Biomarkers and Antibodies Development for Bladder Cancer

With years of experience in developing antibodies for analytical research and

diagnostic applications, Creative Biolabs specializes in custom antibody and
assay development for the diagnosis of a variety of diseases and infections.
Particularly, we provide high-quality in vitro diagnosis (IVD) antibody
development services for the diagnosis of different cancers, such as bladder
cancer.
Introduction of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the commonest malignancy of the urinary tract, accounting
for 7 percent of all cancers in men and 2 percent of those in women. The main
symptoms of bladder cancer include blood in the urine, pain with urination and
low back pain. Although the accurate cause remains unclear, risk factors that
may contribute to its development include cigarette smoking, occupational
exposure to chemicals such as aniline dyes and aromatic amines, consumption
of analgesics containing phenacetin, chronic infection or irritation of the bladder,
and chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide. Over 90% of
malignant tumors of the bladder are 'urothelial' transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).
Less common forms of bladder cancer include squamous cell carcinoma,
adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors. The grading and staging of
bladder cancer use the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastases) classification system,
which provides important information for disease prognosis and prediction.

Fig 1. T-stages of transitional cell carcinoma bladder cancer (TNM classification).

(Hanna, 2016)

Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer

The diagnosis and classification of bladder cancer are important to determine
the appropriate treatment strategy and predict outcomes. The cornerstone of
diagnosis of bladder cancer is the cystoscopic examination of the lower urinary
tract, and the white light cystoscopy (WLC) remains the gold standard. Recently,
new optical diagnostic methods have been designed to improve the accuracy
of WLC: fluorescence cystoscopy, narrow-band imaging, and optical coherence
tomography. To identify lesions within the ureter, renal pelvis and renal
parenchyma, medical imaging techniques such as ultrasonography,
intravenous urogram or computed tomography (CT) may also be applied.
Moreover, urine cytology can be a useful test for diagnosing high-grade disease.
Diagnostic Tumor Markers
Cystoscopy and urine cytology is currently the gold standard in the diagnosis
and follow-up of bladder cancer, yet still exhibit limited sensitivity, leading to the
development of more advanced tests for the identification and surveillance of
bladder cancer, such as the development of diagnostic tumor markers. For
example, tumor-associated antigens that can be detected in both voided urine
samples and tissue sections have been investigated for their potential
diagnostic use. As a result, a number of monoclonal antibodies have been
produced and some of them prove to have clinical value. Currently, BTA, BTA
stat, BTA trak, NMP22, AccuDx and Immunocyt test are approved by the Food
and Drug Administration. These test systems have presented promising
capabilities, indicating a higher sensitivity than urine cytology to detect primary
and recurrent bladder tumors. Hence, there is reason to believe that in the
future, rather highly sensitive tests can be developed and may be able to
replace cytology as an adjunct to cystoscopy or to replace cystoscopy itself in
the follow-up of selected patients.
In order to improve human health globally, Creative Biolabs' mission is to
provide extensive expertise in the development of valuable antibodies for
diagnostic use to support our clients. We are proud to share this expertise and
our state-of-the-art facilities to facilitate their brilliant studies. Moreover, every
project can be customized to meet your specific needs.
The following links provide the biomarkers and related IVD antibodies used for
diagnosis of Bladder Cancer being provided by Creative Biolabs.

EGF Resistin Retinoic acid-induced protein 3 Coronin-1A

Chromosome 7 Chromosome 9p21 Apolipoprotein A1 α subunit of G s

Semenogelin-2 Fibrinogen Apolipoprotein A4 Chromosome 3

Reference
1. Hanna, M. Y., (2016). "Bladder cancer." Medicine, 44.1:52-55.

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