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Chapter 8
Shear and Diagonal Tension

1
This Power point presentation was prepared by Dr. Terry Weigel & Adjusted by OE.

Shear Stresses in Concrete

Beams
Flexural stress f  Mc
I
VQ
Shear stress v Principal angle
Ib
2v
tan 2 
Diagonal tension – Mohr’s circle f

2
f f 
Principal stresses f p      v2
2 2

Shear Strength of Concrete

ACI Code Equation 22.5.5.1 – conservative but
easy to use

ACI Code Table 22.5.5.1 – less conservative

but “difficult” to use

1
 ---

Shear Strength of Concrete

Vn  Vc  Vs
Vu  Vn  Vc  Vs
Vc  2 f c' bw d ACI Equation 22.5.5.1
 Vd
Vc  1.9 f c'  2500  w u  bw d ACI Table 22.5.5.1
 Mu  A
w  s
 3.5 f c' bw d bw d
Vu d
1
Mu
4

Shear Cracking of Reinforced

Beams
Flexural shear crack – initiate from top of
flexural crack

For flexural shear cracks to occur, moment

must be larger than the cracking moment
and shear must be relatively large

Flexural shear cracks oriented at angle of

approximately 45 degrees to the
longitudinal beam axis
5

Flexural-shear Cracks

2
 ---

Shear Cracking of Reinforced

Beams
Web shear crack – form independently

Typically occur at points of small moment and

large shear

Occur at ends of beams at simple supports

and at inflection points at continuous beam

Web-shear Cracks

Web Reinforcement
Stirrups – Different Types and Forms
Hangers – Used as Stirrup supports
At a location, the width of a diagonal crack is
related to the strain in the stirrup – larger
strain = wider crack
To reduce crack width, stirrup yield stress is
limited to 60 ksi

3
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Web Reinforcement
Small crack widths promote aggregate
interlock

Limiting stirrup yield stress also reduces

anchorage problems

There is limitations for Stirrups Stresses

10

Types of Stirrups

11

Types of Stirrups

12

4
 ---

Types of Stirrups

13

Types of Stirrups

14

Types of Stirrups

15

5
 ---

Types of Stirrups

16

Types of Stirrups

17

Types of Stirrups

18

6
 ---

Types of Stirrups

19

Types of Stirrups

20

Behavior of Beams with Web

Reinforcement
Truss analogy

Concrete in compression is top chord

Longitudinal tension steel is bottom chord

Stirrups form truss verticals

Concrete between diagonal cracks form the

truss diagonals
21

7
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Truss Analogy

22

Required Web Reinforcement –

ACI Code
Required for all flexural members except:

Footings and solid slabs

Certain hollow core units

Concrete floor joists

Shallow beams with h not larger than 10”

23

Required Web Reinforcement –

ACI Code
Required for all flexural members except:
Beams built integrally with slabs and h less
than 24 in. and h not greater than the
larger of 2.5 times the flange
thickness or one-half the web width
Beams constructed with steel fiber-
reinforced concrete with strength
not exceeding 6,000 psi and
Vu  2 f c' bw d
24

8
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Stirrups
Diagonally inclined stirrups more efficient
than vertical stirrups
Not practical
Bent-up flexural bars can be used instead

25

Bent-up Bar Web Reinforcement

26

Shear Cracking
The presence of stirrups does not materially
effect the onset of shear cracking
Stirrups resist shear only after cracks have
occurred
After cracks occurs, the beam must have
sufficient shear reinforcement to resist
the load not resisted by the concrete in
shear

27

9
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Benefits of Stirrups
Stirrups carry shear across the crack directly
Promote aggregate interlock
Confine the core of the concrete in the beam thereby
increasing strength and ductility
Confine the longitudinal bars and prevent cover from
prying off the beam
Hold the pieces on concrete on either side of the
crack together and prevent the crack from
propagating into the compression region
28

Design for Shear

Vu  Vn  Vc  Vs

  0.75 for shear design

Stirrups crossing a crack are assumed to

have yielded

Shear crack forms at a 45 degree angle

29

Design for Shear

Vs  Av f yt n
Refer to the next slide
d
n (Figure 8.6)
s
d
Vs  Av f yt
s
ACI Code Equation
Av f yt d
22.5.10.5.3
s
Vs
Av f yt  sin   cos   d ACI Code
Vs  Equation 22.5.10.5.4
s
30

10
 ---

Design for Shear

Figure 8.6 (similar) 31

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
ACI Code Section 9.6.3.1 – if Vu exceeds one-
half Vc, stirrups are required (several
exceptions listed in that section)
When shear reinforcement is required,
ACI Code Section 9.6.3.3 specifies a
minimum amount: 0.75 f c' bw s
Av ,minimum 
f yt
50bw s

f yt
32

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
To insure that every diagonal crack is
crossed by at least one stirrup, the
maximum spacing of stirrups is the
smaller of d/2 or 24 in.

If  Vs  4 f c bw d
'

maximum spacings are halved (ACI Code

Section 9.7.6.2.2)

33

11
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ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
Vs  8 f c' bw d See ACI Code Section 22.5.1.2

ACI Code Section 22.5.3.2 -> f c'  100 psi

Stirrups should extend as close as cover

requirements permit to the tension and
compression faces of the member -
anchorage

34

ACI Code Requirements for

Shear
Stirrup hook requirements shown on
the next slide. See ACI Code
Section 25.7.1
In deep beams ( l /d < 4), large shear
may affect flexural capacity
In most cases, beam can be designed for
shear at a distance d from the face of the
support . See next three slides for
exceptions.
35

ACI Code Requirements Stirrup

Hooks

36

12
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ACI Code Requirements Stirrup

Hooks

37

ACI Code Requirements Stirrup

Hooks

38

End Shear Reduction Not

Permitted

39

13
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End Shear Reduction Not

Permitted

40

Shear Friction & Corbels

Shear Friction used:
- Mainly at Construction joints.

- At across the crack to

prevent relative displacement

Shear Friction occurs at:

- Short and deep members

- Bracket / corbels – a/d <1

41

Shear Friction & Corbels

Cracks occurred vertically or at 20 o

Required Reinf’t

42

14
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Shear Friction & Corbels

Maximum permitted Shear friction is the
smaller of:
- For normal-weight concrete placed
monolithically or placed against
intentionally roughened concrete

- For all other cases

43

Shear Strength of Members

Subjected to Axial Forces

44

Shear Design Provisions for Deep

Beams
Some special shear design provisions given in ACI318
Section 9.9 for deep flexural members with ln/d values
equal to or less than four that are loaded on one face
and supported on the other
face,

45

15
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Shear Design Provisions for Deep

Beams
Based on the form and cracks directions, horizontal
and vertical reinf’t are needed:

46

Shear Design Examples

47

Example 8.1
Determine the minimum cross section
required for a rectangular beam so that no
shear reinforcement is required. Follow
ACI Code requirements and use a concrete
strength of 4,000 psi. Vu = 38 k.

48

16
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Example 8.1

Shear strength provided by concrete

Vc    2 f c' bw d   0.75  2 1.0  4000 bw d 
 
 94.87bw d

49

Example 8.1

ACI Code Section 9.6.3.1 requires:

Vc
 Vu
2
94.87bw d
  38, 000 lb 
2
bw d  801.1

Use a 24 in x 36 in beam (d = 33.5 in)

bwd = (24)(33,5) = 804 in2
50

Example 8.2
The beam shown in the figure was designed
using a concrete strength of 3,000 psi and
fyt = 60 ksi. Determine the theoretical
spacing for No 3 U-shaped stirrups for
the following values for shear:
(a) Vu = 12,000 lb
(b) Vu = 40,000 lb
(c) Vu = 60,000 lb
(d) Vu = 150,000 lb

51

17
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Example 8.2

52

Example 8.2

(a) Vu = 12,000 lb (use = 1)

Vc    2 f c' bw d 
 
 0.75  2 1.0  3000 psi 14 in  24 in  

 27, 605 lb
1 27, 605 lb
Vc   13,803 lb  12, 000 lb
2 2
 stirrups not required

53

Example 8.2

(b) Vu = 40,000 lb
Vc
Stirrups are needed since Vu 
2
Vn  Vc  Vs  Vu
V  Vc 40, 000 lb  27, 605 lb
Vs  u   16,527 lb
 0.75
Av f yt d 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi  24 in 
s   19.17 in
Vs 16,527 lb

54

18
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Example 8.2

(b) (con’t) Maximum spacing to provide

minimum Av
Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 
s   22.95 in
0.75 f c' bw 0.75  
3000 psi 14 in 

Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 

s   18.86 in 
50bw 50 14 in 

55

Example 8.2

(b) (con’t) ACI Code maximum spacing

Vs  16,527 lb  4 3000 psi  24 in 14 in   73, 614 lb

d
 maximum s   12 in 
2

56

Example 8.2

(c) Vu = 60,000 lb
Vn  Vc  Vs  Vu
V  Vc 60, 000 lb  27, 605 lb
Vs  u   43,193 lb
 0.75
Av f yt d 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi  24 in 
s 
Vs 43,193 lb
 7.33 in 

57

19
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Example 8.2

(c) (con’t) ACI Code maximum spacing

Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 

s   22.95 in
0.75 f c' bw 0.75  
3000 psi 14 in 

Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 

s   18.86 in
50bw 50 14 in 

58

Example 8.2

(c) (con’t) ACI Code maximum spacing

Vs  43,193 lb  4 3000 psi  24 in 14 in   73, 614 lb

d
 maximum s   12 in.
2
Use s = 7.33 in (round down to 7 in.)

59

Example 8.2

(d) Vu = 150,000 lb
Vn  Vc  Vs  Vu
V  Vc 150, 000 lb  27, 605 lb
Vs  u   163,193 lb
 0.75
Vs may not be taken  8 f m' bw d
 8 3000 psi 14 in  24 in   147, 228 lb
 a larger beam or higher value of f c' is required

60

20
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Example 8.3
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for the beam
shown. The beam carries loads of wD = 4
k/ft and wL= 6 k/ft. Use normal weight
concrete with a strength of 4,000 psi and
Grade 60 steel.

61

Example 8.3

62

Example 8.3

63

21
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Example 8.3
wu  1.2  4 k ft   1.6  6 k ft   14.4 k ft
Vu (left end)   7 ft 14.4 k ft   100.8 k
 84 in  22.5 in 
Vu (d from face of support)    100.8 k 
 84 in 
 73.8 k
Vc   2 f c' bw d 
0.75  2 1 4000 psi 15 in  22.5 in 
32, 018 lb
64

Example 8.3

Vu = 100.8 – 14.4x

65

Example 8.3

Vu  Vc  Vs
Vs  Vu  Vc  73,800 lb  32, 018 lb  41, 782 lb
41, 782 lb
Vs   55, 709 lb
0.75
4 f c' bw d  4 4000 psi 15 in  22.5 in   85,382 lb
Because 85,380 lb  Vs  55, 709 lb
d
smax   11.25 in
2
66

22
 ---

Example 8.3

67

Example 8.3
Maximum theoretical spacing
Av f yt d 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi  22.5 in 
s 
Vs 55, 709 lb
 5.33 in
Maximum spacing to provide minimum stirrup area
Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 
s   18.55 in
0.75 f b '
c w
0.75 4000 psi 15 in 

Av f y 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 

  17.60 in 
50bw 50 15 in 
68

Example 8.3

At what location along the beam is s = 9 in OK?

A f d
Vu  Vc  Vs  32, 018  0.75  v y 
 s 
 2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5) 
 32, 018  0.75    56, 768 lb
 9
Vu  100.8  14.4 x  56.77 k , x  3.058 ft  36.69 in

69

23
 ---

Example 8.3

1.875’=22.5” 73,800 55,709 5.33

2’ = 24” 72,000 53,309 5.57
3’ = 36” 57,600 34,109 8.71
3.058’= 36.69” 56,768 33,000 9
4’= 48” 43,200 14,909 > Maximum
d/2 = 11.25
5.89’ = 70.66” 16,008 - terminate

70

Example 8.3

At what location along the beam is s = 6 in OK?

A f d
Vu  Vc  Vs  32, 018  0.75  v y 
 s 
 2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5) 
 32, 018  0.75    69,143 lb
 6
Vu  100.8  14.4 x  69.14k , x  2.198 ft  26.38 in

71

Example 8.3

At what location along the beam is s = 11 in OK?

A f d
Vu  Vc  Vs  32, 018  0.75  v y 
 s 
 2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5) 
 32, 018  0.75    52, 268 lb
 11
Vu  100.8  14.4 x  52.27 k , x  3.370 ft  40.44 in

Repeat this calculation for other values of s

and the Table on the next slide results
72

24
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Example 8.3

s, in. Vu , lb x (from face of

support), in.
5.33 73,800 22.50
6 69,143 26.38
7 63,839 30.80
8 59,863 34.11
9 56,768 36.69
10 54,293 38.76
11.25 51,819 40.82
73

Example 8.3

Terminate stirrups when Vu < Vc/2

Vc 32, 016

Vu    16, 009 lb  16.01k
2 2
Vu  100.8  14.4 x  16.01k , x  5.89 ft  70.66 in

74

Example 8.3

Stirrup Spacing Schedule

Cumulative
distance from face
of support, in.
1@2 in. 2 2
8@5 40 42 > 36.7
4@9 36 78 > 70.7

From both ends of the beam

75

25
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Example 8.4
Determine the value of Vc at a distance 3 ft from
the face of the left support of the beam of
Example 8.3, using ACI Table 22.5.5.1
For determination of moment, the span length of
members not built integrally with supports shall
be considered as the distance between centers
of supports.

76

Example 8.4
 Vd
Vc  1.9 f c'  2500  w u  bw d  3.5 f c' bw d
 Mu 
ACI Table 22.5.5.1

77

Example 8.4
Measuring x from the center of the left support, the
value of x corresponding to 3 ft. from the face is 3.5 ft
wu l 14.4k / ft (15 ft )
Vu = -wu x = -14.4k / ft ( x)
2 2
= 57.6 k (at x = 3.5 ft from center of support)
wu lx wu x 2 14.4k / ft (15 ft )(3.5 ft ) 14.4k / ft (3.5) 2
Mu = - = -
2 2 2 2
 14.4k/ft 100.8 k    3 ft 1.5 ft 14.4 k ft 
 289.8 k-ft
78

26
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Example 8.4
5.06 in 2
w   0.0150
15 in  22.5 in 
Vu d

 57.6 k  22.5 in   0.374  1.0  use 0.374
M u 12in ft  289.8 k-ft 
Vc  1.9 1 4000 psi  2500  0.0150  0.374   15 in  22.5 in 
 45, 290 lb 
 3.5 1 4000 psi 15 in  22.5 in   74, 709 lb
Using the simplified formula (ACI Eq. 22.5.5.1)
for Vc results in a value of 45,290 lb
79

Example 8.5
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for the beam
of Example 8.3, assuming that the live load
is placed to produce maximum shear at the
beam centerline, and that the live load is
placed to produce the maximum shear at
the beam ends.

80

Example 8.5
Positioning of live load to produce maximum
shear at the beam ends is the same as
used in Example 8.3; that is, the full
factored dead and live load is applied over
the full length of the beam. Positioning of
the live load to produce maximum positive
shear at the beam centerline is shown in
the figure on the next slide.

81

27
 ---

Example 8.5

82

Example 8.5
Vu at face of left support = 100,800 lb (from Ex. 8.3)

From the loads shown on the previous slide, the factored

load on the left half of the beam is wu = 1.2 (4 k/ft) = 4.8
k/ft. The left reaction is obtained by summing moments
about the right support, and the shear at midspan is:
Vu (centerline)  50, 400 lb   7 ft  4.8 k ft 1000 lb k 
 16,800 lb
Note that if the full live load is placed over the entire span,
the shear at midspan is zero. Clearly the load pattern
shown in Fig. 8.13 is more critical.
83

Example 8.5
Approximating the shear envelope with a straight
line between 100.8 k at the face of the support
and 16.8 k at midspan
100.8 k
78.3 k
Slope = (100.8 ‐16.8)/7 ft 
= 12 k/ft
Vc = 32.018 k

16.8 k
Stirrups carry shear
Vc /2 = 16.009 k

concrete carries shear

84

28
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Example 8.5

22.5in
Vu (d from face of support)  100,800 lb - (12, 000 lb )( )
ft 12in / ft
 78,300 lb
Vc  2 f c' bw d =  2 1 4000 psi 15 in  22.5 in 
= 42, 691 lb
 Vc  (0.75)(42, 691)  32, 018 lb

85

Example 8.5
Design the stirrups using the shear envelop
Terminate stirrups when Vu < Vc/2
Vc 32, 018
Vu    16, 009 lb  16.01k
2 2
Measuring x from the face of the support,
Vu  100.8  12 x  16.01k , x  7.06 ft  84.79 in

This location is past midspan (x = 84 in.), so

stirrups cannot be terminated
86

Example 8.5

At x = d = 22.5 in
Vu  Vc  Vs
Vs  Vu  Vc  78,300 lb  32, 018 lb  46, 282 lb
46, 280 lb
Vs   61, 709 lb
0.75
Av f yt d (2)(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
s=   4.81 in
Vs 61, 709
Results of similar calculations at other assumed
values of x are shown in the table that follows
87

29
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Example 8.5

At what location along the beam is s = 9 in OK?

A f d
Vu  Vc  Vs  32, 018  0.75  v y 
 s 
 2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5) 
 32, 016  0.75    56, 768 lb
 9
Vu  100.8  12 x  56.77 k , x  3.67 ft  44.03 in
Results of similar calculations for s = 6 in and s = 11 in
are shown in the table that follows
88

Example 8.5
Distance from face of Vu (lb) Vs (lb) Theoretical s
support (ft) (in)
0 to d = 1.875 78,300 61,709 4.81
2 76,800 59,709 4.97
2.638’=31.66” 69,143 49,500 6.00
3 64,800 43,709 6.79
3.67’=44” 56,768 33,000 9.00
4 52,800 27,709 10.71
4.04 = 49” 52,268 27,000 11.00
5 40,800 11,709 > Maximum
d/2 = 11.25
7.066’= 84.8” 16,009 Terminate

89

Example 8.5

Selected spacing: Cumulative (in)

1 @ 2 in = 2 in 2
8 @ 4 in = 32 in 34 > 32”
2 @ 6 in = 12 in 46 > 44”
5 @ 9 in = 45 in 91 > 84”

From both ends of the beam

90

30
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Example 8.6
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for a T-beam
with bw = 10 in and d = 20 in, if the Vu
diagram is shown in the figure. Use normal
weight concrete a with a strength of
3,000 psi and Grade 60 steel.
Note:
Previous examples have be loaded with only
uniformly distributed loads. This example
has both distributed and concentrated
loads applied.
91

Example 8.6

92

Example 8.6

Vu (d from face of support)  44, 000 lb

 72 in  20 in 
   68, 000 lb  44, 000 lb 
 72 in 
= 61,333 lb
Vc   2 f c' bw d 
0.75  2 1 3000 psi 10 in  20 in 
16, 432 lb

93

31
 ---

Example 8.6
Vc 16, 430
 lb  8216 lb
2 2
Referring to the shear diagram just left of
midspan, and using similar triangles to find
the location where Vu = Vc/2
Stirrups are needed for a distance of
 24,000 lb  8216 lb 
72 in     72 in   119.5 in
 24,000 lb 

94

Example 8.6

95

Example 8.6

Vs (x  d ) 
 61,333 lb  16, 432 lb   59,868 lb
0.75
59,868 lb  4 f c' bw d  4 3000 psi 10 lb  20 lb  
43,818 lb
59,868 lb  8 f c' bw d  87, 636 lb
d
 Maximum spacing is  5 in
4

96

32
 ---

Example 8.6
The maximum stirrup spacing is 5 in whenever
Vs exceeds 43,818. From the figure, this
value is at about 56 in from the left end of
the beam.

97

Example 8.6
The maximum permissible stirrup spacing is
the smaller of the two following values:

Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 

s   32.13 in
0.75 f b '
c w
0.75 3000 10 in 

Av f yt 2  0.11 in 2   60, 000 psi 

s   26.40 in
50bw 50 10 in 

98

Example 8.6

Distance Vu (lb) Vs (lb) Theoretic Maximum

from face al s (in) Spacing
of support (in)
(ft)
0 to d = 61,330 59,870 4.41 4.41
1.875
3 56,000 57,760 5.00 5.00
6- 44,000 36,760 7.18 5.00
6+ 24,000 10,090 26.16 10.00

99

33
 ---

Example 8.6

100

Example 8.6
Selected spacing:
1 @ 3 in = 3 in
17 @ 4 in = 68 in
5@ 10 in = 50 in

101

Example 8.7

102

34
 ---

Example 8.7

103

35