_ ma^ lmk^ll bg ik^lmk^llbg` m^g]hgl lahne] ghm
PD 6687-2 ^q\^^] )'0. _id' <kZ\d \hgmkhe !L^\mbhg *,'-" Zg] ]^_e^\mbhg !L^\mbhg *,'/" lahne] Zelh [^
8.1.2
\a^\d^]'
13.3 Calculation of crack widths

Ma^\kZ\dpb]ma%pd%fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khf_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg3
BS EN 1992-1-1 pd6lk%fZq!elf¾e\f"
7.3.4
pa^k^
lk%fZq 6 fZqbfnf\kZ\dliZ\bg`
elf 6 f^ZglmkZbgbgma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmng]^kma^kêôZgm\hf[bgZmbhgh_ehZ]l%
bg\en]bg`ma^^__^\mh_bfihl^]]^_hkfZmbhglZg]mZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmma^
^__^\mlh_m^glbhglmb__^gbg`'Hgerma^Z]]bmbhgZem^glbe^lmkZbg[^rhg]ma^lmZm^
h_s^khlmkZbgh_ma^\hg\k^m^Zmma^lZfêôêbl\hglb]^k^]
e\f 6 f^ZglmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^[^mp^^g\kZ\dl
elf¾e\ffZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khfma^>qik^llbhg3
fct,eff
ss – kt (1 + ae rp,eff)
rct,eff ss
esm – ecm = 0.6
Es Es
pa^k^
sl 6 l mk^llbgma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZllnfbg`Z\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg'?hk
ik^m^glbhg^]f^f[^kl%slfZr[^kîeZ\^][rDsi%pab\ablma^lmk^ll
oZkbZmbhgbgik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hgl_khfma^lmZm^h_s^khlmkZbgh_ma^
\hg\k^m^Zmma^lZfêôê
76
L^kob\^Z[bebmr
dm 6 _Z\mhk]î^g]^gmhgma^]nkZmbhgh_maêhZ]
6 )'/_hklahkmm^kfehZ]bg`
6 )'-_hkehg`m^kfehZ]bg`
a^ 6 kZmbh>l (>\f
ri%^__ 6 !:l$j*+:i "(:\%^__

pa^k^
:i 6 Zk^Zh_ik^&hkihlm&m^glbhg^]m^g]hglpbmabg:\%^__'
:\%^__ 6 ^__^\mbo^Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^bgm^glbhglnkkhng]bg`ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmhk
ik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hglh_]îma%a\%^_%pa^kâ\%^_blmaê^ll^kh_
+'.!a¾]"%!a¾q"(,hka(+!l^^?b`nk^*,',"'
j* 6 Z]cnlm^]kZmbhh_[hg]lmk^g`mamZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmma^]b__^k^gm
]bZf^m^klh_ik^lmk^llbg`Zg]k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê3
6 !j f l(f i")'.
j 6 kZmbhh_[hg]lmk^g`mah_ik^lmk^llbg`Zg]k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê%Z\\hk]bg`
mhMZ[e^*+'*
B_hgerik^lmk^llbg`lm^êblnl^]mh\hgmkhe\kZ\dbg`%j*6j )'.
f l 6 eZk`^lm[Zk]bZf^m^kh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
f i 6 ^jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kh_m^g]hgZ\\hk]bg`mhL^\mbhg*+'+
BglbmnZmbhglpa^k^[hg]^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl_bq^]Zmk^ZlhgZ[er\ehl^\^gmk^lpbmabgma^m^glbhg
shg^!liZ\bg`©.!\$f(+"%ma^fZqbfnf_bgZe\kZ\dliZ\bg`fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khf_heehpbg`
>qik^llbhg!l^^?b`nk^*,'*"3
lk%fZq6d,\$d*d+d-f(ri%^__ BS EN 1992-1-1
Exp. (7.11)
pa^k^
f 6 [ Zk ]bZf^m^k'Pa^k^ Z fbqmnk^ h_ [Zk ]bZf^m^kl bl nl^] bg Z l^\mbhg% Zg ^jnboZe^gm
]bZf^m^k%f^j%lahne][^nl^]
pa^k^
f^j 6 !g*f*+$g+f+"(!g*f*$g+f+"
g* 6 gnf[^kh_[Zklh_]bZf^m^kf*
g+ 6 gnf[^kh_[Zklh_]bZf^m^kf+
d, 6 ,'-
\ 6 \ho^kmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm' Ma^ghfbgZe\ho^k%\ghf%fZr[^nl^]'
d* 6 \h^__b\b^gmpab\amZd^lZ\\hngmh_ma^[hg]ikhi^kmb^lh_ma^[hg]^]
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
6 )'1_hkabà[hg][Zkl
6 *'/_hk[ZklpbmaZg^__^\mboêrieZbglnk_Z\^!^'`'ik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hgl"
G^nmkZeZqbl
f !a¾q"
\
<hg\k^m^ BS EN 1992-1-1
m^glbhglnk_Z\^ fig. 7.2
p
:\mnZe
\kZ\dpb]ma
<kZ\dliZ\bg`
ik^]b\m^][r
>qik^llbhg!0'**"
<kZ\dliZ\bgìk^]b\m^] .!\$f(+"
[r>qik^llbhg!0'*-"
Figure 13.1
Crack width, p, at concrete surface relative to distance from bar
77
d- 6 )'-+.
d+ 6 \h^__b\b^gmpab\amZd^lZ\\hngmh_ma^]blmkb[nmbhgh_lmkZbg
6 )'._hk[^g]bg`
6 *')_hkink^m^glbhg
?hk\Zl^lh_^\\^gmkb\m^glbhghk_hkeh\ZeZk^Zl%bgm^kf^]bZmôZen^lh_d+lahne]
[^nl^]pab\afZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khfma^kêZmbhg3
d+ 6 !e*$e+"(!+e*"
e* 6 `k^Zm^km^glbe^lmkZbgZmma^[hng]Zkb^lh_ma^l^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]%Zll^ll^]hg
ma^[Zlblh_Z\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg
e+ 6 e^ll^km^glbe^lmkZbgZmma^[hng]Zkb^lh_ma^l^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]%Zll^ll^]hgma^
[Zlblh_Z\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg
Pa^k^ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^[hg]^]k^bg_hk\^f^gm^q\^^]l.!\$f(+"!l^^?b`nk^*,'*"hkpa^k^
ma^k^blgh[hg]^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmpbmabgma^m^glbhgshg^%Zgnii^k[hng]mhma^\kZ\dpb]ma
fZr[^_hng][rZllnfbg`ZfZqbfnf\kZ\dliZ\bg`3
BS EN 1992-1-1 lk%fZq6*',!a¾q"
Exp. (7.14)
Pa^k^ma^Zgè^[^mp^^gma^Zq^lh_ikbg\biZelmk^llZg]ma^]bk^\mbhgh_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%_hk
f^f[^klk^bg_hk\^]bgmphhkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhgl%bllb`gb_b\Zgm!7*."%ma^gma^\kZ\dliZ\bg`
lk%fZqfZr[^\Ze\neZm^]_khfma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg3
lk%fZq6*(!\hly(lk%fZq%r$lbgy(lk%fZq%s"
pa^k^
y 6 Zgè^[^mp^^gma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^r]bk^\mbhgZg]ma^]bk^\mbhgh_ma^
ikbg\biZem^glbe^lmk^ll
lk%fZq%r6 \kZ\dliZ\bg`\Ze\neZm^]bgma^r&]bk^\mbhg
lk%fZq%s6 \kZ\dliZ\bg`\Ze\neZm^]bgma^s&]bk^\mbhg
:ebfbmbg`\Ze\neZm^]\kZ\dpb]ma pfZq %mZdbg`Z\\hngmh_maîkhihl^]_ng\mbhgZg]gZmnk^h_

BS EN 1992-2
7.3.1(105) & NA ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]ma^\hlmlh_ebfbmbg`\kZ\dbg`%lahne][^^lmZ[ebla^]'=n^mhma^kZg]hfgZmnk^
h_ ma^ \kZ\dbg` ia^ghf^ghg% Z\mnZe \kZ\d pb]mal \Zgghm [^ ik^]b\m^]' Ahpô^k% b_ ma^ \kZ\d
pb]mal \Ze\neZm^] bg Z\\hk]Zg\^ pbma ma^ fh]êl `bo^g bg ;L >G *22+&+ Zk^ ebfbm^] mh ma^
oZen^l`bo^gbgMZ[e^*,'*%maî^k_hkfZg\^h_ma^lmkn\mnk^blngebdêrmh[^bfiZbk^]'
Ma^ ]^\hfik^llbhg ebfbm k^jnbk^l maZm Zee \hg\k^m^ pbmabg Z \^kmZbg ]blmZg\^ h_ [hg]^]
m^g]hgl hk ma^bk ]n\ml lahne] k^fZbg bg \hfik^llbhg ng]^k ma^ li^\b_b^] ehZ]bg`' Ma^
]blmZg\^pbmabgpab\aZee\hg\k^m^lahne]k^fZbgbg\hfik^llbhglahne][^mZd^gZlmaôZen^
BS EN 1992-2 h_\fbg%]nk'Pa^k^ma^fhlmm^glbe^_Z\^h_Zl^\mbhgblghmln[c^\mmhQ=hkQL^qihlnk^[nm
NA. NA.2.2
Zghma^k _Z\^ bl% ma^ ]^\hfik^llbhg ebfbm lahne] k^jnbk^ Zee m^g]hgl pbmabg *)) ff h_ Z
lnk_Z\^ ln[c^\m mhQ= hkQL ^qihlnk^ mh aZo^ Z ]îma\fbg%]nk h_ \hg\k^m^ bg \hfik^llbhg
[^mp^^gma^fZg]lnk_Z\^lln[c^\mmhQ=hkQL^qihlnk^'
Lbg\^ma^]^\hfik^llbhgebfbmh_*))ffblebdêrmh[^`k^Zm^kmaZgma^\ho^kk^jnbk^]_hk
]nkZ[bebmr%mablbgmkh]n\^lZgZghfZer'?hk^qZfie^%hger.)ffh_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg
PD 6687-2 fbàm [^ ]^^f^] Z]^jnZm^ mh ikhm^\m ma^ m^g]hgl% pa^k^Zl /) ff h_ \hg\k^m^ bg
8.2.1b) \hfik^llbhgienl-)ffghmbg\hfik^llbhgphne]ghm%pab\abl\e^Zkerbeeh`b\Ze'<aZg`bg`
ma^]blmZg\^_khfma^k^\hff^g]^]oZen^h_*))ffmhma^\ho^kk^jnbk^]_hk]nkZ[bebmr%
\fbg%]nk%blfhkêh`b\Ze'
Bg lhf^ lbmnZmbhgl% ln\a Zl lmkn\mnk^l \Zlm Z`Zbglm ma^ `khng]% \ghf pbee [^ lb`gb_b\Zgmer
`k^Zm^kmaZgma^\ho^kk^jnbk^]_hk]nkZ[bebmr'Pa^k^ma^k^Zk^ghZii^ZkZg\^k^jnbk^f^gml
bmblk^ZlhgZ[e^mh]^m^kfbg^ma^\kZ\dpb]maZmma^\ho^kk^jnbk^]_hk]nkZ[bebmrZg]o^kb_r
PD 6687-2
maZmbm]h^lghm^q\^^]ma^kêôZgmfZqbfnf\kZ\dpb]ma'MablfZr[^]hg^[rfnembierbg`
8.2.2
ma^\kZ\dpb]ma]^m^kfbg^]Zmma^lnk_Z\^[r!\fbg%]nk%$D\]ô"(\ghfmh`bo^ma^\kZ\dpb]ma
Zm ma^ \ho^k k^jnbk^] _hk ]nkZ[bebmr% Zg] o^kb_rbg` maZm bm bl ghm `k^Zm^k maZg pfZq' Mabl
ZiikhZ\a Zllnf^l maZm ma^ \kZ\d pb]ma oZkb^l ebg^Zker _khf s^kh Zm ma^ [Zk' @bo^g ma^
Z\\nkZ\rh_\kZ\d\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]lmabllbfieb_b\Zmbhgbl\hglb]^k^]k^ZlhgZ[e^'
78
L^kob\^Z[bebmr
Table 13.1
Recommended values of pmax and relevant combination rules
Exposure classa Reinforced members and Prestressed members with bonded

prestressed members without tendons
bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load Frequent load combinationb (mm)
combinationb (mm)
X0, XC1 )',c )'+
XC2, XC3, XC4 )', )'+d
XD1, XD2, XD3 BS EN 1992-2 &

)', )'+e Zg]]^\hfik^llbhg
XS1, XS2, XS3 NA, table NA.2
Key
aM a^^qihlnk^\eZll\hglb]^k^]%bg\en]bg`ZmmkZgl_^k%Ziieb^lmhma^fhlmlô^k^^qihlnk^ma^lnk_Z\^
pbee[^ln[c^\mmhbgl^kob\^'
b? hkma^\kZ\dpb]ma\a^\dlng]^k\hf[bgZmbhglpab\abg\en]^m^fi^kZmnk^]blmkb[nmbhg%ma^k^lnembg`
f^f[^k_hk\^llahne][^\Ze\neZm^]nlbg``khlll^\mbhg\hg\k^mîkhi^kmb^lZg]lê_&^jnbeb[kZmbg`
m a^kfZelmk^ll^lpbmabgZl^\mbhgfZr[^b`ghk^]'
c?hkQ)%Q<*^qihlnk^\eZll^l%\kZ\dpb]maaZlghbg_en^g\^hg]nkZ[bebmrZg]mablebfbmbll^mmh
`nZkZgm^^Z\\îmZ[e^Zii^ZkZg\^'Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_Zii^ZkZg\^\hg]bmbhglmablebfbmfZr[^kêZq^]'
d?hkma^l^^qihlnk^\eZll^l%bgZ]]bmbhg%]^\hfik^llbhglahne][^\a^\d^]ng]^kma^jnZlbi^kfZg^gm
\hf[bgZmbhgh_ehZ]l'
e)'+Ziieb^lmhmaîZkmlh_ma^f^f[^kmaZm]hghmaZo^mh[^\a^\d^]_hk]^\hfik^llbhg'
13.4 Control of cracking

Pa^k^ma^fbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gm`bo^g[rL^\mbhg*,'.blikhob]^]%\kZ\dpb]malZk^ngebdêr BS EN 1992-1-1
mh[^^q\^llbo^b_3 7.3.3(2)
Q ?hk\kZ\dbg`\Znl^]ik^]hfbgZgmer[rk^lmkZbgm%ma^[Zklbs^l`bo^gbgMZ[e^*,'+Zk^ghm
^q\^^]^]pa^k^ma^lm^êlmk^llblmaôZen^h[mZbg^]bff^]bZmêrZ_m^k\kZ\dbg`!b'^'slbg
L^\mbhg*,'."'
Q ?hk\kZ\dl\Znl^]fZbger[rehZ]bg`%^bma^kmaîkhoblbhglh_MZ[e^*,'+hkmaîkhoblbhglh_
MZ[e^*,',Zk^\hfieb^]pbma'Ma^lm^êlmk^lllahne][^\Ze\neZm^]hgma^[Zlblh_Z\kZ\d^]
l^\mbhgng]^kma^kêôZgm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl'
?hkik^&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^%pa^k^\kZ\d\hgmkheblfZbgerikhob]^][rm^g]hglpbma]bk^\m[hg]%
MZ[e^l*,'+Zg]*,',fZr[^nl^]pbmaZlmk^ll^jnZemhma^mhmZelmk^llfbgnlik^lmk^ll'?hk
ihlm&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^%pa^k^\kZ\d\hgmkheblikhob]^]fZbger[rhk]bgZkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm%ma^
mZ[e^lfZr[^nl^]pbmama^lmk^llbgmablk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Ze\neZm^]pbmama^^__^\mh_ik^lmk^llbg`
_hk\^lbg\en]^]'
Ma^fZqbfnf[Zk]bZf^m^klahne][^fh]b_b^]Zl_heehpl3
;^g]bg`!Zme^ZlmiZkmh_l^\mbhgbg\hfik^llbhg"3
kh
fs = f*s ( fct,eff/2.9) c cr
2 (h – d)
M^glbhg!ngb_hkfZqbZem^glbhg"3
fs = f*s ( fct,eff /2.9) hcr /(8(h – d))
pa^k^
fl 6 Z]cnlm^]fZqbfnf[Zk]bZf^m^k
fl 6 fZqbfnf[Zklbs^`bo^gbgma^MZ[e^*,'+
a 6 ho^kZee]îmah_ma^l^\mbhg
a\k 6 ]îmah_ma^m^glbe^shg^bff^]bZmêrikbhkmh\kZ\dbg`%\hglb]^kbg`ma^
\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^lh_ik^lmk^llZg]ZqbZe_hk\^lng]^kma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm
\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl
] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmamhma^\^gmkhb]h_ma^hnm^keZr^kh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
79
Pa^k^Zeema^l^\mbhgblng]^km^glbhga¾]blma^fbgbfnf]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmkhb]h_ma^
eZr^k h_ k^bg_hk\^f^gm mh ma^ _Z\^ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^ !\hglb]^k ^Z\a _Z\^ pa^k^ ma^ [Zk bl ghm
ieZ\^]lrff^mkb\Zeer"'
Table 13.2
Maximum bar diameters for crack control
Steel stress (MPa) Maximum bar size (mm) for crack widths of
0.4 mm 0.3 mm 0.2 mm
160 -) ,+ +.
200 ,+ +. */
BS EN 1992-1-1
table 7.2N 240 +) */ *+
280 */ *+ 1
320 *+ *) /
360 *) 1 .
400 1 / -
450 / . ¿
Table 13.3
Maximum bar spacing for crack control
Steel stress (MPa) Maximum bar spacing (mm) for maximum crack widths of
0.4 mm 0.3 mm 0.2 mm
BS EN 1992-1-1
table 7.3N 160 ,)) ,)) +))
200 ,)) +.) *.)
240 +.) +)) *))
280 +)) *.) .)
320 *.) *)) ¿
360 *)) .) ¿
13.5 Minimum reinforcement areas of main bars

BS EN 1992-1-1
7.3.2(1)
B_\kZ\d\hgmkheblk^jnbk^]%ZfbgbfnfZfhngmh_[hg]^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]mh\hgmkhe
BS EN 1992-2 \kZ\dbg`bgZk^Zlpa^k^m^glbhgbl^qi^\m^]'Ma^k^jnbk^]fbgbfnfZk^Zlh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm:l%fbg
7.3.2(102) fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]Zl_heehpl'Bgikh_be^]\khll&l^\mbhglebd^M&[^ZflZg][hq`bk]^kl%fbgbfnf
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^]^m^kfbg^]_hkma^bg]bob]nZeiZkmlh_ma^l^\mbhg!p^[l%_eZg`^l"'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Exp. (7.1) :l%fbg6d\d_\m%^__:\m(sl
pa^k^
:\m 6 Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^pbmabgm^glbe^shg^'Ma^m^glbe^shg^blmaZmiZkmh_ma^l^\mbhg
pab\abl\Ze\neZm^]mh[^bgm^glbhgcnlm[^_hk^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^_bklm\kZ\d
sl 6 Z[lhenmôZen^h_ma^fZqbfnflmk^lli^kfbmm^]bgma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
bff^]bZmêrZ_m^k_hkfZmbhgh_ma^\kZ\d'MablfZr[^mZd^gZlma^rbê]lmk^g`ma
h_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%_rd':ehp^koZen^fZr%ahpô^k%[^g^^]^]mhlZmbl_rma^
\kZ\dpb]maebfbmlZ\\hk]bg`mhma^fZqbfnf[Zklbs^hkliZ\bg`bg]b\Zm^]bg
MZ[e^l*,'+Zg]*,','
_\m%^__ 6 f^ZgoZen^h_ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^^__^\mbo^Zmma^mbf^pa^gma^
BS EN 1992-2 \kZ\dlfZr_bklm[^^qi^\m^]mhh\\nk'
7.3.2(105)
6 _\mfhkehp^k! _\mf!m""b_\kZ\dbg`bl^qi^\m^]^Zkeb^kmaZg+1]Zrl
:fbgbfnfoZen^h_+'2FIZlahne][^mZd^g
d 6 \h^__b\b^gmpab\aZeehpl_hkma^^__^\mh_ghg&ngb_hkflê_&^jnbeb[kZmbg`lmk^ll^l%
pab\ae^Z]mhZk^]n\mbhgh_k^lmkZbgm_hk\^l
6 *')_hkp^[lpbmaa©,))ffhk_eZg`^lpbmapb]male^llmaZg,))ff%
80 bgm^kf^]bZmôZen^lfZr[^bgm^kiheZm^]
L^kob\^Z[bebmr
6 )'/._hkp^[lpbmaaª1))ffhk_eZg`^lpbmapb]mal`k^Zm^kmaZg1))ff%
bgm^kf^]bZmôZen^lfZr[^bgm^kiheZm^]
d\ 6 \h^__b\b^gmpab\amZd^lZ\\hngmh_ma^lmk^ll]blmkb[nmbhgpbmabgma^l^\mbhg
bff^]bZmêrikbhkmh\kZ\dbg`Zg]h_ma^\aZg`^h_maêô^kZkf3
6 *')_hkink^m^glbhg'
6 )'-_hkink^[^g]bg`'
6 )'-T*¾!s\(!d*!a(a#"_\m%^__ ""V©*_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhglZg]p^[lh_[hq
l^\mbhglZg]M&l^\mbhgl'
6 )'2?\k(!:\m_\m%^__"ª)'._hk_eZg`^lh_[hql^\mbhglZg]M&l^\mbhgl'
s\ 6 f^Zglmk^llh_ma^\hg\k^m^Z\mbg`hgmaîZkmh_ma^l^\mbhgng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg'
6 G>]([a
G>] 6 ZqbZe_hk\^Zmma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^Z\mbg`hgmaîZkmh_ma^\khll&l^\mbhg
ng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg!\hfik^llbo^_hk\îhlbmbo^"'G>]lahne][^]^m^kfbg^]
\hglb]^kbg`ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^lh_ik^lmk^llZg]ZqbZe_hk\^lng]^kma^
kêôZgm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl
a# 6 FBGta4*')v
d* 6 \h^__b\b^gm\hglb]^kbg`ma^^__^\mlh_ZqbZe_hk\^lhgma^lmk^ll]blmkb[nmbhg3
6 *'.b_G>]blZ\hfik^llbo^_hk\^
6 +a#(,ab_G>]blZm^glbe^_hk\^
?\k 6 Z[lhenmôZen^h_ma^m^glbe^_hk\^pbmabgma^_eZg`^bff^]bZmêrikbhkmh\kZ\dbg`
]n^mhma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm\Ze\neZm^]pbma_\m%^__
L^^ZelhL^\mbhg*.'+'*_hkZlbfieb_b^]f^mah]h_\Ze\neZmbg`fbgbfnfZk^Zh_lm^ê'
Bg_eZg`^]\khll&l^\mbhglebd^M&[^ZflZg][hq`bk]^kl%ma^]boblbhgbgmhiZkmllahne][^Zlbg]b\Zm^]
bg?b`nk^*,'+'
?eZg`^ ?eZg`^ P^[ ?eZg`^

L_eZg`^ _\m%^__ _\m%^__
BS EN 1992-2
s\%_eZg`^ fig. 7.101
Lf
s\%p^[
Lp^[
P^[
a) Components b) Stresses
Figure 13.2
Example for a division of a flanged cross-section for analysis of cracking
;hg]^]m^g]hglbgma^m^glbhgshg^fZr[^Zllnf^]mh\hgmkb[nm^mh\kZ\d\hgmkhepbmabgZ BS EN 1992-1-1
]blmZg\^©*.)ff_khfma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^g]hg'MablfZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm[rbg\en]bg` 7.3.2(3)
ma^m^kfj* :i Dibgma^>qik^llbhgZ[ho^mh`bo^3
:l%fbg6!d\d_\m%^__:\m¾j*:i Dsi"(sl
pa^k^
:i 6 Zk^Zh_ik^&hkihlm&m^glbhg^]m^g]hglpbmabg:\%^__
:\%^__ 6 ^__^\mbo^Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^bgm^glbhglnkkhng]bg`ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmhk
ik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hglh_]îma%a\%^_
a\%^_ 6 FBGt+'.!a¾]"4!a¾q"(,4a(+v!l^^?b`nk^*,',"
j* 6 Z]cnlm^]kZmbhh_[hg]lmk^g`mamZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmma^]b__^k^gm]bZf^m^klh_
ik^lmk^llbg`Zg]k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
6!j fl(fi")'.
6 j )'.b_hgerik^lmk^llbg`lm^êblnl^]mh\hgmkhe\kZ\dbg`
j 6 kZmbhh_[hg]lmk^g`mah_ik^lmk^llbg`Zg]k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê%Z\\hk]bg`mh
MZ[e^*,'-
81
fl 6 eZk`^lm[Zk]bZf^m^kh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê
fi 6 ^jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kh_m^g]hg
6 *'/:i)'._hk[ng]e^l
6 *'0.fpbk^_hklbgè^0pbk^lmkZg]lpa^k^fpbk^blma^pbk^]bZf^m^k
6 *'+)fpbk^_hklbgè^,pbk^lmkZg]lpa^k^fpbk^blma^pbk^]bZf^m^k
Dsi 6 lmk^lloZkbZmbhgbgik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hgl_khfma^lmZm^h_s^khlmkZbgh_ma^
\hg\k^m^Zmma^lZfêôê
Eôêh_lm^ê\^gmkhb]
q
e+6)
a ]
a\%^_
e*
a) Beam >__^\mbo^m^glbhgZk^Z%:\%^__
q
BS EN 1992-1-1 e+6)
Fig 7.1 a ]
a\%^_ e*
b) Slab >__^\mbo^m^glbhgZk^Z%:\%^__
>__^\mbo^m^glbhgZk^Z_hknii^klnk_Z\^%:\m%^__
a\%^_ e +
] ]
a
a\%^_ e
c) Member in tension *
>__^\mbo^m^glbhgZk^Z_hkehp^klnk_Z\^%:\[%^__
Figure 13.3
Effective tension area (typical cases)
Bg ik^lmk^ll^] f^f[^kl gh fbgbfnf k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl k^jnbk^] bg l^\mbhgl pa^k^% ng]^k ma^
BS EN 1992-1-1
\aZkZ\m^kblmb\ \hf[bgZmbhg h_ ehZ]l Zg] ma^ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\ oZen^ h_ ik^lmk^ll% ma^ \hg\k^m^ bl
7.3.2 (4)
\hfik^ll^]hkma^Z[lhenmôZen^h_ma^m^glbe^lmk^llbgma^\hg\k^m^bl[êhp _\m%^__ '
Table 13.4
Ratio of bond strength, j, between tendons and reinforcing steel
Prestressing steel j
Pre-tensioned Bonded, post-tensioned
≤ C50/60 ≥ C70/85
Smooth bars and wires GhmZiieb\Z[e^ )', )'*.
BS EN 1992-1-1
table 6.2 Strands )'/ )'. )'+.
Indented wires )'0 )'/ )',)
Ribbed bars )'1 )'0 )',.
Note
?hkbgm^kf^]bZmôZen^l[^mp^^g<.)(/)Zg]<0)(1.bgm^kiheZmbhgfZr[^nl^]'
82
L^kob\^Z[bebmr
13.6 Control of deflection

Ma^ \Ze\neZmbhg f^mah] Z]him^] laZee kîk^l^gm ma^ mkn^ [âZobhnk h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^ ng]^k BS EN 1992-1-1
kêôZgmZ\mbhglmhZgZ\\nkZ\rZiikhikbZm^mhma^h[c^\mbo^lh_ma^\Ze\neZmbhg'
7.4.3(2)
F^f[^klpab\aZk^ghm^qi^\m^]mh[êhZ]^]Z[ho^maêôêpab\aphne]\Znl^ma^m^glbe^ BS EN 1992-1-1
lmk^g`mah_ma^\hg\k^m^mh[^^q\^^]^]Zgrpa^k^pbmabgma^f^f[^klahne][^\hglb]^k^]mh 7.4.3(3)
[^ng\kZ\d^]'F^f[^klpab\aZk^^qi^\m^]mh\kZ\d%[nmfZrghm[^_neer\kZ\d^]%pbee[âZo^
bgZfZgg^kbgm^kf^]bZm^[^mp^^gma^ng\kZ\d^]Zg]_neer\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhglZg]%_hkf^f[^kl
ln[c^\m^] fZbger mh _e^qnk^% Zg Z]^jnZm^ ik^]b\mbhg h_ [âZobhnk bl `bo^g bg ma^ _heehpbg`
^qik^llbhg3
BS EN 1992-1-1
a6z aBB$!*¾z"aB
Exp. (7.18)
pa^k^
a 6 ] ^_hkfZmbhgiZkZf^m^k\hglb]^k^]pab\afZr[^%_hk^qZfie^%ZlmkZbg%Z
\nkoZmnk^%hkZkhmZmbhg'!:lZlbfieb_b\Zmbhg%ZfZrZelh[^mZd^gZlZ]^_e^\mbhg
¾l^^[êhp"
aB%aBB6 maôZen^lh_maîZkZf^m^k\Ze\neZm^]_hkma^ng\kZ\d^]Zg]_neer\kZ\d^]
\hg]bmbhglk^li^\mboêr
z 6 ]blmkb[nmbhg\h^__b\b^gm!Zeehpbg`_hkm^glbhgbg`lmb__^gbg`ZmZl^\mbhg"
6 *¾b!slk (sl"+
6 )_hkng\kZ\d^]l^\mbhgl
b 6 \h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ma^bg_en^g\^h_ma^]nkZmbhgh_maêhZ]bg`hkh_
kî^Zm^]ehZ]bg`hgma^Zo^kZ`^lmkZbg
6 *')_hkZlbgè^lahkm&m^kfehZ]bg`
6 )'._hklnlmZbg^]ehZ]lhkfZgr\r\e^lh_kî^Zm^]ehZ]bg`
sl 6 lmk^llbgma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Ze\neZm^]hgma^[Zlblh_Z\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg
slk 6 lmk^llbgma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Ze\neZm^]hgma^[Zlblh_Z\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg
ng]^kmaêhZ]bg`\hg]bmbhgl\Znlbg`_bklm\kZ\dbg`
Ghm^3slk (slfZr[^kîeZ\^][rF\k(F_hk_e^qnk^hkG\k(G_hkink^m^glbhg%pa^k^F\kblma^
\kZ\dbg`fhf^gmZg]G\kblma^\kZ\dbg`_hk\^'
=^_hkfZmbhgl ]n^ mh ehZ]bg` fZr [^ Zll^ll^] nlbg` ma^ m^glbe^ lmk^g`ma Zg] ma^ ^__^\mbo^ BS EN 1992-1-1
fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmrh_ma^\hg\k^m^' 7.4.3(4)
MZ[e^,'*bg]b\Zm^lma^kZg`^h_ebdêroZen^l_hkm^glbe^lmk^g`ma'Bg`^g^kZe%ma^[^lm^lmbfZm^h_
ma^[âZobhnkpbee[^h[mZbg^]b__\mfblnl^]'Pa^k^bm\Zg[^lahpgmaZmma^k^Zk^ghZqbZe
m^glbe^lmk^ll^l!^'`'mahl^\Znl^][rlakbgdZ`^hkma^kfZe^__^\ml"ma^_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma%
_\mf%_e%fZr[^nl^]'
BS EN 1992-1-1
_\mf%_e6F:Qt!*'/¾a(*)))"_\mf 4_\mfv 3.1.8
pa^k^
a 6 mhmZef^f[^k]îmabgff
_\mf 6 f^ZgZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma_khfMZ[e^,'*
?hkehZ]lpbmaZ]nkZmbhg\Znlbg`\k^î%ma^mhmZe]^_hkfZmbhgbg\en]bg`\k^îfZr[^\Ze\neZm^] BS EN 1992-1-1
[rnlbg`Zg^__^\mbo^fh]nenlh_êZlmb\bmr_hk\hg\k^m^Z\\hk]bg`mhma^_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg 7.4.3(5)
>\%^__6>\f(!*$h!∞%m)""
pa^k^
h!∞%m)"6\k^î\h^__b\b^gmkêôZgm_hkmaêhZ]Zg]mbf^bgm^koZe!l^^L^\mbhg,'*'+"
LakbgdZ`^\nkoZmnk^lfZr[^Zll^ll^]_khfma^_heehpbg`3 BS EN 1992-1-1
7.4.3(6)
*(k\l6eZla^L(B
pa^k^
*(k\l 6 \nkoZmnk^]n^mhlakbgdZ`^
83
e\l 6 _k^^lakbgdZ`^lmkZbg!l^^L^\mbhg,'*',"
L 6 _bklmfhf^gmh_Zk^Zh_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZ[hnmma^\^gmkhb]h_ma^l^\mbhg
B 6 l^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Zh_ma^l^\mbhg
a^ 6 ^__^\mbo^fh]neZkkZmbh
6 >l(>\%^__
LZg]Blahne][^\Ze\neZm^]_hkma^ng\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhgZg]ma^_neer\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhg%ma^
_bgZe\nkoZmnk^[^bg`Zll^ll^]nlbg`ma^>qik^llbhg_hkaZ[ho^'
Ma^fhlmkb`hkhnlf^mah]h_Zll^llbg`]^_e^\mbhglnlbg`ma^f^mah]`bo^gZ[ho^blmh\hfinm^
BS EN 1992-1-1 ma^ \nkoZmnk^l Zm _k^jn^gm l^\mbhgl Zehg` ma^ f^f[^k Zg] ma^g \Ze\neZm^ ma^ ]^_e^\mbhg [r
7.4.3(7)
gnf^kb\Ze bgm^`kZmbhg' Bg fhlm \Zl^l bm pbee [^ Z\\îmZ[e^ mh \hfinm^ ma^ ]^_e^\mbhg mpb\^%
Zllnfbg`ma^pahe^f^f[^kmh[^bgma^ng\kZ\d^]Zg]_neer\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhgbgmnkg%Zg]
ma^gbgm^kiheZm^nlbg`ma^>qik^llbhg_hkaZ[ho^'
84
=^mZbebg`¾`^g^kZek^jnbk^f^gml
14 Detailing – general requirements

14.1 General
Ma^ kne^l `bo^g bg mabl l^\mbhg Ziier mh kb[[^] k^bg_hk\^f^gm% pê]^] f^la Zg] ik^lmk^llbg` BS EN 1992-1-1
m^g]hglnl^]bglmkn\mnk^lln[c^\mik^]hfbgZgmermhlmZmb\ehZ]bg`' 8.1(1)
Nge^llhma^kpbl^lmZm^]%ma^kne^l_hkbg]bob]nZe[ZklZelhZiier_hk[ng]e^lh_[Zkl_hkpab\a
Zg^jnboZe^gm]bZf^m^kfg6f!g[")'.lahne][^nl^]bgma^\Ze\neZmbhgl'Bgmabl>qik^llbhg%g[ BS EN 1992-1-1
blma^gnf[^kh_[Zklbgma^[ng]e^':oZen^_hkg[lahne][êbfbm^]mh_hnko^kmb\Ze[Zklbg 8.9.1(1) & (2)
\hfik^llbhgZg]bgeZii^]chbgml%Zg]mhmak^^bgZeehma^k\Zl^l'MaôZen^h_fglahne][^
e^llmaZghk^jnZemh..ff'
Ma^\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^g!Zg]ma^\ho^kmh"[ng]e^][Zkllahne][^f^Zlnk^]_khfma^
Z\mnZe^qm^kgZe\hgmhnkh_ma^[ng]e^][Zkl';ZklZk^Zeehp^]mhmhn\ahg^Zghma^kZmeZil BS EN 1992-1-1
Zg]ma^rg^^]ghm[^mk^Zm^]Zl[ng]e^][Zklng]^kma^l^\hg]bmbhgl' 8.9.1(3) & (4)
14.2 Spacing of bars BS EN 1992-1-1

8.2
Ma^liZ\bg`h_[Zkllahne][^ln\amaZm\hg\k^m^\Zg[îeZ\^]Zg]\hfiZ\m^]lZmbl_Z\mhkber_hk
ma^]ôêhif^gmh_[hg]'
Ma^\e^Zk]blmZg\^[^mp^^gbg]bob]nZeiZkZeeê[Zklhk[^mp^^gahkbshgmZeeZr^klh_iZkZeeê[Zkllahne]
ghm[ê^llmaZgma^ [Zk]bZf^m^k% ma^Z``k^`Zm^lbs^$ .ff% hk+)ff%pab\aô^kblma^`k^Zm^lm'
Pa^k^[ZklZkîhlbmbhg^]bglîZkZmâhkbshgmZeeZr^kl%ma^[Zklbg^Z\aeZr^klahne][êh\Zm^]
o^kmb\ZeerZ[ho^^Z\ahma^k'Ma^k^lahne][^ln__b\b^gmliZ\^[^mp^^gma^k^lnembg`\henfglh_
[ZklmhZeehpZ\\^ll_hkob[kZmhklmh`bo^`hh]\hfiZ\mbhgh_ma^\hg\k^m^'
14.3 Mandrel sizes for bent bars BS EN 1992-1-1

8.3(1) & (2)
Ma^]bZf^m^kmhpab\aZ[Zkbl[^gmlahne][^ln\aZlmhZohb]]ZfZ`^mhma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Zg]\knlabg`h_\hg\k^m^bglb]^ma^[^g]h_ma^[Zk'MhZohb]]ZfZ`^mhk^bg_hk\^f^gmma^
fZg]kêlbs^blZl_heehpl3
-f% _hk[Zk]bZf^m^kf©*/ff
0f% _hk[Zk]bZf^m^kf7*/ff
+)f% _hkf^la[^gmZ_m^kpê]bg`pa^k^mkZglo^kl^[Zkblhghkpbmabg-fh_ma^[^g]' BS EN 1992-1-1
table 8.1N & NA
Hma^kpbl^ -f% hk 0f% ZlZ[ho^'Pê]bg`fnlm\hfierpbmaBLH(?=BL*0//)&+ T++V'
Ma^fZg]kê]bZf^m^kffmhZohb]\knlabg`h_\hg\k^m^bglb]^ma^[^g]g^^]ghm[^\a^\d^]b_3
Q :g\ahkZ`^h_ma^[Zk]h^lghmk^jnbk^Ze^g`mafhk^maZg.fiZlmma^^g]h_ma^[^g]4Zg] BS EN 1992-1-1
Q Ma^[Zkblghmihlbmbhg^]ZmZg^]`^Zg]ma^k^blZ\khll[Zk!h_]bZf^m^kªf"bglb]^ma^[^g]%Zg] 8.3(3)
Q =bZf^m^klghm^]Z[ho^Zk^nl^]'
Hma^kpbl^ma^_heehpbg`fbgbfnffZg]kê]bZf^m^kff%fbglahne][^nl^]3
BS EN 1992-1-1
ff%fbgª?[m!!*(Z["$*(!+f""(_\] Exp. (8.1)
pa^k^
?[m6 m^glbe^_hk\^bgma^[ZkZmma^lmZkmh_ma^[^g]\Znl^][rnembfZmêhZ]l
Z[ 6 aZe_ma^\^gmk^mh\^gmk^liZ\bg`h_[Zkl!i^ki^g]b\neZkmhmaîeZg^h_ma^
[^g]"'?hk[ZklZ]cZ\^gmmhma^_Z\^h_ma^f^f[^k%Z[6\ho^k$)'.f
BS EN 1992-1-1
_\] 6 )'1. _\d( *'. 3.1.6(1) & NA to
MaôZen^h__\]lahne]ghm[^mZd^g`k^Zm^kmaZgmaZm_hk\hg\k^m^\eZll<..(/0 BS EN 1992-2
pa^k^
_\d 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\\rebg]^klmk^g`ma
85
14.4 Anchorage of bars
14.4.1 General
:eek^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^lhZg\ahk^]maZmma^_hk\^lbgma^fZk^lZ_êrmkZglfbmm^]mhma^
BS EN 1992-1-1
lnkkhng]bg`\hg\k^m^[r[hg]pbmahnm\Znlbg`\kZ\dlhkliZeebg`'Ma^\hffhgf^mah]lh_
8.4(1) & (2)
Zg\ahkZ`^h_ehg`bmn]bgZe[ZklZg]ebgdlZk^lahpgbg?b`nk^l*-'*Zg]*-'+'
Key
e[] 6 ]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
e[] e[%k^j 6 [Zlb\Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
f e[%^j 6 ^jnboZe^gmZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
e[%kj]
a) Basic anchorage length eb,rqd, for any

shape measured along the centreline
ª.f
ª.f ª*.)®
a
e[%^j e[%^j
BS EN 1992-1-1 b) Equivalent anchorage length for c) Equivalent anchorage length for

fig. 8.1 standard bend 90º a < 150º standard hook
where eb,eq = a1 eb,rqd where eb,eq = a1 eb,rqd
fª)'/f
ª.f
e[%^j
e[%^j
d) Equivalent anchorage length for e) Welded transverse bar

standard loop where eb,eq = a4 eb,rqd
where eb,eq = a1 eb,rqd
Figure 14.1
Methods of anchorage other than by a straight bar
.f%[nm *)f%[nm
ª.)ff ª0)ff ª*)ff
ª*)ff
ª+f ª*'-f
ª+)ff
BS EN 1992-1-1 ª)'0f ©.)ff
fig. 8.5
f f f f
c) Two welded d) Single welded

transverse bars transverse bar
Figure 14.2
Anchorage of links
86
14.4.2 Design anchorage length ebd

Ma^]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`mae[]bl BS EN 1992-1-1
8.4.4(1) & table 8.2
e[] 6!a*a+a,a-a."e[%kj]ªe[%fbg
pa^k^
a* 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbmama^_hkfh_[ZkZllnfbg`Z]^jnZm^\ho^k
6)'0_hk[^gm[Zklbgm^glbhgpa^k^\]7,f%pa^k^\]bl]^_bg^]bg?b`nk^*-',
6*')hma^kpbl^_hk[Zklbgm^glbhg
6*')_hk[Zklbg\hfik^llbhg
a+ 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^__^\mh_\hg\k^m^fbgbfnf\ho^k
6*¾)'*.!\]¾f"(fª)'0_hklmkZbàm[Zklbgm^glbhg[nm©*')
6*¾)'*.!\]¾,f"(fª)'0_hk[^gm[Zklbgm^glbhg[nm©*')
6*')hma^kpbl^_hk[Zklbgm^glbhg
6*')_hk[Zklbg\hfik^llbhg
a, 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^__^\mh_\hg_bg^f^gm[rmkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
6*')`^g^kZeer
a- 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbmama^^__^\mh_bg_en^g\^h_pê]^]mkZglo^kl^[Zkl
6)'0_hkZpê]^]mkZglo^kl^[Zk\hg_hkfbg`pbma?b`nk^*-'*^"
6*')hma^kpbl^
a. 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbmama^^__^\mh_ik^llnk^mkZglo^kl^mhmaîeZg^h_liebmmbg`
Zehg`ma^]^lb`gZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
6*')`^g^kZeer
e[%kj] 6 [Zlb\Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma!l^^L^\mbhg*-'-',"
e[%fbg 6 ma^fbgbfnfZg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma
ª F:Qt)',e[%kj] 4*)f4*))ffvbgm^glbhg[Zkl4Zg]
ª F:Qt)'/e[%kj] 4*)f4*))ffvbg\hfik^llbhg[Zkl'
Maîkh]n\m!a+a,a."ª )'0
\*
Z Z
\*
\ BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.3
a) Straight bars b) Bent or hooked bars

Figure 14.3 cd = minimum of a/2, c or c1 cd = minimum of a/2 or c1
Values of
Note
\d for beams
and slabs \Zg]\*Zk^mZd^gmh[^ghfbgZe\ho^kl
14.4.3 Basic anchorage length eb,rqd

BS EN 1992-1-1
e[%kj] 6 [Zlb\Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`mak^jnbk^]6!f(-"!sl] (_[]"
8.4.3
pa^k^
f 6 ]bZf^m^kh_ma^[Zk
sl]6 ]^lb`glmk^llbgma^[ZkZmmaîhlbmbhg_khfpa^k^ma^Zg\ahkZ`^blf^Zlnk^]
_[] 6 nembfZm^[hg]lmk^ll!l^^L^\mbhg*-'."
Ma^Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`malahne][^f^Zlnk^]Zehg`ma^\^gmkêbg^h_ma^[Zkbg[^gm[Zkl'
87
14.4.4 Equivalent anchorage length eb,eq
:lZlbfieb_b\Zmbhg
BS EN 1992-1-1 Q ?hkma^laZi^llahpgbg?b`nk^*-'*["mh]"Zg^jnboZe^gmZg\ahkZ`ê^g`mae[%^jfZr[^
8.4.4(2) nl^]pa^kê[%^j6a*e[%kj]'
Q ?hkma^ZkkZg`^f^gmlahpgbg?b`nk^*-'*^"e[%^j6a-e[%k^j'
14.5 Ultimate bond stress

Ma^nembfZm^[hg]lmk^ll%_[]%_hkkb[[^][ZklfZr[^mZd^gZl!l^^ZelhMZ[e^*-'*"
BS EN 1992-1-1
8.4.2(2) _[]6+'+.n*n+_\m]
pa^k^
n* 6 \h^__b\b^gmkêZm^]mhma^jnZebmrh_ma^[hg]\hg]bmbhgZg]maîhlbmbhgh_ma^[Zk
]nkbg`\hg\k^mbg`
6 *')_hkÂ`hh]Ã[hg]\hg]bmbhgl!l^^?b`nk^*-'-_hk]^_bgbmbhg"
6 )'0_hkZeehma^k\Zl^lZg]_hk[Zklbglmkn\mnkZeê^f^gml[nbemnlbg`lebi_hkfl
n+ 6 \h^__b\b^gmkêZm^]mh[Zk]bZf^m^k
6 *')_hk[Zk]bZf^m^k©,+ff
6 !*,+¾f"(*))_hk[Zk]bZf^m^k7,+ff
_\m] 6 !a\m _\md%)'). (g< "blma^]^lb`goZen^h_m^glbe^lmk^g`manlbg`maôZen^h__\md%)').
BS EN 1992-2 h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^,'*%a\m6 *') Zg]g<6 *'.' =n^mhma^[kbmme^g^llh_abà^k
3.1.6(102) & NA lmk^g`ma\hg\k^m^_\md%)').lahne][êbfbm^]a^k^mhmaôZen^_hk</)(0.%nge^llbm
\Zg[ô^kb_b^]maZmma^Zo^kZ`^[hg]lmk^g`mabg\k^Zl^lZ[ho^mablebfbm
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg` =bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg`
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.2 a
+.)
a) 45º a 90º c) a > 250 mm

=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg`
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg`
,))
a a
b) a 250 mm d) a > 600 mm

Key
Â`hh]Ã[hg]\hg]bmbhgl
ÂihhkÃ[hg]\hg]bmbhgl
Figure 14.4
Description of bond conditions
88
Table 14.1
Design bond stress for different bond conditions
Design bond stress _ bd (N/mm2)

C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75

Good bond & +'0 ,') ,', ,'1 -'* -'- -'. -'0
f ≤ 32 mm
Good bond & +'. +'1 ,') ,'. ,'0 -') -'* -',
f = 40 mm
Poor bond & *'2 +'* +', +'/ +'1 ,') ,'+ ,',
f ≤ 32 mm
Poor bond & *'0 *'2 +'* +'- +'/ +'1 +'2 ,')
f = 40 mm
14.6 Anchorage of tendons at ULS

Ma^ Zg\ahkZ`^ h_ m^g]hgl lahne] [^ \a^\d^] bg l^\mbhgl pa^k^ ma^ \hg\k^m^ m^glbe^ lmk^ll BS EN 1992-1-1
^q\^^]l _\md%)'). ! _\md%)'). lahne] ghm ^q\^^] ma^ oZen^ _hk \eZll </)(0. \hg\k^m^"'Ma^ mhmZe 8.10.2.3
Zg\ahkZ`ê^g`ma_hkZm^g]hgpbmaZlmk^llsi]bl3
e[i]6eim+$!a+f!si]¾sif%∞"(_[i]" BS EN 1992-1-1
Exp. (8.21)
pa^k^
eim+6*'+!a*a+fsif%)(_[im"
pa^k^
a* 6 *')_hk`kZ]nZekê^Zl^h_ik^lmk^llZg]*'+._hkln]]^gkê^Zl^
sif%) 6 lmk^llbgma^m^g]hgcnlmZ_m^kkê^Zl^
_[im 6 ni*n*_\m]!m"
ni* 6 +'0_hkbg]^gm^]pbk^lZg],'+_hk,&Zg]0&pbk^lmkZg]l
n* 6 *')_hk`hh][hg]\hg]bmbhglZg])'0hma^kpbl^
_\m]!m" 6 ]^lb`gm^glbeôZen^h_lmk^g`maZmma^mbf^h_kê^Zl^
6 *') )'0_\mf!m"( *'.
_\mf!m" 6 !b\\!m""a_\mf
b\\!m" 6 \h^__b\b^gmpab\a]î^g]lhgma^Z`^h_ehZ]bg`
6exp s 1–( 28
{[ t ]}
)0.5
l 6 \h^__b\b^gmpab\a]î^g]lhgmri^h_\^f^gm!l^^L^\mbhg,'*'+"
6 )'+)_hk\^f^gmlmk^g`ma\eZll^l<>F-+'.K%<>F.+'.GZg]<>F.+'.K!<eZllK"
6 )'+._hk\^f^gmlmk^g`ma\eZll^l<>F,+'.K%<>F-+'.G!<eZllG"
6 )',1_hk\^f^gmlmk^g`ma\eZll<>F,+'.!<eZllL"
m 6 Z`^h_\hg\k^m^bg]Zrl
_\mf 6 f^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^!l^^MZ[e^,'*"
a 6*_hkm5+1
6+(,_hkmª+1
a+ 6 )'+._hk\bk\neZkm^g]hglZg])'*2_hk,&Zg]0&pbk^lmkZg]l
f 6 ghfbgZe]bZf^m^kh_ma^m^g]hg
si] 6 m^g]hglmk^ll\hkk^lihg]bg`mhma^_hk\^\Ze\neZm^]_hkZ\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg
sif%∞ 6 ik^lmk^llZ_m^kZeeehll^l
_[i] 6 ni+n*_\m]%pa^k^ni+6*'-_hkbg]^gm^]pbk^lZg]*'+_hk0&pbk^lmkZg]l'
n*bl]^l\kb[^]bgL^\mbhg*-'.
89
BS EN 1992-1-1
8.10.2.2(2)
14.7 Anchorage of tendons at transfer of prestress
Ma^[Zlb\oZen^h_ma^mkZglfbllbhge^g`maZmma^kê^Zl^h_m^g]hgl%eim%bl`bo^g[r3
BS EN 1992-1-1 eim6a*a+fsif%)(_[im
Exp. (8.16)
pa^k^
a* 6 *')_hk`kZ]nZekê^Zl^
6 *'+._hkln]]^gkê^Zl^
a+ 6 )'+._hkm^g]hglpbma\bk\neZk\khll&l^\mbhg
6 )'*2_hk,&Zg]0&pbk^lmkZg]l
f 6 ghfbgZe]bZf^m^kh_m^g]hg
sif%) 6 m^g]hglmk^llcnlmZ_m^kkê^Zl^
_[im 6 [hg]lmk^ll
6 ni*n*_\m]!m"
pa^k^
ni* 6 \h^__b\b^gmmaZmmZd^lbgmhZ\\hngmma^mri^h_m^g]hgZg]ma^[hg]
lbmnZmbhgZmkê^Zl^
6 +'0_hkbg]^gm^]pbk^l
6 ,'+_hk,&Zg]0&pbk^lmkZg]l
n* 6*')_hk`hh][hg]\hg]bmbhgl
6 )'0hma^kpbl^%nge^llZabà^koZen^\Zg[^cnlmb_b^]pbmak^`Zk]mhli^\bZe
\bk\nflmZg\^lbg^q^\nmbhg
_\m]!m" 6 ]^lb`gm^glbeôZen^h_lmk^g`maZmmbf^h_kê^Zl^!l^^L^\mbhg*-'/"
Ma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^mkZglfbllbhge^g`malahne][^mZd^gZlmaê^ll_ZohnkZ[e^h_mphoZen^l%
]î^g]bg`hgma^]^lb`glbmnZmbhg3
eim* 6)'1eim
hk
eim+6*'+eim

GhkfZeermaêhp^koZen^blnl^]_hko^kb_b\Zmbhglh_eh\Zelmk^ll^lZmkê^Zl^%maâbà^koZen^_hk
nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l!la^Zk%Zg\ahkZ`^^m\'"'
14.8 Laps
14.8.1 General
BS EN 1992-1-1 ?hk\^l Zk^ mkZglfbmm^] _khf hg^ [Zk mh Zghma^k [r eZiibg`% pê]bg` hk nlbg` f^\aZgb\Ze
8.7 ]ôb\^l'
EZil[^mp^^g[Zkllahne]ghkfZeer[^lmZ``^k^]Zg]ghmeh\Zm^]bgZk^Zlh_abàfhf^gml(
_hk\^l':ee[Zklbg\hfik^llbhgZg]l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[êZii^]ZmhgîeZ\^'
14.8.2 Lapping bars

BS EN 1992-1-1 EZilh_[Zkllahne][^ZkkZg`^]Zllahpgbg?b`nk^*-'.'
8.7.2(2) & 8.7.3
Ma^]^lb`geZie^g`mae)bl3
BS EN 1992-1-1
e)6a * a + a , a - a . a / e [%kj] ªe)%fbg
Exp. (8.10) pa^k^
a/ 6 !r*(+.")'.'*5a/5*'.!l^^MZ[e^*-'+"
r* 6 i ^k\^gmZ`^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmeZii^]pbmabg)'/.e)_khfma^\^gmkêbg^h_maêZi
[^bg`\hglb]^k^]
e)%fbgª F:Qt)',a/e[%kj]4*.h4+))ffv
a * %a + %a , %a - Zg]a . Zk^]^l\kb[^]bgL^\mbhg*-'-'+
90
r1, % lapped bars relative to < 25% 33% 50% > 50%
total cross-sectional area
Table 14.2
Values of coefficient a6 a6 *') *'*. *'- *'.
ª)',e) e)
©.)ff
?l ©-f f
?l
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.7
Z ª+f
?l
ª+)ff ?l
?l
?l
Figure 14.5
Arranging adjacent lapping bars
14.8.3 Lapping fabric

BS EN 1992-1-1
EZilh__Z[kb\lahne][^ZkkZg`^]Zllahpgbg?b`nk^*-'/' 8.7.5
Pa^g_Z[kb\k^bg_hk\^f^gmbleZii^][reZr^kbg`%ma^_heehpbg`lahne][^ghm^]3
Q <Ze\neZm^]lmk^llbgmaêZii^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm[^fhk^maZg1)h_ma^
]^lb`glmk^g`ma4b_ghm%ma^fhf^gmh_k^lblmZg\^lahne][^[Zl^]hgma^^__^\mbo^]îma
mhmaêZr^k_nkma^lm_khfma^m^glbhg_Z\^Zg]ma^\Ze\neZm^]lm^êlmk^lllahne][^
bg\k^Zl^][r+._hkmaînkihl^lh_\kZ\d\hgmkhe'
Q I^kfbllb[eî^k\^gmZ`^h__Z[kb\fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmmaZmfZr[êZii^]bgZgrl^\mbhgbl3
*))b_!:l (l"©*+))ff+(f!pa^k^lblma^liZ\bg`h_[Zkl"
/)b_:l (l7*+))ff+(f'
Q :eel^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[êZii^]Zmma^lZfêh\ZmbhgZg]ma^fbgbfnfeZi
e^g`mae)%fbg_hkeZr^k^]_Z[kb\blZl_heehpl3
ª*.)ff_hkf©/ff BS EN 1992-1-1
ª+.)ff_hk/ff5f51'.ff 8.7.5.1(7)
ª,.)ff_hk1'.ff5f5*+ff 8.7.5.2(1)
Ma^k^lahne]`^g^kZeer[^Zme^Zlmmph[Zkibm\a^lpbmabgmaêZie^g`ma'Mabl\hne][^k^]n\^]
mhhg^[Zkibm\a_hkf©/ff'
?l ?l
e)
a) Intermeshed fabric (longitudinal section)

BS EN 1992-1-1
?l fig. 8.10
?l
e)
Figure 14.6
Lapping of b) Layered fabric (longitudinal section)
welded fabric
91
BS EN 1992-1-1 14.8.4 Transverse reinforcement
8.7.4
MkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]bgmaêZishg^mhk^lblmmkZglo^kl^m^glbhg_hk\^l'
Pa^k^ma^]bZf^m^kh_maêZii^][Zkble^llmaZg+)ffhkmaî^k\^gmZ`^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
eZii^]ZmZgrl^\mbhgble^llmaZg+.%ma^gZgrmkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkebgdlg^\^llZkr_hk
hma^k inkihl^l fZr [^ ]^^f^] ln__b\b^gm _hk ma^ mkZglo^kl^ m^glbe^ _hk\^l pbmahnm _nkma^k
cnlmb_b\Zmbhg'
Pa^gma^Z[ho^\hg]bmbhgl]hghmZiier%mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îkhob]^]Zllahpg
bg?b`nk^*-'0'Pa^k^fhk^maZg.)h_[ZklZkêZii^]Zmhg^l^\mbhgZg]ma^liZ\bg`[^mp^^g
Z]cZ\^gmeZil!]bf^glbhgZbg?b`nk^*-'."5*)f%ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^bgma^
_hkfh_ebgdlhkN[ZklZg\ahk^]bgmhma^[h]rh_ma^l^\mbhg'
Bg?b`nk^*-'0%ma^mhmZeZk^Zh_mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZmeZilS:lm7:lh_hgêZii^][Zk'
S:lm(+ S:lm(+
e) (, e) (,
©*.)ff ?l
?l
e)
a) Bars in tension
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.9
S:lm(+ S:lm(+
©*.)ff
?l
?l
e)
-f e) (, e) (, -f
Figure 14.7
Transverse
reinforcement for b) Bars in compression
lapped splices
14.8.5 Lapping large bars

BS EN 1992-1-1
?hk[ZkleZk`^kmaZg -)ff bg]bZf^m^kma^_heehpbg`Z]]bmbhgZek^jnbk^f^gmlZiier3
8.8
Q ;Zkllahne][^Zg\ahk^]nlbg`f^\aZgb\Ze]ôb\^l':lZgZem^kgZmbo^ma^rfZr[^Zg\ahk^]
ZllmkZbàm[Zkl%[nmebgdllahne][îkhob]^]Zl\hg_bgbg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Q ;Zkllahne]ghm[êZii^]^q\îmbgl^\mbhglpbmaZfbgbfnf]bf^glbhgh_*fhkpa^k^

ma^lmk^llblghm`k^Zm^kmaZg1)h_ma^nembfZm^lmk^g`ma'
Q Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_mkZglo^kl^\hfik^llbhg%mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%bgZ]]bmbhgmhmaZm
k^jnbk^]_hkhma^kinkihl^l%lahne][îkhob]^]bgma^Zg\ahkZ`^shg^ZmliZ\bg`ghm
^q\^^]bg`.mbf^lma^]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zk'Ma^ZkkZg`^f^gmlahne]\hfier
pbma?b`nk^*-'1'
92
S:loª)'.:l* S:loª)'.:l*
:l* :l*
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.11
Figure 14.8 S:laª)'+.:l* S:laª)'.:l*

Additional
reinforcement in a) g1 = 1, g2 = 2 b) g1 = 2, g2 = 2
an anchorage for
large diameter :g\ahk^][Zk <hgmbgnbg`[Zk
bars where there
Note
is no transverse
compression g*6gnf[^kh_eZr^kl%g+6gnf[^kh_[Zkl
93
15 Detailing – particular requirements
15.1 General
BS EN 1992-1-1 Mabll^\mbhg`bo^liZkmb\neZkk^jnbk^f^gml_hk]^mZbebg`h_lmkn\mnkZeê^f^gml'Ma^l^Zk^bg
9.1 Z]]bmbhgmhmahl^hnmebg^]bgL^\mbhgl*,Zg]*-'
15.2 Beams
BS EN 1992-1-1
9.2.1.1
15.2.1 Longitudinal bars
Ma^Zk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmlaZeeghm[^mZd^gZle^llmaZg:l%fbg
:l%fbg6)'+/!_\mf (_rd"[m]ª)'))*,[m]
pa^k^
_\mf 6 f^ZgZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^!l^^MZ[e^,'*"
_rd 6 \aZkZ\m^kblmb\rbê]lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
[m 6 f^Zgpb]mah_ma^m^glbhgshg^4_hkZM&[^Zfpbmama^_eZg`^bg\hfik^llbhg%hger
ma^pb]mah_ma^p^[blmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbg\Ze\neZmbg`maôZen^[m
] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îma
OZen^lh_:l%fbg_hkoZkbhnllmk^g`ma\eZll^lZkîkhob]^]bgMZ[e^*.'*
Ma^\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl )')-:\ hnmlb]êZieh\Zmbhgl'
:gr \hfik^llbhg ehg`bmn]bgZe k^bg_hk\^f^gm pab\a bl bg\en]^] bg ma^ k^lblmZg\^ \Ze\neZmbhg
BS EN 1992-1-1
lahne][âê][rmkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmpbmaliZ\bg`ghm`k^Zm^kmaZg*.mbf^lma^]bZf^m^k
9.2.1.2(3)
h_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zk'
Pa^k^ma^]^lb`gh_Zl^\mbhgaZlbg\en]^]ma^\hgmkb[nmbhgh_Zgrehg`bmn]bgZe\hfik^llbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gm bg ma^ k^lblmZg\^ \Ze\neZmbhg% ln\a ehg`bmn]bgZe \hfik^llbhg k^bg_hk\^f^gm
lahne] [^ ^__^\mboêr k^lmkZbg^] [r mkZglo^kl^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm' >__^\mbo^ k^lmkZbgm fZr [^
Z\abô^][rlZmbl_rbg`Zeeh_ma^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhgl'
PD 6687-2 Q Ebgdllahne][^lhZkkZg`^]maZmô^kr\hkg^kZg]Zem^kgZm^[Zkhk`khnibgZghnm^k
10.2 eZr^kh_\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblaê]bgieZ\^[rZebgdZg\ahk^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^
pbma?b`nk^*-'+Z"hk["'
Q :eehma^k\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^pbmabg*.)ffh_Z[Zkaê]bgieZ\^[r
Zebgd'
Q Ma^fbgbfnflbs^h_ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]ebgdl%pa^k^g^\^llZkr%lahne][^
ghme^llmaZg/ffhkhg^jnZkm^kh_ma^]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl%pab\aô^kbl
`k^Zm^k'
Table 15.1
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement as a proportion of [m]
Strength C25/30 C28/35 C30/37 C32/40 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85
class
:s,min )'*, )'*- )'*. )'*/ )'*0 )'*1 )'+) )'+* )'++ )'+, )'+-
as a % of
[t]
?hk f^f[^kl ik^lmk^ll^] pbma i^kfZg^gmer ng[hg]^] m^g]hgl hk pbma ^qm^kgZe ik^lmk^llbg`
BS EN 1992-1-1
\Z[e^l%bmlahne][ô^kb_b^]maZmma^nembfZm^[^g]bg`\ZiZ\bmrbleZk`^kmaZgma^_e^qnkZe\kZ\dbg`
9.2.1.1(4)
fhf^gm':\ZiZ\bmrh_*'*.mbf^lma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gmblln__b\b^gm'
94
=^mZbebg`¾iZkmb\neZkk^jnbk^f^gml
15.2.2 Curtailment
Ln__b\b^gmk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îkhob]^]ZmZeel^\mbhglmhk^lblmma^^goêhi^h_ma^Z\mbg`
BS EN 1992-1-1
m^glbe^_hk\^'Ma^k^lblmZg\^h_[Zklpbmabgma^bkZg\ahkZ`ê^g`malfZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm
9.2.1.3
Zllnfbgèbg^ZkoZkbZmbhgh__hk\^'
Maêhg`bmn]bgZem^glbe^_hk\^lbgma^[Zklbg\en]^mahl^Zkblbg`_khf[^g]bg`fhf^gmlZg]
mahl^_khfma^mknllfh]ê_hkla^Zk':lfZr[^l^^g_khf?b`nk^*.'*%mahl^_hk\^l_khfma^
mknllfh]ê_hkla^ZkfZr[^Z\\hffh]Zm^][r]blieZ\bg`maêh\Zmbhgpa^k^Z[Zkblgh
ehg`^kk^jnbk^]_hk[^g]bg`fhf^gm[rZ]blmZg\^h_Zepa^k^
Ze6s!\hmy¾\hma"(+
pa^k^
y 6 lmknmZgè^nl^]_hkla^Zk\Ze\neZmbhgl!l^^?b`nk^0',"
a 6 Zgè^h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqbl!l^^?b`nk^0',"
?hkZee[nmabàla^Zk\hmy6+'.4_hko^kmb\Zeebgdl\hma6)4lh`^g^kZeerZe6*'+.s'
Ah``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm
>goêhi^h_F>](s$G>] e[]
e[]
:\mbg`m^glbe^_hk\^?l
K^lblmbg`m^glbe^_hk\^?Kl e[]
BS EN 1992-1-1
D?m]
Ze fig. 9.2
Ze
e[]
D?m]
e[] e[]
e[] e[]
LZ``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Figure 15.1
Illustration of the curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement, taking into account the effect of
inclined cracks and the resistance of reinforcement within anchorage lengths
15.2.3 Top reinforcement in end supports

Bg fhghebmab\ \hglmkn\mbhg% !ô^g pa^g lbfie^ lniihkml aZo^ [^^g Zllnf^] bg ]^lb`g" ma^
BS EN 1992-1-1
l^\mbhgZmlniihkmllahne][^]^lb`g^]_hk[^g]bg`fhf^gmZkblbg`_khfiZkmbZe_bqbmrh_Zme^Zlm 9.2.1.2(1) & NA
+.h_ma^fZqbfnf[^g]bg`]^lb`gfhf^gmbgliZg'
95
15.2.4 Bottom reinforcement in end supports
Ma^Zk^Zh_[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]Zm^g]lpbmaebmme^hkgh_bqbmrZllnf^]bgma^]^lb`g
lahne] [^ Zm e^Zlm +. h_ ma^ Zk^Z h_ ma^ lm^ê ikhob]^] bg ma^ liZg'Ma^ [Zkl lahne] [^
Zg\ahk^]mhk^lblmZ_hk\^%?>]%h_
?>]6! uO>] u Ze (s"$G>]
pa^k^
uO>]u6 Z[lhenm^]^lb`goZen^h_la^Zk_hk\^
G>] 6 ZqbZe_hk\^%
Ze%blZl]^_bg^]bgL^\mbhg*.'+'+
Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^blf^Zlnk^]_khfmaêbg^h_\hgmZ\m[^mp^^gma^[^ZfZg]ma^lniihkm'
15.2.5 Intermediate supports

BS EN 1992-1-1
9.2.1.2(2) :mbgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmlh_\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl%ma^mhmZeZk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l%h_Z
_eZg`^] \khll&l^\mbhg lahne] [^ lik^Z] ho^k ma^ ^__^\mbo^ pb]ma h_ ma^ _eZg`^ !Zl ]^_bg^] bg
?b`nk^*.'+"'IZkmh_bmfZr[^\hg\^gmkZm^]ho^kma^p^[pb]ma'
beff
As
hf
BS EN 1992-1-1 beff1 bw beff2

fig. 9.1
Figure 15.2
Placing of tension reinforcement in flanged cross-section
15.2.6 Shear reinforcement

Pa^k^Z\hf[bgZmbhgh_ebgdlZg][^gmni[Zklblnl^]Zlla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%Zme^Zlm.)
h_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]lahne][^bgma^_hkfh_ebgdl'Maêhg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_la^Zk
BS EN 1992-1-1 Zll^f[eb^l lahne] ghm ^q\^^] )'0.]!*$\hma" % Zg] liZ\bg` h_ [^gm&ni [Zkl lahne] ghm
9.2.2(4),(6)&(7) ^q\^^] )'/]!*$\hma" pa^k^ a bl ma^ bg\ebgZmbhg h_ ma^ la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm mh ma^
ehg`bmn]bgZeZqblh_ma^[^Zf'Ma^mkZglo^kl^liZ\bg`h_maê^`lh_la^Zkebgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]
)'0.]©/))ff '
: fbgbfnf Zk^Z h_ la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] [^ ikhob]^] mh lZmbl_r ma^ _heehpbg`
>qik^llbhg3
BS EN 1992-1-1 :lp(!l[plbga"ª)')1_\d)'.(_rd
9.2.2(5) & NA
pa^k^
l 6 ehg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
[p6 [k^Z]mah_ma^p^[f^f[^k
a 6 Zgè^h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhmaêhg`bmn]bgZeZqblh_ma^f^f[^k'
?hko^kmb\Zeebgdllbga6*')'
96
15.2.7 Torsion reinforcement

Pa^kêbgdlZk^k^jnbk^]_hkmhklbhg%ma^rlahne]\hfierpbmama^Zg\ahkZ`^lahpgbg?b`nk^
*.','Ma^fZqbfnfehg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_ma^mhklbhgebgdlle%fZqlahne][^3
le%fZq©FBGtn(14)'0.]!*$\hma"4a4[v BS EN 1992-1-1
9.2.3
pa^k^
n 6 \bk\nf_^k^g\^h_hnm^k^]`^h_^__^\mbo^\khll&l^\mbhg!l^^?b`nk^2'*"
] 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmah_[^Zf
a 6 a^bàmh_[^Zf
[ 6 [k^Z]mah_[^Zf
Maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zklk^jnbk^]_hkmhklbhglahne][^ZkkZg`^]ln\amaZmma^k^blZme^Zlmhg^[Zk
Zm^Z\a\hkg^kpbmama^hma^kl[^bg`]blmkb[nm^]ngb_hkferZkhng]ma^bgg^ki^kbia^krh_ma^
ebgdlZmZliZ\bg`ghm^q\^^]bg`,.)ff' BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 9.6
hk
a1) a2) a3)

a) Recommended shapes b) Shape not recommended
Note
Ma^l^\hg]Zem^kgZmbo^_hkZ+"lahne]aZo^Z_neeeZie^g`maZehg`ma^mhi
Figure 15.3
Examples of shapes for torsion links
15.2.8 Indirect supports

Pa^k^Z[^Zfbllniihkm^][rZ[^Zf%bglm^Z]h_ZpZeehk\henfg%k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^ BS EN 1992-1-1
ikhob]^] mh k^lblm ma^ fnmnZe k^Z\mbhg'Mabl k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl bg Z]]bmbhg mh maZm k^jnbk^] _hk 9.25
hma^k k^Zlhgl' Ma^ lniihkmbg` k^bg_hk\^f^gm [^mp^^g mph [^Zfl lahne] \hglblm h_ ebgdl
lnkkhng]bg`maîkbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gmh_ma^lniihkmbg`f^f[^k'Lhf^h_ma^lêbgdlfZr[^
]blmkb[nm^]hnmlb]^maôhenf^h_\hg\k^m^\hffhgmhma^mph[^Zfl'L^^?b`nk^*.'-'
Lniihkm^][^Zfpbma
a^bàma+!a*ªa+"
©a+(,
©a+(+ BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 9.7
Figure 15.4
Plan section
showing
supporting ©a*(, Lniihkmbg`[^Zf
reinforcement in pbmaa^bàma*
the intersection ©a*(+
zone of two beams
97
BS EN 1992-1-1
9.3 15.3 One-way and two-way spanning slabs
15.3.1 Main (principal) reinforcement

BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^fbgbfnfZg]fZqbfnflm^êi^k\^gmZ`^lbgma^fZbg]bk^\mbhgbgL^\mbhg*.'+'*Ziier'
9.3.1.1(1)
Ma^ liZ\bg` h_ fZbg k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] ghm ^q\^^] ,a ![nm ghm `k^Zm^k maZg -))ff"%
BS EN 1992-1-1
9.3.1.1(3) & NA
pa^kâblma^mhmZe]îmah_ma^leZ['BgZk^Zlpbma\hg\^gmkZm^]ehZ]lhkZk^Zlh_fZqbfnf
fhf^gmma^lîkhoblbhgl[^\hf^k^li^\mboêr +aZg] ©+.)ff '
15.3.2 Secondary (distribution) reinforcement

L^\hg]Zkr k^bg_hk\^f^gm h_ ghm e^ll maZg +) h_ ma^ ikbg\biZe k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] [^
ikhob]^]bghg^&pZrleZ[l'
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^ liZ\bg` h_ l^\hg]Zkr k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] ghm ^q\^^] ,'.a ![nm ghm `k^Zm^k maZg
9.3.1.1(3) & NA -.)ff"'BgZk^Zlpbma\hg\^gmkZm^]ehZ]l%hkbgZk^Zlh_fZqbfnffhf^gm%ma^lîkhoblbhgl
[^\hf^k^li^\mboêr ,a![nmghm`k^Zm^kmaZg -))ff"'
15.3.3 Reinforcement in slabs near supports

BS EN 1992-1-1 Bg lbfier lniihkm^] leZ[l% aZe_ ma^ \Ze\neZm^] liZg k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] \hgmbgn^ ni mh ma^
9.3.1.2 lniihkmZg][^Zg\ahk^]ma^k^bgbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaL^\mbhg*-'-'+'
Pa^kîZkmbZe_bqbmrh\\nklZehg`Zg^]`^h_ZleZ[[nmblghmmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbgma^ZgZerlbl%
ma^mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^\ZiZ[e^h_k^lblmbg`Zme^Zlm+.h_ma^fZqbfnffhf^gmbg
ma^ Z]cZ\^gm liZg' Mabl k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] ^qm^g] Zm e^Zlm )'+ mbf^l ma^ e^g`ma h_ ma^
Z]cZ\^gmliZgf^Zlnk^]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^lniihkm':mZg^g]lniihkmma^fhf^gmmh[^
k^lblm^]fZr[^k^]n\^]mh*.h_ma^fZqbfnffhf^gmbgma^Z]cZ\^gmliZg'
BS EN 1992-1-1
9.3.2 15.3.4 Shear reinforcement
:leZ[bgpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblikhob]^]lahne]aZo^Z]îmah_Zme^Zlm+))ff'
Pa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblikhob]^]ma^kne^l_hk[^ZflfZr[^_heehp^]'
15.4 Flat slabs

15.4.1 Details at internal columns
:mbgm^kgZe\henfgl%nge^llkb`hkhnll^kob\^Z[bebmr\Ze\neZmbhglZk^\Zkkb^]hnm%mhik^bg_hk\^f^gm
pbmaZgZk^Zh_)'.:mlahne][îeZ\^]ho^kma^\henfgbgZpb]ma^jnZemhma^lnfh_)'*+.
mbf^l ma^ iZgê pb]ma hg ^bma^k lb]^ h_ ma^ \henfg' :m kîk^l^gml ma^ Zk^Z h_ k^bg_hk\^f^gm
k^jnbk^]mhk^lblm_neeg^`Zmbo^fhf^gm_khfma^lnfh_ma^mphaZe_iZgêlhg^Z\alb]^h_ma^
\henfg' ;hmmhf [Zkl !ª + [Zkl" bg ^Z\a hkmah`hgZe ]bk^\mbhg lahne] [^ ikhob]^] Zm bgm^kgZe
\henfglZg]mablk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]iZllmakhnàma^\henfg'
15.4.2 Details at edge and corner columns

K^bg_hk\^f^gmi^ki^g]b\neZkmhZ_k^^^]`^k^jnbk^]mhmkZglfbm[^g]bg`fhf^gml_khfma^leZ[mh
Zg^]`^hk\hkg^k\henfglahne][îeZ\^]pbmabgma^^__^\mbo^pb]ma[^lahpgbg?b`nk^*.'.'
98
\q LeZ[^]`^ \q
BS EN 1992-1-1
9.4.1(2) & (3)
LeZ[^]`^
\r
\r
r
[^6\q$r BS EN 1992-1-1
[^6s$r(+
LeZ[^]`^ 9.4.2(1)
r\Zg[^7\r s\Zg[^7\qZg]r\Zg[^7\r
a) Edge column b) Corner column
Note
rblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^^]`^h_ma^leZ[mhma^bgg^kfhlm_Z\^h_ma^\henfg
Figure 15.5
Effective width, [e, of a flat slab
15.4.3 Punching shear reinforcement

Pa^kîng\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]%bmlahne][îeZ\^][^mp^^gmaêhZ]^]Zk^Z (\henfg
Zg] *'.]bglb]^ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZmpab\ak^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^kk^jnbk^]'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^ liZ\bg` h_ ebgd e^`l Zkhng] Z i^kbf^m^k lahne] ghm ^q\^^] *'.] pbmabg ma^ _bklm \hgmkhe fig. 9.9
i^kbf^m^k!+]_khfmaêhZ]^]Zk^Z"Zg]lahne]ghm^q\^^]+]_hki^kbf^m^klhnmlb]^ma^_bklm
\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^*.'/"'
Hnm^k\hgmkhe
Hnm^ki^kbf^m^kh_la^Zk
i^kbf^m^k
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
nhnm
BS EN 1992-1-1
©)'0.]
9.4.3
: :
*'.]
)'.] ©*'.]Z
lk
lm
Notes Key
1?hkl^\mbhg:¾: a©+')]b_7+]
k^_^kmh?b`nk^*.'0 _khf\henfg
2GZmbhgZeoZen^laZo^[^^gnl^]
Figure 15.6
Layout of flat slab shear reinforcement
99
Hnm^k\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k
ghmk^jnbkbg`
Hnm^k\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%nhnm
k^jnbkbg`la^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
©*'.]
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 9.10
7)',]
©)'.]
lk©)'0.]
Figure 15.7
Section A – A from Figure 15.6: spacing of punching shear reinforcing links
Ma^bgm^gmbhgblmhikhob]^Zgô^g]blmkb[nmbhg(]^glbmrh_ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
pbmabgma^shg^pa^k^bmblk^jnbk^]!l^^L^\mbhg1'1"'
Ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZmpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghmk^jnbk^]%Nhnm%lahne][^\Ze\neZm^]
BS EN 1992-1-1
6.4.5(4) & NA _khfma^_heehpbg`>qik^llbhg3
Nhnm6bO>] (!OK]%\]"
Ma^hnm^kfhlmi^kbf^m^kh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][îeZ\^]ghm`k^Zm^kmaZg*'.]pbmabgNhnm'
Pa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]%ma^Zk^Zh_Zebgde^`%:lp%fbgbl`bo^g[rma^_heehpbg`
BS EN 1992-1-1 >qik^llbhg3
9.4.3(2) :lp%fbg!*'.lbga$\hla"(!lklm"ª)')1_\d)'.(_rd
pa^k^
lkZg]lm 6 liZ\bg`h_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbgkZ]bZeZg]mZg`^gmbZe]bk^\mbhglk^li^\mboêr
!l^^?b`nk^*.'/"
15.5 Columns
15.5.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ehg`bmn]bgZe[Zkllahne]aZo^Z]bZf^m^kh_ghme^llmaZg *+ff'
9.5.2 & NA
Ma^mhmZeZfhngmh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm[ê^llmaZg:l%fbg3
:l%fbgªF:Qt)'*G>] (_r]4)'))+:\v
pa^k^
G>]6 ]^lb`gZqbZe\hfik^llbhg_hk\^
_r] 6 ]^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
:\ 6 \khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^
Ma^ Zk^Z h_ ehg`bmn]bgZe k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] ghm ^q\^^] )')-:\hnmlb]^ eZi eh\Zmbhgl'Mabl
ebfbmlahne][^bg\k^Zl^]mh)')1:\ZmeZil'
15.5.2 Transverse reinforcement (links)

BS EN 1992-1-1
9.5.3(1) & NA
Ma^]bZf^m^kh_ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm!ebgdl%ehhilhkaêb\ZelibkZek^bg_hk\^f^gm"lahne]ghm
[ê^llmaZg/ffhkhg^jnZkm^kh_ma^]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl%pab\aô^kbl`k^Zm^k'
100
Ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZehg`ma^\henfglahne]ghm^q\^^]3
Q +)mbf^lma^]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zk%hk
BS EN 1992-1-1
Q maê^ll^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg%hk
9.5.3(3) & (4)
Q -))ff'
Ma^fZqbfnfliZ\bg`k^jnbk^]Z[ho^lahne][^k^]n\^][rZ_Z\mhkh_)'/3
Q Bgl^\mbhglpbmabgZ]blmZg\^^jnZemhmaêZk`^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg\khll&l^\mbhg
Z[ho^Zg][êhpZ[^ZfhkleZ['
Q G^ZkeZii^]chbgml%b_ma^fZqbfnf]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zklbl`k^Zm^kmaZg*-ff'
:fbgbfnfh_,[Zklô^gerieZ\^]bgmaêZie^g`mablk^jnbk^]'
Pa^k^ma^]bk^\mbhgh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl\aZg`^l%ma^liZ\bg`h_mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
BS EN 1992-1-1
lahne][^\Ze\neZm^]mZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmma^mkZglo^kl^_hk\^lbgoheo^]'Ma^l^^__^\mlfZr[^
9.5.3(5)
b`ghk^]b_ma^\aZg`^h_]bk^\mbhgble^llmaZghk^jnZemh*bg*+'
Pa^k^ma^]^lb`gh_Zl^\mbhgaZlbg\en]^]ma^\hgmkb[nmbhgh_Zgrehg`bmn]bgZe\hfik^llbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gm bg ma^ k^lblmZg\^ \Ze\neZmbhg% ln\a ehg`bmn]bgZe \hfik^llbhg k^bg_hk\^f^gm PD 6687-2
10.2
lahne] [^ ^__^\mboêr k^lmkZbg^] [r mkZglo^kl^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm' >__^\mbo^ k^lmkZbgm fZr [^
Z\abô^][rlZmbl_rbg`Zeeh_ma^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhgl3
Q Ebgdllahne][^lhZkkZg`^]maZmô^kr\hkg^kZg]Zem^kgZm^[Zkhk`khnibgZghnm^k
eZr^kh_\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblaê]bgieZ\^[rZebgdZg\ahk^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^
pbma?b`nk^*-'+Z"hk["'
Q :eehma^k\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^pbmabg*.)ffh_Z[Zkaê]bgieZ\^[r
Zebgd'
Q Ma^fbgbfnflbs^h_ma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]ebgdl%pa^k^g^\^llZkr%lahne][^ghm
e^llmaZg/ffhkhg^jnZkm^kh_ma^]bZf^m^kh_maêhg`bmn]bgZe[Zkl%pab\aô^kbl`k^Zm^k'
?hk \bk\neZk \henfgl% pa^k^ ma^ ehg`bmn]bgZe k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl eh\Zm^] khng] ma^ i^kbia^kr
Z]^jnZmêZm^kZelniihkmblikhob]^][rZ\bk\neZkmbîZllbg`khng]ma^[Zklhk`khnil'
15.6 Walls
15.6.1 Vertical reinforcement
Ma^ Zk^Z h_ o^kmb\Ze k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] eb^ [^mp^^g )'))+:\ Zg] )')-:\ hnmlb]^ eZil BS EN 1992-1-1
eh\Zmbhgl'MablebfbmfZr[^]hn[e^]ZmeZil' 9.6.2 & NA
Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gmphZ]cZ\^gm[Zkllahne]ghm^q\^^],mbf^lma^pZeemab\dg^llhk-))ff%
pab\aô^kblmaê^ll^k'
15.6.2 Horizontal reinforcement

AhkbshgmZek^bg_hk\^f^gmknggbgìZkZeeêmhma^_Z\^lh_ma^pZeelahne][îkhob]^]Zm^Z\a BS EN 1992-1-1
lnk_Z\^' Bm lahne] ghm [^ e^ll maZg ^bma^k +. h_ ma^ o^kmb\Ze k^bg_hk\^f^gm hk )'))*:\% 9.6.3 & NA
pab\aô^kbl`k^Zm^k'
Ma^liZ\bg`[^mp^^gmphZ]cZ\^gmahkbshgmZe[Zkllahne]ghm[^`k^Zm^kmaZg-))ff'
15.6.3 Transverse reinforcement

BgZgriZkmh_ZpZeepa^k^ma^mhmZeZk^Zh_maô^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^mph_Z\^l^q\^^]l BS EN 1992-1-1
)')+:\%mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^_hkfh_ebgdllahne][îkhob]^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^kne^l 9.6.4
_hk\henfgl'
101
Pa^k^ ma^ fZbg k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl ieZ\^] g^Zk^lm mh ma^ pZee _Z\^l% mkZglo^kl^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm
lahne] Zelh [^ ikhob]^] bg ma^ _hkf h_ ebgdl pbma Zm e^Zlm - i^k f+ h_ pZee Zk^Z'MkZglo^kl^
k^bg_hk\^f^gmg^^]ghm[îkhob]^]pa^k^pê]^]f^laZg][Zklh_]bZf^m^kf ©*/ffZk^
nl^]pbma\hg\k^m^\ho^keZk`^kmaZg+f'
15.7 Pile caps

BS EN 1992-2 Ma^]blmZg\^_khfma^hnm^k^]`^h_maîbe^mhma^^]`^h_maîbe^\Zilahne][^ln\amaZmma^
9.8.1 (103) & NA mb^_hk\^l\Zg[îkhi^kerZg\ahk^]'Ma^^qi^\m^]]ôbZmbhgh_maîbe^hglbm^lahne][^mZd^g
bgmhZ\\hngm'
K^bg_hk\^f^gm bg Z ibe^ \Zi lahne] [^ \Ze\neZm^] ^bma^k [r nlbg` lmknm&Zg]&mb^ hk _e^qnkZe
f^mah]lZlZiikhikbZm^'Ma^fZbgm^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gmmhk^lblmma^Z\mbhg^__^\mllahne][^
\hg\^gmkZm^] bg lmk^ll shg^l [^mp^^g ma^ mhil h_ ma^ ibe^l'Ma^ fbgbfnf ]bZf^m^k h_ [Zkl
lahne][^ *+ff'
PD 6687-2 Pa^k^ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^^]`^h_Zibe^Zg]Zib^kble^llmaZg+]%lhf^h_ma^la^Zk
10.4 _hk\^bgmaîbe^\Zipbee[^mkZglfbmm^]]bk^\mer[^mp^^gmaîb^kZg]maîbeôbZZlmknmmbg`
Z\mbhg'Ma^[Zlb\ing\abgì^kbf^m^k\Zgghm[^\hglmkn\m^]pbmahnm^g\hfiZllbg`ZiZkmh_
ma^lniihkmZllahpg_hkma^+]i^kbf^m^kbg?b`nk^*.'1'Bgln\a\Zl^l%bmblk^\hff^g]^]
maZmma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblikhob]^]pbmaZ_neeZg\ahkZ`^[^rhg]maêbg^h_maîbe^
\^gmk^l Zg] maZm ma^ la^Zk ]^lb`g mZd^l bgmh \hglb]^kZmbhg h_ ma^ _heehpbg` bg Z]]bmbhg mh
hma^ko^kb_b\Zmbhglk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+&+3+)).'
Q ?e^qnkZela^ZkhgieZgîZllbg`Z\khllma^_neepb]mah_maîbe^\Zi'?e^qnkZela^Zk
lahne][^\a^\d^]hgieZg^liZllbg`Z\khllma^_neepb]mah_maîbe^\Zi%ln\aZlma^
_e^qnkZela^ZkieZg^bg?b`nk^*.'1'La^Zk^gaZg\^f^gmlahne][^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm[rZg
bg\k^Zl^mhma^\hg\k^m^k^lblmZg\^Zg]ghm[rZk^]n\mbhgbgma^la^Zk_hk\^'Pa^k^ma^
liZ\bg`h_maîbe^\^gmk^lble^llmaZghk^jnZemh,ibe^]bZf^m^kl%ma^lahkmla^ZkliZg
^gaZg\^f^gmfZr[^Ziieb^]ho^kma^pahe^l^\mbhg'Pa^k^ma^liZ\bg`bl`k^Zm^kmaZg
mabl%ma^^gaZg\^f^gmfZrhger[^Ziieb^]hglmkbilh_pb]ma,ibe^]bZf^m^kl\^gmk^]hg
^Z\aibe^'Ma^la^ZkliZgavlahne][^mZd^gZlma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^
\henfghkpZeeZg]ma^g^Zk^k^]`^h_maîbe^lienl+)h_maîbe^]bZf^m^k'
Q FZqbfnfi^kfbllb[e^la^Zklmk^ll_hking\abg`'Ma^fZqbfnfi^kfbllb[e^la^Zk
lmk^llZmma^_Z\^h_maîbe^lZg]ib^kllahne][^\a^\d^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaL^\mbhg1'/'
Ma^la^Zki^kbf^m^k_hk\hkg^kibe^llahne][^maîbeî^kbf^m^k%hkZi^kbf^m^kiZllbg`
iZkmbZeerZkhng]maîbe^Zg]^qm^g]bg`hnmmhma^_k^^^]`^lh_maîbe^\Zi%pab\aô^kble^ll'
Q Ing\abg`k^lblmZg\^h_\hkg^kibe^l'<hkg^kibe^llahne][^\a^\d^]_hking\abg`
k^lblmZg\^ZmZ+]i^kbf^m^k!pbmahnmlniihkm^gaZg\^f^gm"b`ghkbg`maîk^l^g\^h_
maîb^khklniihkmZg]Zgro^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmpbmabgbm'
?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^bl`bo^gbgA^g]rLfbmaT+)V'
?e^qnkZela^ZkieZg^ +]i^kbf^m^k
Z\khll\Zi
PD 6687-2
fig. 6
Figure 15.8
Corner piles
within 2]
of a column base
102
15.8 Bored piles

;hk^]ibe^llahne]aZo^ma^fbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gmlahpgbgMZ[e^*.'+':fbgbfnfh_
BS EN 1992-1-1
lbqehg`bmn]bgZe[Zklpbma]bZf^m^kh_Zme^Zlm*/fflahne][îkhob]^]pbmaZfZqbfnf
9.85
liZ\bg` h_ +)) ff Zkhng] ma^ i^kbia^kr h_ ma^ ibe^'Ma^ ]^mZbebg` lahne] \hfier pbma
;L>G*.,/T+,V'
Table 15.2
Recommended minimum longitudinal reinforcement in cast-in-place bored piles
Area of cross-section of the pile (:c) :c ≤ 0.5 m2 0.5 m2 ≤ 1.0 m2 :c > 1.0 m2
BS EN 1992-1-1
Minimum area of longitudinal ª)')).:\ ª+.\f+ ª)'))+.:\ table 9.6.N
reinforcement (:s,bpmin)
15.9 Requirements for voided slabs

I=//10&+`bo^lma^_heehpbg``nb]Zg\^_hkma^]^lb`gh_ohb]^]leZ[[kb]`^]^\dl\Zlm
bglbmn'
15.9.1 Transverse shear

Ma^^__^\mlh_\êe]blmhkmbhg]n^mhmkZglo^kl^la^Zklahne][^\hglb]^k^]'BgiZkmb\neZk3
Q Ma^bg\k^Zl^]lmk^ll^lbgma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]la^Zkebgdl]n^mh\êe PD 6687-2
]blmhkmbhgk^lnembg`_khfmkZglo^kl^la^Zklahne][^\Ze\neZm^][rZgZiikhikbZm^ZgZerlbl 10.5.2
!^'`'ZgZgZerlbl[Zl^]hgma^ZllnfimbhgmaZmma^mkZglo^kl^Z\mbhgZ\mlbgZfZgg^k
lbfbeZkmhZOb^k^g]^ê_kZf^"'
Q Ma^k^lblmZg\^h_ma^_eZg`^lZg]p^[lmhmaêh\Zefhf^gmlikh]n\^][rma^mkZglo^kl^
la^Zk^__^\mllahne][ô^kb_b^]'
Ma^mhiZg][hmmhf_eZg`^llahne][^]^lb`g^]Zllheb]leZ[l%^Z\amh\ZkkrZiZkmh_ma^
èh[ZemkZglo^kl^la^Zk_hk\îkhihkmbhgZemhma^_eZg`^mab\dg^ll'
15.9.2 Longitudinal shear

Maêhg`bmn]bgZekb[l[^mp^^gmaôhb]llahne][^]^lb`g^]Zl[^Zflmhk^lblmma^la^Zk PD 6687-2
_hk\^lbgmaêhg`bmn]bgZe]bk^\mbhg%bg\en]bg`Zgrla^Zk]n^mhmhklbhgZe^__^\ml' 10.5.3
15.9.3 Punching
Ing\abg` h_ pa^ê ehZ]l makhnà ma^ mhi _eZg`^ h_ ]^\dl pbma \bk\neZk ohb]l pbee `^g^kZeer PD 6687-2
g^^]mh[^\hglb]^k^]_hkngnlnZeermabg_eZg`^l%mrib\Zeermahl^pbmaohb]]bZf^m^kmhleZ[ 10.5.4
]îmakZmbhlh_`k^Zm^kmaZg)'0.'
15.9.4 Transverse reinforcement

Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_Z]^mZbe^]ZgZerlbl%ma^fbgbfnfmkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]lahne] PD 6687-2
[^Zl_heehpl3 10.5.5
Q Bgmaîk^]hfbgZgmerm^glbe^_eZg`^^bma^k*.))ff+(fhk*h_ma^fbgbfnf_eZg`^
l^\mbhg%pab\aô^kblmaê^ll^k'
Q Bgmaîk^]hfbgZgmer\hfik^llbo^_eZg`^^bma^k*)))ff+(fhk)'0h_ma^fbgbfnf
_eZg`^l^\mbhg%pab\aô^kblmaê^ll^k'
103
Ma^ liZ\bg` h_ ma^ mkZglo^kl^ k^bg_hk\^f^gm lahne] ghm ^q\^^] mpb\^ ma^ fbgbfnf
_eZg`^mab\dg^ll'
Bgld^pohb]^]leZ[l%bmblik^_^kZ[e^_hkma^mkZglo^kl^lm^êmh[îeZ\^]i^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^
ohb]lZg]maêhg`bmn]bgZelm^êmh[îeZ\^]iZkZeeêmhmaôhb]l'
15.10 Prestressing
15.10.1 Arrangement of pre-tensioned tendons
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^fbgbfnf\e^ZkahkbshgmZeZg]o^kmb\ZeliZ\bg`h_bg]bob]nZeik^&m^glbhg^]m^g]hgllahne]
8.10.1.2(1) [^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmamaZmlahpgbg?b`nk^*.'2'
f
ª]`
ª+f
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.14
Note
ª]`$. Pa^k^fblma^]bZf^m^kh_
ª+f ik^&m^glbhg^]m^g]hgZg]]`blma^
fZqbfnflbs^h_Z``k^`Zm^
ª+)ff
Figure 15.9
Minimum clear spacing between pre-tensioned tendons
15.10.2 Arrangement of post-tensioned ducts

BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^ fbgbfnf \e^Zk liZ\bg` h_ [^mp^^g ]n\ml lahne] [^ bg Z\\hk]Zg\^ pbma maZm lahpg bg
8.10.1.3 (3) ?b`nk^*.'*)'
Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_maîkhoblbhgh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm[^mp^^g]n\mlmhikô^gmliebmmbg`h_ma^
PD 6687-2 \hg\k^m^%]^lb`g^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^lmknmZg]mb^kne^l!l^^L^\mbhg*)"%ma^fbgbfnf
9.2 \^gmk^mh\^gmk^]n\mliZ\bg`llahne][^Zl`bo^gbgMZ[e^*.','Ma^l^liZ\bg`lZk^`bo^gbg
;L.-))&-3*22)T+-V'
ª]`$.
ªf
ª.)ff
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 8.15 ªf
ª-)ff ª]`
Note
ªf
Pa^k^fblma^]bZf^m^kh_
ª-)ff ihlm&m^glbhg^]]n\mZg]]`blma^
fZqbfnflbs^h_Z``k^`Zm^
Figure 15.10
Minimum clear spacing between post-tensioned ducts
104
PD 6687-2
table 3
Table 15.3
Minimum spacing of post-tensioning ducts (mm)
Radius of Duct internal diameter (mm)

curvature of
duct (m) 19 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Tendon force (kN)
296 387 960 1337 1920 2640 3360 4320 5183 6019 7200 8640 9424 10336 11248 13200
2 **) *-) ,.) -1. 0)) 2/)
4 .. 0) *0. +-. ,.) -1) /*) 01. 2-) KZ]bbghm
ghkfZeernl^]
6 ,1 /) *+) */. +,. ,+) -*) .+. /,) 0,) 10) *)-.
8 2) *+. *0. +-) ,). ,2. -0) .-. /.. 01. 1.. 2-)
10 1) *)) *-) *2. +-. ,*. ,0. --) .+. /,) /1. 0.) 1*.
12 */) +). +/. ,*. ,/. -,. .+. .0) /+. /1) 1))
14 *-) *0. ++. +0) ,*. ,0. -.) -2) .,. .1. 01.
16 */) *2. +,. +0. ,,) ,2. -,) -0) .*) /))
18 *1) +*) +-. +2) ,.) ,1) -+) -.. .,.
20 +)) ++) +/. ,*. ,-. ,0. -*) -1)
22 +-) +1. ,*) ,-) ,0) -,.
24 +/. +1. ,*. ,-) -))
26 +/) +1) ,)) ,+) ,0)
28 ,-.
30 ,-)
40 ,1 /) 1) *)) *+) *-) */) *1) +)) ++) +-) +/) +1) ,)) ,+) ,-)
Notes
1Ma^m^g]hg_hk\^lahpgblma^fZqbfnfghkfZeerZoZbeZ[e^_hkma^`bo^glbs^h_]n\m!mZd^gZl1)h_ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmk^g`mah_ma^m^g]hg"'
2OZen^le^llmaZg+]n\mbgm^kgZe]bZf^m^kZk^ghmbg\en]^]'
15.11 Connections
15.11.1 Connections transmitting compression
<hgg^\mbhgl pbmahnm [^]]bg` fZm^kbZe !]kr \hgg^\mbhgl" lahne] hger [^ nl^] pa^k^ Zg BS EN 1992-1-1
ZiikhikbZm^ jnZebmr h_ phkdfZglabi \Zg [^ Z\abô^]'Ma^ Zo^kZ`^ [^Zkbg` lmk^ll lahne] ghm 10.9.4.3(3)
^q\^^])',_\]pa^k^
_\]6 )'1._\d (*'.
Bgma^Z[l^g\^h_hma^kli^\b_b\Zmbhglma^_heehpbgòZen^\Zg[^nl^]_hkma^[^Zkbg`lmk^g`ma
h_hma^k\hgg^\mbhgl
_K]6_[^]©)'1._\]
pa^k^
_\] 6 ehp^kh_ma^]^lb`glmk^g`mal_hklniihkm^]Zg]lniihkmbg`f^f[^k BS EN 1992-1-1
10.9.5.2(2)
6 )'1._\d (*'.
_[^]6 ]^lb`glmk^g`mah_ma^[^]]bg`fZm^kbZe
105
15.12 Bearings
BS EN 1992-1-1 ;^Zkbg`llaZee[^]^lb`g^]Zg]]^mZbe^]mh^glnk^\hkk^\mihlbmbhgbg`mZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmma^
ikh]n\mbhgZg]Zll^f[ebg`]ôbZmbhgl'
10.9.5.1(4)
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^ghfbgZee^g`ma%Z%h_Zlbfie^[^Zkbg`Zllahpgbg?b`nk^*.'**fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]Zl3
10.9.5.2(1)
a = a1 + a2 + a3 + Da22 + Da32

pa^k^
Z* 6 g^m[^Zkbgè^g`mapbmak^`Zk]mh[^Zkbg`lmk^llZ*6?>] (![* _K]"[nmghme^llmaZg
fbgbfnfoZen^lbgMZ[e^*.'-
?>] 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_lniihkmk^Z\mbhg
[* 6 g^m[^Zkbg`pb]ma!l^^[êhp"
_K] 6 ]^lb`goZen^h_[^Zkbg`lmk^g`ma!l^^L^\mbhg*.'**'*"
Z+ 6 ]blmZg\^Zllnf^]bg^__^\mbo^[^rhg]hnm^k^g]h_lniihkmbg`f^f[^k%l^^?b`nk^
*.'**Zg]MZ[e^*.'.
Z, 6 lbfbeZk]blmZg\^_hklniihkm^]f^f[^k%l^^?b`nk^*.'**Zg]MZ[e^*.'/
DZ+ 6 ZeehpZg\^_hk]ôbZmbhgl_hkma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^glniihkmbg`f^f[^kl%l^^MZ[e^
*.'0
DZ, 6 ZeehpZg\^_hk]ôbZmbhgl_hkmaê^g`mah_lniihkmbg`f^f[^k
6 eg (+.))
eg 6 e^g`mah_f^f[^k
BS EN 1992-1-1 Ma^^__^\mbo^[^Zkbgè^g`maZ*bl\hgmkhee^][rZ]blmZg\^%]%!l^^?b`nk^*.'*+"_khfma^^]`^h_
10.9.4.7(1) ma^k^li^\mbo^ê^f^gml
pa^k^
]b 6 \b$DZbpbmaahkbshgmZeehhilhkhma^kpbl^^g]&Zg\ahk^][Zkl
]b 6 \b$DZb$kbpbmao^kmb\Zeer[^gm[Zkl
pa^k^
\b 6 \hg\k^m^\ho^k
DZb 6 ]ôbZmbhg
kb 6 [^g]kZ]bnl
B_f^Zlnk^lZk^mZd^gmhh[mZbgZngb_hkf]blmkb[nmbhgh_ma^[^Zkbgìk^llnk^%^'`'pbmafhkmZk%
BS EN 1992-1-1 g^hik^g^hklbfbeZkiZ]l%ma^]^lb`g[^Zkbg`pb]ma[*fZr[^mZd^gZlma^Z\mnZepb]mah_ma^
10.9.5.2(3)
[^Zkbg`'Hma^kpbl^%Zg]bgma^Z[l^g\^h_Zfhk^Z\\nkZm^ZgZerlbl%[*lahne]ghm[^`k^Zm^k
maZgmh/))ff'
[*
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig. 10.6
Z*
Z*
Z, $ DZ, Z+ $ DZ+
Z
a) Elevation b) Plan
Figure 15.11
Example of bearing with definitions
106
]b 7Z*$DZ, \b
kb
BS EN 1992-1-1
fig.10.5
kb
Figure 15.12
Example of
detailing
\b 7Z*$DZ+ ]b
of reinforcement
in support
Relative bearing stress, sEd / _cd ©0.15 0.15 – 0.4 >0.4

Line supports (floors, roofs) +. ,) -)
BS EN 1992-1-1
Table 15.4 Ribbed floors and purlins .. 0) 1) table 10.2
Minimum value of
Z1 (mm) Concentrated supports (beams) 2) **) *-)
Table 15.5
Distance Z2 (mm) assumed ineffective from outer end of supporting member
Support material and type Relative bearing stress, sEd / _cd

©0.15 0.15 – 0.4 >0.4
Steel ebg^ ) ) *)
\hg\^gmkZm^] . *) *.
Reinforced concrete ª C30 ebg^ ) *) *.
\hg\^gmkZm^] *) *. +.
BS EN 1992-1-1
Plain concrete and reinforced concrete < C30 ebg^ *) *. +. table 10.3
\hg\^gmkZm^] *. +. ,.
Brickwork ebg^ *) *. a
\hg\^gmkZm^] +) +. a
Key
a<hg\k^mîZ]lmhg^lahne][^nl^]bgma^l^\Zl^l
Table 15.6
Distance Z3 (mm) assumed ineffective beyond outer end of supported member
Detailing of reinforcement Support

Line Concentrated
Continuous bars over support (restrained or not) ) )
Straight bars, horizontal, close to end of member . *.%[nmghme^llmaZg^g]\ho^k BS EN 1992-1-1
table 10.4
Tendons or straight bars exposed at end of . *.
member
Vertical loop reinforcement *. >g]\ho^k$bgg^kkZ]bnlh_[^g]bg`
107
Table 15.7
Allowance DZ2 for tolerances for the clear distance between the faces of the supports
Support material DZ2

Steel or precast concrete *)©e(*+))©,)ff

BS EN 1992-1-1
table 10.5 Brickwork or cast in-situ concrete *.©e(*+))$.©-)ff
Note
e6liZge^g`ma
108
=^lb`g_hkma^^q^\nmbhglmZ`^l
16 Design for the execution stages

?hk[kb]`^l[nbembglmZ`^l%Z\\hngmh_ma^\hglmkn\mbhgikh\^]nk^lahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zm BS EN 1992-2
l^kob\^Z[bebmrZg]nembfZmêbfbmlmZm^l' 113
L^kob\^Z[bebmr\kbm^kbZ_hkma^\hfie^m^]lmkn\mnk^g^^]ghm[^Ziieb^]mhbgm^kf^]bZm^^q^\nmbhg
lmZ`^l%ikhob]^]maZm]nkZ[bebmrZg]_bgZeZii^ZkZg\^h_ma^\hfie^m^]lmkn\mnk^Zk^ghmZ__^\m^]
!^'`' ]^_hkfZmbhgl"' >o^g _hk [kb]`^l hk ê^f^gml h_ [kb]`^l bg pab\a ma^ ebfbm&lmZm^ h_
]^\hfik^llbhgbl\a^\d^]ng]^kma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmhk_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhglhg BS EN 1992-2
ma^ \hfie^m^] lmkn\mnk^% m^glbe^ lmk^ll^l e^ll maZg *') _\mf!m" ng]^k ma^ jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm 113.3.2
\hf[bgZmbhgh_Z\mbhgl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhgZkî^kfbmm^]'?hk[kb]`^lhkê^f^gmlh_[kb]`^lbg
pab\a ma^ ebfbm&lmZm^ h_ \kZ\dbg` bl \a^\d^] ng]^k _k^jn^gm \hf[bgZmbhg hg ma^ \hfie^m^]
lmkn\mnk^%maêbfbmlmZm^h_\kZ\dbg`lahne][ô^kb_b^]ng]^kma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhg
h_Z\mbhgl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg'
109
17 Design aids
Ma^_heehpbg`m^qm%mZ[e^lZg]_b`nk^laZo^[^^g]^kbo^]_khf>nkh\h]^+Zg]Zkîkhob]^]Zl
ZgZb]mh]^lb`g^klbgma^ND'
17.1 Design for bending

Q =^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kD©DÃhkghm!b'^'pa^ma^kng]^k&k^bg_hk\^]hkghm"'
pa^k^
D 6 F>] (![]+_\d"
pa^k^
]6 ^__^\mbo^]îma6a¾\ho^k¾febgd¾f(+
Section 4
[6 pb]mah_l^\mbhg
? hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhglD fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfMZ[e^*0'*hk%_hkleZ[lhger%MZ[e^*0'+
fZr[^nl^]'D bl]î^g]^gmhgma^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`maZg]ma^k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbhnl^]'
?hkghg&k^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgq(]ebfbml`bo^gbgMZ[e^*0'*fZr[^nl^]'
Q B_D©D %l^\mbhgblunder-reinforced.
?hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl3
:l*6F>] (_r] s
pa^k^
:l* 6 Zk^Zh_m^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
F>]6 ]^lb`gfhf^gm
_r] 6 _rd (gL6.))(*'*.6-,-'1FIZ
s 6 ] T)'.$)'.!*¾,'.,D(n")'.V©)'2.]
n 6 _Z\mhk]^_bgbg`^__^\mbo^lmk^g`ma
6 *')¾! _\d¾.)"(+))!l^^MZ[e^/'*"
?hk_eZg`^][^Zflpa^k^q5*'+.a_%
:l*6 F>] (_r] s
q 6 ]îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl
a_ 6 mab\dg^llh__eZg`^

? hk _eZg`^] [^Zfl pa^k^ q ª *'+.a_% k^_^k mh Ahp mh ]^lb`g \hg\k^m^ lmkn\mnk^l nlbg`
>nkh\h]^+3;^Zfl T+.V
Q B_D7D %l^\mbhgblover-reinforcedZg]k^jnbk^l\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
:l+6!F>]¾F >]"(_l\!]¾]+"
pa^k^
:l+ 6 \hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
F >] 6 D []+_\d
_l\ 6 0))!qn¾]+"(qn©_r]
pa^k^
]+ 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
qn 6 !d¾l(s"]
d 6 k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh
Pa^g_rd6.))FIZ%_l\6_r]nge^ll]+ (qnª)',02'
MhmZeZk^Zh_m^glbhglm^ê:l*6F >] (!_r]s"$:l+_l\ (_r]
110
=^lb`gZb]l
Table 17.1
Limiting values of D' and qu/]
Percentage d _ck 50 55 60 70
redistribution (Redistribution
ratio) n 1.000 0.975 0.950 0.900
l 0.800 0.788 0.775 0.750
ecu2 0.0035 0.0031 0.0029 0.0027
d1 or d3 0.44 0.54 0.54 0.54
d2 = d4 1.251 1.310 1.357 1.409
0 1.00 D )'*/0 )'*,+ )'*+, )'**)
qn (] )'--1 )',.* )',,2 )',+/
5 0.95 D )'*.. )'**2 )'*** )')22
qn (] )'-)1 )',*, )',)+ )'+2*
10 0.90 D )'*-+ )'*)0 )')22 )')11
qn (] )',/1 )'+0. )'+/. )'+./
15 0.85 D )'*+2 )')2, )')10 )')00
qn (] )',+1 )'+,0 )'++1 )'++)
Table 17.2
Limiting values of D' and qu/] for slabs
Percentage d _ck 50 55 60 70
redistribution (Redistribution
ratio) n 1.000 0.975 0.950 0.900
l 0.800 0.788 0.775 0.750
ecu2 0.0035 0.0031 0.0029 0.0027
d1 or d3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
d2 = d4 1.000 1.048 1.086 1.127
0 1.00 D )'+)0 )'*2, )'*1* )'*/,
qn (] )'/)) )'.0, )'.., )'.,+
5 0.95 D )'*2- )'*1* )'*0) )'*.+
qn (] )'..) )'.+. )'.)0 )'-11
10 0.90 D )'*1* )'*/2 )'*.1 )'*-*
qn (] )'.)) )'-00 )'-/* )'---
15 0.85 D )'*/0 )'*.. )'*-. )'*,)
qn (] )'-.) )'-+2 )'-*. )',22
20 0.80 D )'*.+ )'*-* )'*,+ )'**1
qn (] )'-)) )',1+ )',/1 )',..
25 0.75 D )'*,/ )'*+/ )'**1 )'*).
qn (] )',.) )',,- )',++ )',**
30 0.70 D )'*+) )'*** )'*), )')2+
qn (] )',)) )'+1/ )'+0/ )'+//
111
Section 7.2 17.2 Design for beam shear
17.2.1 Requirement for shear reinforcement
B_o>]7oK]%\ma^gla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
pa^k^
o>] 6 O>] ([p]%_hkl^\mbhglpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!b'^'leZ[l"
oK]%\ 6 la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%_khfMZ[e^*0',
Table 17.3
Shear resistance without shear reinforcement, oRd,c (MPa)
rl = :sl/[w] Effective depth ] (mm)

© 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
)'+. )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
)'.) )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-.
)'0. )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.*
*')) )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0
*'+. )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
*'.) )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
*'0. )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
ª+')) )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
Notes
1 MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf;L>G*22+&*&*Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q'
2 MZ[e^\k^Zm^]_hk_ \d6,)FIZZllnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl'
3 ?hkreª)'-Zg] _\d 6 +.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_)'2- _\d 6 -)FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*) _\d ª .)FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*2
_\d 6 ,.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'). _\d 6 -.FIZ%Ziier_Z\mhkh_*'*-
Section 7.3.2 17.2.2 Section capacity check

B_o>]%s7oK]%fZqma^gl^\mbhglbs^blbgZ]^jnZm^
pa^k^
o>]%s 6 O>] ([ps6O>] ([p)'2]%_hkl^\mbhglpbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
oK]%fZq 6 \ZiZ\bmrh_\hg\k^m^lmknml^qik^ll^]ZlZlmk^llbgmaô^kmb\ZeieZg^
6 OK]%fZq ([ps
6 OK]%fZq ([p)'2]
oK]%fZq\Zg[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfMZ[e^*0'-%bgbmbZeer\a^\dbg`Zm\hmy6+'.'Lahne]bm[^
k^jnbk^]%Z`k^Zm^kk^lblmZg\^fZr[^Zllnf^][rnlbg`ZeZk`^klmknmZgè^%y'
17.2.3 Shear reinforcement design

Section 7.3.3 :lp(lªo>]%s [p(_rp]\hmy
pa^k^
:lp 6 Zk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!o^kmb\ZeebgdlZllnf^]"
l 6 liZ\bg`h_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
o>]%s 6 O>] ([ps%Zl[^_hk^
[p 6 [k^Z]mah_ma^p^[
_rp] 6 _rpd (gL6]^lb`grbê]lmk^g`mah_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
:em^kgZmboêr%:lp(li^kf^mk^pb]mah_[pfZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khf?b`nk^*0'*Z"hk*0'*["Zl
bg]b\Zm^][rma^[en^Zkkhplbg?b`nk^*0'*Z"'Ma^l^_b`nk^lfZrZelh[^nl^]mh^lmbfZm^ma^
oZen^h_\hmy'
112
=^lb`gZb]l
;^ZflZk^ln[c^\mmhZfbgbfnfla^Zkebgdikhoblbhg':llnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl%
:lp%fbg (l[pª)')1_\d)'.(_rd!l^^MZ[e^*0'."'
Table 17.4
Capacity of concrete struts expressed as a stress, oRd,max, where s = 0.9]
_ck oRd,max (MPa) v
cot y 2.50 2.14 1.73 1.43 1.19 1.00

y 21.8º 25º 30º 35º 40º 45º
25 ,'*) ,'-. ,'2) -'+, -'-, -'.) )'.-)
30 ,'/- -')- -'.0 -'2/ .'+) .'+1 )'.+1
35 -'*. -'/* .'+* .'// .'2, /')+ )'.*/
40 -'/, .'*. .'1+ /',* /'/+ /'0+ )'.)-
45 .')2 .'/. /',2 /'2, 0'+0 0',1 )'-2+
ª50 .'.+ /'*, /'2, 0'.+ 0'11 1')) )'-1)
Notes
1 MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf;L>G*22+&*&*Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qZllnfbgò^kmb\Zeebgdl%b'^'\hma6)
2 v6)'/T*¾!_\d (+.)"V Section 15.2.6
3 oK]%fZq6o_\] !\hmy$\hma"(!*$\hm+y"
Table 17.5
Values of :sw,min/l[w × 103 for beams for vertical links and _yk = 500 MPa
Concrete class C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 ≥C50/60
:lp%fbg (l[pq*), )'0+ )'1) )'11 )'2. *')* *')0 *'*,
oK]%fZq_hk\hmy6+'. +'*- *'0, *'-,

1')
*'*2
)
ª<.)(/
<-.(..
0')
_ywk= 500 MPa <-)(.)
*'))
<,.(-.
/')
<,)(,0
.')
<+.(,)
oEd,z (MPa)
-')
<+)(+.
L^^?b`'*0'*["
,')
+')
*')
)')
) + - / 1 *) *+ *-
:sw/lrequired per metre width of [w
Figure 17.1a)
Diagram to determine :sw/l required (for beams with high shear stress)
113
-')
<,)(,0
)
<+.(,
_ywk = 500 MPa
,') <+)(+.
oEd,z (MPa)
+')
KZg`^h_oK]%\_hkkZg`^
]6+))ff%r6+')
mh]60.)ff%r6)'. <+)(+.
<+.(,)
*') <,)(,0
<,.(-.
:lp%fbg(l
<-)(.)
_hk[^Zfl
<-.(..
<.)(/)
)')
) * + , -
:sw/lrequired per metre width of [w
Figure 17.1b)
Diagram to determine :sw/l required (for slabs and beams with low shear stress)
17.3 Design for punching shear

=^m^kfbg^ b_ ing\abg` la^Zk k^bg_hk\^f^gm bl k^jnbk^]% bgbmbZeer Zm n*% ma^g b_ g^\^llZkr Zm
ln[l^jn^gmi^kbf^m^kl%nb'
Section 8.21 B_o>]7oK]%\ma^ging\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
pa^k^
o>] 6 bO>] (nb]
pa^k^
b 6 _Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^\\^gmkb\bmr!l^^L^\mbhg1'+"
nb 6 e^g`mah_maî^kbf^m^kng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg!l^^L^\mbhgl1',%1'0Zg]*.'-',"
oK]%\ 6 la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!l^^MZ[e^*0',"
?hko^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
!:lp(lk"6n*!o>]¾)'0.oK]%\"(!*'._rp]%^_"
Section 8.5 pa^k^
:lp 6 Zk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbghgî^kbf^m^kZkhng]ma^\henfg'
?hk:lp%fbgl^^L^\mbhg*.'-',
lk 6 kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
n* 6 [Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!l^^?b`nk^l1',Zg]1'-"
Section 15.4.3 _rp]%^_ 6 ^__^\mbo^]^lb`glmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm6!+.)$)'+.]"©_rp]'?hk<eZll.))
la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gml^^MZ[e^*0'/
Table 17.6
Values of _ywd, ef for Class 500 reinforcement
] 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

fywd,ef +10'. ,)) ,*+'. ,+. ,,0'. ,.) ,/+'.
114
=^lb`gZb]l
17.4 Design for axial load and bending

17.4.1 General
Bg\henfgl%]^lb`gfhf^gmlF>]Zg]]^lb`gZiieb^]ZqbZe_hk\^G>]lahne][^]^kbo^]_khfZgZerlbl%
\hglb]^kZmbhgh_bfi^k_^\mbhglZg]%pa^k^g^\^llZkr%+g]hk]^k^__^\ml!l^^L^\mbhg.'/"'
17.4.2 Design by calculation Section 5.6
:llnfbg`mpheZr^klh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l*Zg]:l+%ma^mhmZeZk^Zh_lm^êk^jnbk^]bgZ\henfg%
:l%fZr[^\Ze\neZm^]Zllahpg[êhp'
Q ?hkZqbZeehZ]
:lG(+ 6 !G>]¾a\\n_ \d [] \ (g<"(!sl\¾slm" Section 6.2.2
pa^k^
:lG6 mhmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmZqbZeehZ]nlbg`mablf^mah]'
:lG6 :l*$:l+Zg]:l*6:l+
pa^k^
:l*!:l+" 6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgeZr^k*!eZr^k+"!l^^?b`nk^/',"
G>]6 ]^lb`goZen^h_ZqbZe_hk\^
a\\ 6 )'1.
n 6 *_hk©<.)(/)!l^^MZ[e^/'*pa^g_\d 7.)"
[ 6 [k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
]\ 6 ^__^\mbo^]îmah_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg6lq©a
pa^k^
l 6 )'1_hk©<.)(/)!l^^MZ[e^/'*pa^g_\d7.)"
q 6 ]îmamhg^nmkZeZqbl
a 6 a^bàmh_l^\mbhg
g< 6 *'.
sl\%!slm"6 lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Q ?hkfhf^gm
:lF F>]¾a\\n_\d[]\!a(+¾]\ (+"(g<
6
+ !a(+¾]+"!sl\$slm"
pa^k^
:lF 6 mhmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmfhf^gmnlbg`mablf^mah]
:lF 6 :l*$:l+Zg]:l*6:l+
Q Lhenmbhg3bm^kZm^qln\amaZm:lG6:lF'
115
17.4.3 Column charts
:em^kgZmboêr:lfZr[^^lmbfZm^]_khf\henfg\aZkml'
?b`nk^l*0'+Z"mh^"`bo^ghg&]bf^glbhgZe]^lb`g\aZkml_hklrff^mkb\Zeerk^bg_hk\^]k^\mZg`neZk
\henfglpa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblZllnf^]mh[^\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl'
Bgma^l^\aZkml3
a\\ 6 )'1.
_\d © .)FIZ
Lbfieb_b^]lmk^ll[eh\dZllnf^]'
:l 6 mhmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]
6 !:l _rd ([a _\d"[a _\d (_rdpa^k^
!:l _rd ([a _\d" bl ]^kbo^] _khf ma^ ZiikhikbZm^ ]^lb`g \aZkm bgm^kiheZmbg` Zl g^\^llZkr
[^mp^^g\aZkml_hkmaôZen^h_]+(a_hkma^l^\mbhg'
Pa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblghm\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl%Z\hgl^koZmbo^ZiikhZ\ablmh\Ze\neZm^
Zg^__^\mboôZen^h_]+ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^l*0Z"mh^"'
]+6^__^\mbo^]îmamhlm^êbgeZr^k+'
?b`nk^l*0',Z"mh^"`bo^ghg&]bf^glbhgZe]^lb`g\aZkml_hk\bk\neZk\henfgl'
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)').
*'+
\d
)', a_
*'* ([ a(+
_ rd
:l a
*') )'-
*')
)'2 ]+
)'2 )'1
)'. <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
)'. )'/
G(>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'-
)', )'0
)'/
)'+
)'. )'*
)'1
)
)'-
)'2
)',
*')
)'+
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-) )'-.
F>]([a+_\d
Figure 17.2a)
Rectangular columns (_ck ≤ 50 MPa, _yk = 500 MPa) ]2/a = 0.05
116
=^lb`gZb]l
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*)
*'+
\d
)',
[a_
d(
a(+
*'*
l _r
:
a
*') )'-
*')
)'2 ]+
)'2 )'1
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
)'. )'/
G>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'-
)', )'0
)'/
)'+
)'. )'*
) )'1
)'-
)'2
)',
D k 6*
)'+
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-) )'-.
F>] ([a+_\d
Figure 17.2b)
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*.
*'+
\d
)',
a_
a(+
([
*'*
rd
_
a
l
:
*') *')
)'- ]+
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1
)'/
)'/
G(>] ([a_\d
)'.
)'0
)'-
)'/ )', )'0
)'+
)'. )'*
) )'1
)'-
)'2
)',
D k 6*
)'+
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-)
F>]([a+_\d
Figure 17.2c)
117
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'+)
*'+
\d
a_
([
)', a(+
d
*'*
_r l
:
a
*') *')
)'- ]+
)'2
)'2 )'1 <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)'0 )'. aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
G(>] ([a_\d
)'. )'/
)'0
)'-
)'/ )',
)'+ )'0
)'. )'*
) )'1
)'-
)', )'2
)'+
D k 6*
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',.
F>] ([a+_\d
Figure 17.2d)
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)'+.
*'+
)', a(+
\d
*'*
a_
([
a
d
_r
*')
l
:
]+
*') )'-
)'2 )'2
<^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)' 1 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'0
)'.
)'/
G(>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'.
)'- )'/
)'/ )',
)'+
)'. )'* )'0
)
)'-
)'1
)',
)'2
)'+
)'*
D k 6*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',)
F>]([a+_\d
Figure 17.2e)
118
=^lb`gZb]l
*'+
:l _rd(a+_\d KZmbh](a 6)'/
)'+
*'*
*') ]
)', a
*') )'2
)'1 )'-
)'2
)'0
)'1 )'.
)'/
)'0 )'.
)'/
G>] (a+_\d
)'-
)'/ )', )'0
)'+
)'.
)'* )'1
)'- )
)', )'2
)'+
Dk6*
)'*
)
) )')* )')+ )'), )')- )'). )')/ )')0
F>] (a,_\d
Figure 17.3a)
*'+
)'+ KZmbh](a 6)'0
*'* :l _rd (a+_\d
]
*') a
*')
)',
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'-
)'0
)'1
)'/
)'0 )'.
)'.
G>] (a+_\d
)'-
)'/
)',
)'/
)'. )'+
)'*
)'0
)'- )
)',
)'1
)'+
Dk6*
)'*
)
) )')+ )')- )')/ )')1 )'*) )'*+
F>] (a,_\d
Figure 17.3b)
119
*'+
)'+ KZmbh](a 6)'1
*'* :l _rd(a+_\d
]
*') )', a
*')
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'-
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)'1
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)'-
G>] (a+_\d
)'/ )', )'/
)'. )'+
)'* )'0
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)'1
)',
)'+ )'2
)'*
Dk6*
)
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F>] (a,_\d
Figure 17.3c)
*'+
KZmbh](a 6)'1.
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*'*
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*') *') )',
)'2
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)'-
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G>] (a+_\d
)'/
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)', )'1
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Dk6*

)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+.
F>] (a,_\d
Figure 17.3d)
120
=^lb`gZb]l
*'+
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:l _rd (a+_\d
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*') )', ] a
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F>] (a,_\d
Figure 17.3e)
121
18 References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+&*&*%>nkh\h]^+¾=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^lIZkm*&*3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-%bg\hkihkZmbg`\hkkb`^g]nf
]Zm^]*+&**&+))0'
1a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^+¾IZkm*&*';LB%+)).'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+&+%>nkh\h]^+¾=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l
IZkm+3<hg\k^m^[kb]`^l¾=^lb`gZg]]^mZbebg`kne^l';LB%+)).%bg\hkihkZmbg`\hkkb`^g]nf
]Zm^]*+&**&+))0'
2a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^+¾IZkm+';LB%+))0'
3 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10&+K^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hkma^]^lb`gh_lmkn\mnk^l
mh;L>G*22+&+3+)).';LB%+))1'
4 PHH=%KA'Ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_leZ[lbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaZik^&]^m^kfbg^]_bê]h_
fhf^gml'<hg\k^m^%*2/1%Gh'+%ii'/2¾0/'
5 =>GMHG%LK;NK@HRG>%<C'Ma^Zll^llf^gmh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^leZ[l'Ma^Lmkn\mnkZe
>g`bg^^k%0maFZr*22/%Ohe'0-%Gh'2%ii'*-0¾*.+'
6 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l
;L>G*22+&*';LB%+))/'
7 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)%>nkh\h]^3;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g';LB%+))+%
bg\hkihkZmbg`Zf^g]f^gmGh'*'
7a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^';LB%+))-%bg\hkihkZmbg`Zf^g]f^gmGh'*'
8 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))&*3<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh
;L>G+)/&*¾IZkm*3F^mah]h_li^\b_rbg`Zg]`nb]Zg\^mhma^li^\b_b^k';LB%+))/'
9 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22*%>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l!*)iZkml"'
;LB%+))+¾+))/'
9a GZmbhgZe:gg^q^lmh>nkh\h]^*';LB%+)). ¾+))2Zg]bgikîZkZmbhg'
10 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'>GO*,/0)&*3+))13>q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l3
<hffhg';LB%+)))'
11 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*,/0)'>q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l';LB%
]n^+))2'
12 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*220%>nkh\h]^03@^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g¾
IZkm*'@^g^kZekne^l';LB%+))-'
12a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^0¾IZkm*';LB%+))0'
13 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//2-&*K^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hkma^]^lb`gh_lmkn\mnk^l
ln[c^\mmhmkZ__b\ehZ]bg`mh;L>G*220&*3+))-';LB%]n^+))2'
14 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G+)/&*'<hg\k^m^¾IZkm*3Li^\b_b\Zmbhg%
i^k_hkfZg\^%ikh]n\mbhgZg]\hg_hkfbmr';LB%+)))'
15 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*20&*<^f^gm¾<hfihlbmbhg%li^\b_b\ZmbhglZg]
\hg_hkfbmr\kbm^kbZ_hk\hffhg\^f^gml';LB%+)))'
16 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L---23Lm^ê_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^¾
Pê]Z[e^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê¾;Zk%\hbeZg]]^\hbe^]ikh]n\m¾Li^\b_b\Zmbhg';LB%+)).'
17 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*))1)3Lm^ê_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^¾
Pê]Z[e^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê¾@^g^kZe';LB%+)).'
18 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L.12/'Abàm^glbe^lm^êpbk^Zg]lmkZg]_hkma^
ik^lmk^llbg`h_\hg\k^m^';LB%*21)%bg\hkihkZmbg`Zf^g]f^gmGh'*'
19 ;NBE=BG@K>L>:K<A>LM:;EBLAF>GM'<hg\k^m^bgZ``k^llbo^`khng]';K>Li^\bZe=b`^lm*'
;K>%+)).'
122
K^_^k^g\^l
20 A>G=R%<KLFBMA%=:'=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mh>G*22+¾+'MahfZlMê_hk]%+))0'
21 >GO*22+&*&*3>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l&IZkm*&*3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk
[nbe]bg`l';LB%*22+!lni^kl^]^][rk^_^k^g\^*"'
22 BGM>KG:MBHG:ELM:G=:K=LHK@:GBL:MBHG%BLH(?=BL'*0//)&+3Pê]bg`¾Pê]bg`h_
k^bg_hk\bg`lm^ê¾IZkm+3GhgehZ]&[^Zkbg`pê]^]chbgml'BLH%+)).'
23 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*.,/3>q^\nmbhgh_li^\bZe`^hm^\ag\bZephkd¾
;hk^]ibe^l';LB%+)))'
24 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L.-))3Lm^ê%\hg\k^m^Zg]\hfihlbm^[kb]`^l¾IZkm-3
<h]^h_IkZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^[kb]`^l';LB%*22)'
25 ;
KHHD>K%H^mZe'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%
+))/'
123
@nb]^mhik^l^gmZmbhg
@k^rlaZ]^]m^qm% Fh]bË^]>nkh\h]^+m^qmZg]Z]]bmbhgZem^qm%]^kbo^]
mZ[e^lZg]Ë`nk^l _hkfneZ^%mZ[e^lZg]beenlmkZmbhglghm _khf>nkh\h]^+
RêehplaZ]^]m^qm%
:]]bmbhgZem^qm_khfI=//10T/VhkI=//10&+T,V
mZ[e^lZg]Ë`nk^l
;L>G*22+&*&*
/'-'-
KêôZgm\h]^Zg]\eZnl^lhkË`nk^gnf[^kl
;L>G*22+&*&*
G:
?khfma^kêôZgmNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
;L>G*22+&*&*
/'-'-G: ?khf[hma>nkh\h]^+&*&*Zg]NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
L^\mbhg.'+ KêôZgmiZkmlh_mablin[eb\Zmbhg
*') GZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^k'NDoZen^laZo^
[^^gnl^]makhnàhnm
,
<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+_hk;kb]`^l
Mablin[eb\ZmbhglnffZkbl^lma^fZm^kbZemaZmpbee Hp^g;khhd^kbll^gbhklmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^k_hkMa^
[^\hffhgernl^]bgma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]Zg] <hg\k^m^<^gmk^'A^blZnmahkh_lô^kZein[eb\Zmbhgl%
ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^[kb]`^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+' bg\en]bg`ma^pêek^\^bo^]l^kb^lAhpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+'A^k^`neZkere^\mnk^lZg]
Pbma^qm^glbo^\eZnl^k^_^k^g\bg`%k^Z]^klZk^`nb]^]makhnà ikhob]^lmkZbgbg`mhlmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^kl%iZkmb\neZkerhgma^
>nkh\h]^+%hma^kkêôZgm>nkhi^ZglmZg]Zk]lZg]ghg& Ziieb\Zmbhgh_>nkh\h]^+'
\hgmkZ]b\mhkr\hfie^f^gmZkrbg_hkfZmbhg'Maîn[eb\Zmbhg%
pab\abg\en]^l]^lb`gZb]l%Zbflmhaêi]^lb`g^klpbmama^ IZneCZ\dlhgblZm^\agb\Ze]bk^\mhkh_@b__hk]%pab\aa^
mkZglbmbhgmh]^lb`gnlbg`>nkh\h]^l' chbg^]_khf;<:bg*211'AâZlphkd^]hg[kb]`^]^lb`g%
Zll^llf^gm%\hglmkn\mbhg%lmk^g`ma^gbg`Zg]k^l^Zk\a'A^
<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+_hk;kb]`^lbliZkmh_ZkZg`^h_k^lhnk\^l aZl\hgmkb[nm^]^qm^glboêrmh\h]^lh_ikZ\mb\^Zg]bl
ZoZbeZ[e^_khfma^\^f^gmZg]\hg\k^m^bg]nlmkrmhZllblm \nkk^gmerZf^f[^kh_ma^;LB\hffbmm^^_hk[kb]`^lZg]
^g`bg^^klpbmama^]^lb`gh_ZoZkb^mrh_\hg\k^m^[kb]`^l'?hk \hgo^ghkh_bmlphkdbg``khni_hk\hg\k^m^[kb]`^l'A^
fhk^bg_hkfZmbhgoblbmppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf l^ko^]hgmaîkhc^\mm^Zf_hk>G*22+&+'
Lmîa^gLZebfblZl^gbhk^g`bg^^kpbma@b__hk]'AâZl
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bgma^\Zeb[kZmbhgphkdh_;L>G*22+&+4lhf^h_ma^
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Licensed copy from CIS: Alan.Yeung@kier.co.uk, Kier Group, 22/11/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.

A single copy of this document is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the

Revision 1/5 March

Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.

4 Durability and cover 17

6 Bending and axial force 39

10 Strut-and-tie models, bearing zones and partially loaded areas 62

11 Prestressed members and structures 67

14 Detailing – general requirements 85

16 Design for the execution stages 109

17 Design aids 110

Section 5.2 K^e^oZgmiZkmlh_mablin[eb\Zmbhg

2.2 Basic requirements

Bm lahne] [^ ]^lb`g^] mh aZo^ Z]^jnZm^ lmkn\mnkZe k^lblmZg\^% l^kob\^Z[bebmr Zg] ]nkZ[bebmr'

2.2.2 Avoidance of damage

2.2.3 Limit states principles

2.3.4 Design values of actions

Action Symbol c0 c1 c2 BS EN 1990 NA

Individual EF0* )'1) c )

2.3.5 Combinations of actions

Ma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhklZg]\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl_hkma^l^ebfbmlmZm^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^l+'- BS EN 1990 tables

Action EQU (Set A) STR/GEO (Set B) STR/GEO (Set C)

Steel self-weight *'). )'2. *'+) )'2. *')) *'))

Self-weight of other *'). )'2. *',. )'2. *')) *'))

Settlement (linear ¾ ¾ *'+) ) *')) )

Thermal actions *'.. ) *'.. ) *',) )

transient design action variable actions

BS EN 1990 Table 2.6

BS EN 1992-1-1 Table 2.7

Ghg&\r\eb\ @d%c%bg_ @d%c%lni I c*%*Jd%* c+%bJd%b ¾

<r\eb\ @d%c%bg_ @d%c%lni I c*%*Jd%* c+%bJd%b J_Zm

Serviceability limit states

BS EN 1990 Table 2.8

2.3.6 Actions to consider

2.3.7 Material properties

Table 2.10 BS EN 1992-1-1

Design situation gC – concrete gS – reinforcing steel gS – prestressing steel

Accidental *'+) *')) *'))

Fatigue *'.) *'*. *'*.

SLS *')) *')) *'))

2.4 Assumptions BS EN 1992-1-1

2.5 Foundation design

Property Strength class (MPa)

3.2 Steel reinforcement

28 days ( fck ) shrinkage (x 103) shrinkage (x 103) strains (x 103)

<aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmkZbgZmfZqbfnf_hk\^end!" ª+'. ª.') ª0'.

3.3 Prestressing steel

3.3.1 Relaxation of prestressing steel

<eZll* Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

<eZll+ Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

<eZll, Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

4 Durability and cover

Reinforcement type and arrangement \min,b

BS EN 1992-1-1 Post-tensioned circular ducts =bZf^m^kh_]n\mhk1)ffpab\a^o^kbllfZee^k

4.3 Cover for durability, \min,dur

BS 8500 table A.1

Class Class description Informative example applicable to the United Kingdom

No risk of corrosion or attack (X0 class)

Corrosion induced by carbonation (XC classes)a

Class Class description Informative example applicable to the United Kingdom

XD1 Fh]^kZm^anfb]bmr <hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l^qihl^]mhZbk[hkg^\aehkb]^l'K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^pZeeZg]

Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water (XS classes)a

Section 5.2 K^e^oZgmiZkmlh_mablin[eb\Zmbhg

2.3.5 Combinations of actions

Ma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhklZg]\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl_hkma^l^ebfbmlmZm^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^l+'- BS EN 1990 tables

Steel self-weight '). )'2. '+) )'2. ')) '))

Self-weight of other '). )'2. ',. )'2. ')) '))

Settlement (linear ¾ ¾ '+) ) ')) )

Thermal actions '.. ) '.. ) *',) )

Ghg&\r\eb\ @d%c%bg_ @d%c%lni I c%Jd%* c+%bJd%b ¾

<r\eb\ @d%c%bg_ @d%c%lni I c%Jd%* c+%bJd%b J_Zm

Accidental '+) ')) *'))

Fatigue '.) '*. '.

SLS ')) ')) *'))

<aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmkZbgZmfZqbfnf_hk\^end!" ª+'. ª.') ª0'.

<eZll* Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

<eZll+ Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

<eZll, Dspr t 0.75 (1– m)

BS EN 1992-1-1 Post-tensioned circular ducts =bZf^m^kh_]n\mhk1)ffpab\a^o^kbllfZee^k

XD1 Fh]^kZm^anfb]bmr <hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^l^qihl^]mhZbk[hkg^\aehkb]^l'K^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^pZeeZg]

XS1 >qihl^]mhZbk[hkg^lZem[nm >qm^kgZek^bg_hk\^]Zg]ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lbg\hZlmZeZk^Zl'

XF1 Fh]^kZm^pZm^klZmnkZmbhg O^kmb\Ze\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^lln\aZl_Z\Z]^lZg]\henfgl^qihl^]mhkZbgZg]_k^^sbg`'Ghg&o^kmb\Ze

– – – – – L^^ <-)(.)% <,.(-.%

Ma^fbgbfnf\ho^k_hk\hg\k^m^\Zlmhgik^iZk^]`khng]!bg\en]bg`[ebg]bg`"bl -)ff Zg] BS EN 1992-1-1

:<¾l%:<¾ =<¾* =<¾*

:<¾+l%:<¾S =<¾+ =<¾+

:<¾+s =<¾+s =<¾+s

:<¾,l =<¾, =<¾,

:<¾,s =<¾,s =<¾,s

:<¾, =<¾, K^_^kmh;L1.))

:<¾-l =<¾- =<¾-

:<¾-s =<¾-s =<¾-s

:<¾- =<¾- K^_^kmh;L1.))

:<¾-f =<¾-f K^_^kmh;L1.))

:<¾. =<¾-f =<¾-f

:<¾.s =<¾-sf =<¾-s(*f

e)6)'1.e* e)6)'.!e$e+" e)6)'0e+ e)6)'*.e+$e,

F)^ F+6G>]^+ F)^$F+

BS EN 1992-1-1 \ 6 _Z\mhk]^i^g]bg`hgma^\nkoZmnk^]blmkb[nmbhg!l^^[^ehp"

B_Z\ ©)'.a\ \ehl^]ahkbshgmZehkbg\ebg^]ebgdlpbma:l%egdª)'.:l%fZbglahne][^ikhob]^]bg

:l%fZbg :l%egdª d*:l%fZbg :g\ahkZ`^]^ob\^l

S:l%egdª :l%fZbg Ebgdl

a) Reinforcement for ac ©0.5hc b) Reinforcement for ac >0.5hc

?hk_\d © .)FIZ%e\n,6)')),.%n 6Zg]l6)'1'?hkhma^k\hg\k^m^\eZll^ll^^MZ[e^/'

Pa^k^ en] 6 ]^lb`glmkZbgebfbm_hkk^bg_hk\bg`lm^^ebgm^glbhg