Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Microwave Engineering

University of Victoria
Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer
Layout by Dr. Poman P.M. So

Lecture Outline
Review of Wave Propagation on
Transmission Lines
„ Equations, Definitions, Processes.

Review of Field Analysis on

Transmission Lines
„ Geometry, Field, Electrical Parameters.

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 1

Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 1

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Circuit Theory and TL Theory

 Circuit theory — physical size << electrical size.
 TL theory — physical size ≅ electrical size.
 Therefore, voltages and currents can vary in
magnitude and phase over the length of the TL.
 TL is often schematically represented as a two-wire
line. A short piece of TL can be modelled with the
following per unit length quantities:
R = series resistance in Ω/m
L = series inductance in H/m
G = shunt conductance in S/m
C = shunt capacitance in F/m
 A finite length of TL can be viewed as a cascade of
many of the above sections.

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 2

TL — Schematic Representation

 Voltage and current definitions and equivalent circuit for an

incremental length of transmission line. (a) Voltage and current
definition. (b) Lumped-element equivalent circuit.

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Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 2

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Transmission Line Equations

 Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws:
∂i ( z, t )
v ( z, t ) = R∆zi ( z, t ) + L∆z + v ( z + ∆z , t )
∂t
∂v ( z + ∆z, t )
i ( z, t ) = G∆zv ( z + ∆z, t ) + C∆z + i ( z + ∆z , t )
∂t

 Dividing by ∆z and taking the limit ∆z→0:

∂v ( z, t ) ∂i ( z, t ) ∂V(z)
= − Ri ( z, t ) − L = −(R + jωL)I(z)
∂z ∂t ∂z
∂i ( z, t ) ∂v ( z, t ) ∂I(z)
= −Gv ( z, t ) − C = −(G + jωC)V(z)
∂z ∂t ∂z

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 4

Traveling Wave Solutions

 The previous phasor equations can be solved
simultaneously to give the following results.

V ( z ) = Vo+ e − γz + Vo− eγz v(z,t) = V0+ cos (ωt − β z + φ + ) +

γ = α + j β = (R + jω L)(G + jωC) V0− cos (ωt + β z + φ − )

Vo+ −γz Vo− γz 2π

I ( z) = e − e λ=
Zo Zo β
(R + jω L) ω
Zo = vp = = λ f
(G + jωC) β

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 5

Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 3

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

The Lossless Line

 In many practical cases, the loss of the line is
very small and so can be neglected.

γ = j β = jω LC
1 L
Zo = =
Yo C V ( z ) = Vo+ e − jβz + Vo− e jβz
2π 2π Vo+ − jβz Vo− jβz
λ= = I ( z) = e − e
β ω LC Zo Zo
ω 1
vp = =
β LC

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 6

Field Analysis of Trans. Lines

C1 and C2 are line integration contours.

S is the cross-sectional surface.

 Field lines on an arbitrary TEM transmission line.

µ′ ε′
4 ∫S ∫
Field Theory : Wm = H ⋅H *ds We = E ⋅E *ds
4S
2 2
L Io C Vo
Circuit Theory : Wm = We =
4 4
µ′ ε′
∫ H ⋅H C = 2 ∫ E ⋅E *ds F/m
*
Self Inductance : L = 2
ds H/m
Io S Vo S

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Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 4

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Field Analysis of Trans. Lines

C1 and C2 are line integration contours.

S is the cross-sectional surface.

 Field lines on an arbitrary TEM transmission line.

Rs ωε′′
∫ H ⋅H 2 ∫S
*
Field Theory : Pc = dl Pd = E ⋅E *ds
2 C1 +C2
2 2
RI G Vo
Circuit Theory : Pc = o
Pd =
2 2
Rs ωε′′
R/G Per Meter : R = 2 ∫ H ⋅H *dl Ω/m ∫ E ⋅E ds S/m
*
G= 2
I o C1 +C2 Vo S

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 8

Example 2.1
y

Vo
µ,ε ρ
E= e − γ z ρˆ
ρ ln(b / a )
a φ
x I
H = o e − γ z φˆ
b Rs
2π ρ

 Geometry of a coaxial line with surface resistance Rs

on the inner and outer conductors.
„ γ is the propagation constant of the line.
„ Rs is the surface resistivity.
„ ε = ε’−jε”
„ µ = µoµr

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Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 5

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Example 2.1 — Calculation of L

y Io
H= φˆ
2π ρ
µ,ε ρ
a φ µ
∫ H ⋅H
*
x
L= 2 ds
b Rs
Io S
2π b
µ 1
=
(2π )2 ∫ ∫
φ =0 ρ = a
ρ2
ρdρd φ

µ b
= ln  
2π  a 

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 10

Example 2.1 — Calculation of R

y Io
H= φˆ
2π ρ
µ,ε ρ
a φ Rs
∫ H ⋅H
*
x
R= 2 dl
b
Io C1 + C2
Rs

Rs  
2π 2π
1 1
= 2  ∫
ad φ + ∫ bd φ 
(2π )  φ=0 a 2
φ =0
b 2 

Rs  1 1 
=  + 
2π  a b 

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Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 6

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Parameters for Some Common TLs

w
µ,ε a a
a
Rs d
D
b

µ b µ D µd
L= ln L= cosh −1   L=
2π a π  2a  w
2πε ′ πε ′ ε′w
C= C= C=
ln(b / a ) cosh (D / (2a ))
−1 d
Rs  1 1  R 2 Rs
R=  +  R= s R=
2π  a b  πa w
2πωε′′ πωε′′ ωε′′w
G= G= G=
ln( b / a ) cosh (D / (2a ))
−1 d

Dr. W.J.R. Hoefer ELEC 454 Microwave Engineering 12

Lossless Coaxial Line

Propagation Constant β = ω µε = ω LC
E ωµ µ
Wave Impedance Zw = ρ = = =η
Hφ β ε
V E ln (b/a ) ln (b/a )
Characteri stic Impenance Z o = o = ρ =η
Io 2π H φ 2π
1 1
Power Flow P = ∫ E × H *ds = Vo I o*
2S 2

 The flow of power in a transmission line takes place entirely via the
electric and magnetic fields between the two conductors; power is not
transmitted through the conductors themselves.
 For the case of finite conductivity, power may enter the conductors,
but this power is then lost as heat and is not delivered to the load.

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Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 7

Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Summary and Outlook

 Contents Covered
„ Review of Wave Propagation and Field Analysis on
Transmission Lines
Š Equations, Definitions, Processes.
Š Geometry, Field, Electrical Parameters.

 Next Lecture
„ Review Terminations of Transmission Lines
Š Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Š Average Power Flow, Return and Insertion Losses
Š Standing Waves, Special Terminations and Conjugate Matching

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Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer 8