Republic of the Philippines On May 10, 2007, the National Council of BUHAY adopted a resolution10 expelling Señeres as
SUPREME COURT party member for his act of submitting a Certificate of Nomination for the party. The resolution
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. 178678 April 16, 2009
DR. HANS CHRISTIAN M. SEÑERES, Petitioner,
vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and MELQUIADES A. ROBLES, Respondents.
DECISION
VELASCO, JR., J.:
The Case
Before us is a Petition for Certiorari1 under Rule 65 with a prayer for a temporary restraining
order and/or preliminary injunction to nullify and enjoin the implementation of the
Resolution2 dated July 19, 2007 of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), which declared
respondent Melquiades Robles (Robles) as the President of Buhay Hayaan Yumabong (Buhay).
The Undisputed Facts
In 1999, private respondent Robles was elected president and chairperson of Buhay, a party-list
group duly registered with COMELEC.3 The constitution of BUHAY provides for a three-year
term for all its party officers, without re-election.4 BUHAY participated in the 2001 and 2004
elections, with Robles as its president. All the required Manifestations of Desire to Participate in
the said electoral exercises, including the Certificates of Nomination of representatives, carried
the signature of Robles as president of BUHAY. 5 On January 26, 2007, in connection with the
May 2007 elections, BUHAY again filed a Manifestation of its Desire to Participate in the Party-
List System of Representation.6 As in the past two elections, the manifestation to participate
bore the signature of Robles as BUHAY president.
On March 29, 2007, Robles signed and filed a Certificate of Nomination of BUHAY’s nominees
for the 2007 elections containing the following names: (i) Rene M. Velarde, (ii) Ma. Carissa
Coscolluela, (iii) William Irwin C. Tieng, (iv) Melchor R. Monsod, and (v) Teresita B. Villarama.
Earlier, however, or on March 27, 2007, petitioner Hans Christian Señeres, holding himself up as
acting president and secretary-general of BUHAY, also filed a Certificate of Nomination with the
COMELEC, nominating: (i) himself, (ii) Hermenegildo C. Dumlao, (iii) Antonio R. Bautista, (iv)
Victor Pablo C. Trinidad, and (v) Eduardo C. Solangon, Jr.7
Consequently, on April 17, 2007, Señeres filed with the COMELEC a Petition to Deny Due
Course to Certificates of Nomination.8 In it, petitioner Señeres alleged that he was the acting
president and secretary-general of BUHAY, having assumed that position since August 17, 2004
when Robles vacated the position. Pushing the point, Señeres would claim that the nominations
made by Robles were, for lack of authority, null and void owing to the expiration of the latter’s
term as party president. Furthermore, Señeres asserted that Robles was, under the
Constitution,9disqualified from being an officer of any political party, the latter being the Acting
Administrator of the Light Railway Transport Authority (LRTA), a government-controlled
corporation. Robles, so Señeres would charge, was into a partisan political activity which civil
service members, like the former, were enjoined from engaging in.
Page 1 of 7
reads in part:
WHEREAS, Hans Christian M. Señeres, without authority from the National Council, caused the
filing of his Certificate of Nomination with the Comelec last 27 March 2007.
WHEREAS, Hans Christian M. Señeres, again without authority from the National Council, listed
in his Certificate of Nomination names of persons who are not even members of the Buhay
party.
WHEREAS, Hans Christian M. Señeres, knowing fully well that the National Council had
previously approved the following as its official nominees, to wit x x x to the 2007 Party-List
elections; and that Mr. Melquiades A. Robles was authorized to sign and submit the party’s
Certificate of Nomination with the Comelec; and, with evident premeditation to put the party to
public ridicule and with scheming intention to create confusion, still proceeded with the filing of
his unauthorized certificate of nomination even nomination persons who are not members of
Buhay.
WHEREAS, Hans Christian M. Señeres, in view of the foregoing, underwent Party Discipline
process pursuant to Article VII of the Constitution and By-Laws of the Party.
xxxx
WHEREAS, after a careful examination of the [evidence] on his case, the National Council found
Hans Christian M. Señeres to have committed acts in violation of the constitution and by-laws of
the party and decided to expel him as a member of the party.
NOW THEREFORE, be it RESOLVED as it is hereby RESOLVED that the National Council has
decided to expel Hans M. Señeres as a member of the party effective close of business hour of
10 May 2007.
BE IT RESOLVED FURTHER, that all rights and privileges pertaining to the membership of
Hans M. Señeres with the party are consequently cancelled.
BE IT RESOLVED FURTHER, that the President and Chairman of the National Council of
Buhay, Mr. Melquiades A. Robles, is hereby authorized to cause the necessary filing of whatever
documents/letters before the House of Representatives and/or to any other entity/agency/person
to remove/drop Mr. Señeres’ name in the roll of members in the said lower house. 11
Later developments saw Robles filing a petition praying for the recognition of Jose D. Villanueva
as the new representative of BUHAY in the House of Representatives for the remaining term
until June 30, 2007.12 Attached to the petition was a copy of the expelling resolution adverted to.
Additionally, Robles also filed on the same day an "Urgent Motion to Declare Null and Void the
Certificate of Nomination and Certificates of Acceptance filed by Hans Christian M. Señeres,
Hermenegildo Dumlao, Antonio R. Bautista, Victor Pablo Trinidad and Eduardo Solangon, Jr."13
On July 9 and July 18, 2007, respectively, the COMELEC issued two resolutions proclaiming
BUHAY as a winning party-list organization for the May 2007 elections entitled to three (3)
House seats.14
This was followed by the issuance on July 19, 2007 by the en banc COMELEC of Resolution
E.M. No. 07-043 recognizing and declaring Robles as the president of BUHAY and, as such,
was the one "duly authorized to sign documents in behalf of the party particularly the
Manifestation to participate in the party-list system of representation and the Certification of
Nomination of its nominees."15 Explaining its action, COMELEC stated that since no party
election was held to replace Robles as party president, then he was holding the position in a
hold-over capacity.161avvphi1
The COMELEC disposed of the partisan political activity issue with the terse observation that
Señeres’ arguments on the applicability to Robles of the prohibition on partisan political activity
were unconvincing.17 The dispositive portion of the COMELEC Resolution reads:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, this Commission (En Banc) hereby recognizes Melquiades
A. Robles as the duly authorized representative of Buhay Hayaan Yumabong (Buhay) and to act
for and in its behalf pursuant to its Constitution and By-Laws.
SO ORDERED.18
On July 20, 2007, the first three (3) listed nominees of BUHAY for the May 2007 elections, as
per the Certificate of Nomination filed by Robles, namely Rene M. Velarde, Ma. Carissa
Coscolluela, and William Irwin C. Tieng, took their oaths of office as BUHAY party-list
representatives in the current Congress.19 Accordingly, on September 3, 2007, the COMELEC,
sitting as National Board of Canvassers, issued a Certificate of Proclamation to BUHAY and its
nominees as representatives to the House of Representatives.20
Aggrieved, petitioner filed the instant petition.
The Issue
Whether or not the COMELEC acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in issuing its challenged Resolution dated
June 19, 2007, which declared respondent Robles as the duly authorized representative of
BUHAY, and there is no appeal or any other plain, speedy or adequate remedy in the ordinary
course of law except the instant petition.
Our Ruling
The petition should be dismissed for lack of merit.
Petition for Certiorari Is an Improper Remedy
A crucial matter in this recourse is whether the petition for certiorari filed by Señeres is the
proper remedy.
A special civil action for certiorari may be availed of when the tribunal, board, or officer
exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions has acted without or in excess of jurisdiction and
there is no appeal or any plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law for
the purpose of annulling the proceeding.21 It is the "proper remedy to question any final order,
ruling and decision of the COMELEC rendered in the exercise of its adjudicatory or quasi-judicial
powers."22 For certiorari to prosper, however, there must be a showing that the COMELEC acted
with grave abuse of discretion and that there is no appeal or any plain, speedy and adequate
remedy in the ordinary course of law.
In the present case, a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law was
available to Señeres. The 1987 Constitution cannot be more explicit in this regard. Its Article VI,
Section 17 states:
Page 2 of 7
Sec. 17. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal
which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of
their respective Members. x x x
This constitutional provision is reiterated in Rule 14 of the 1991 Revised Rules of the Electoral
Tribunal of the House of Representatives, to wit:
RULE 14. Jurisdiction.—The Tribunal shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the
election, returns and qualifications of the Members of the House of Representatives.
In Lazatin v. House Electoral Tribunal, the Court elucidated on the import of the word "sole" in
Art. VI, Sec. 17 of the Constitution, thus:
The use of the word ‘sole’ emphasizes the exclusive character of the jurisdiction conferred. The
exercise of the power by the Electoral Commission under the 1935 Constitution has been
described as ‘intended to be as complete and unimpaired as if it had remained originally in the
legislature.’ Earlier, this grant of power to the legislature was characterized by Justice Malcolm
as ‘full, clear and complete.’ Under the amended 1935 Constitution, the power was unqualifiedly
reposed upon the Electoral Tribunal and it remained as full, clear and complete as that
previously granted the legislature and the Electoral Commission. The same may be said with
regard to the jurisdiction of the Electoral Tribunals under the 1987 Constitution." 23
Then came Rasul v. COMELEC and Aquino-Oreta, in which the Court again stressed that "the
word ‘sole’ in Sec. 17, Art. VI of the 1987 Constitution and Sec. 250 of the Omnibus Election
Code underscore the exclusivity of the Tribunal’s jurisdiction over election contests relating to its
members."24
The House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal’s (HRET’s) sole and exclusive jurisdiction over
contests relative to the election, returns and qualifications of the members of the House of
Representatives "begins only after a candidate has become a member of the House of
Representatives."25 Thus, once a winning candidate has been proclaimed, taken his oath, and
assumed office as a Member of the House of Representatives, COMELEC’s jurisdiction over
elections relating to the election, returns, and qualifications ends, and the HRET’s own
jurisdiction begins.26
It is undisputed that the COMELEC, sitting as National Board of Canvassers, proclaimed
BUHAY as a winning party-list organization for the May 14, 2007 elections, entitled to three (3)
seats in the House of Representatives.27 The proclamation came in the form of two Resolutions
dated July 9, 2007 and July 18, 2007,28 respectively. Said resolutions are official proclamations
of COMELEC considering it is BUHAY that ran for election as party-list organization and not the
BUHAY nominees.
The following day, on July 19, 2007, the COMELEC issued the assailed resolution declaring
"Melquiades A. Robles as the duly authorized representative of Buhay Hayaan Yumabong
(Buhay) and to act in its behalf pursuant to its Constitution and By-Laws." COMELEC affirmed
that his Certificate of Nomination was a valid one as it ruled that "Robles is the President of
Buhay Party-List and therefore duly authorized to sign documents in behalf of the party
particularly the Manifestation to participate in the pary-list system of representation and
the Certificate of Nomination of its nominees."29 The September 3, 2007 proclamation merely
confirmed the challenged July 19, 2007 Resolution. The July 19, 2007 Resolution coupled with
the July 9, 2007 and July 18, 2007 proclamations vested the Robles nominees the right to
represent BUHAY as its sectoral representatives.
Consequently, the first three (3) nominees in the Certificate of Nomination submitted by Robles
then took their oaths of office before the Chief Justice on July 20, 2007 and have since then
exercised their duties and functions as BUHAY Party-List representatives in the current
Congress.
Without a doubt, at the time Señeres filed this petition before this Court on July 23, 2007, the
right of the nominees as party-list representatives had been recognized and declared in the July
19, 2007 Resolution and the nominees had taken their oath and already assumed their offices in
the House of Representatives. As such, the proper recourse would have been to file a petition
for quo warranto before the HRET within ten (10) days from receipt of the July 19, 2007
Resolution and not a petition for certiorari before this Court.30
Since Señeres failed to file a petition for quo warranto before the HRET within 10 days from
receipt of the July 19, 2007 Resolution declaring the validity of Robles’ Certificate of Nomination,
said Resolution of the COMELEC has already become final and executory. Thus, this petition
has now become moot and can be dismissed outright. And even if we entertain the instant
special civil action, still, petitioner’s postulations are bereft of merit.
Act of Nominating Is Not Partisan Political Activity
Petitioner Señeres contends that Robles, acting as BUHAY President and nominating officer, as
well as being the Administrator of the LRTA, was engaging in electioneering or partisan political
campaign. He bases his argument on the Constitution, which prohibits any officer or employee in
the civil service from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any electioneering or partisan political
campaign.31 He also cites Sec. 4 of the Civil Service Law which provides that "no officer or
employee in the Civil Service x x x shall engage in any partisan political activity." Lastly, he
mentions Sec. 26(i) of the Omnibus Election Code which makes it "an election offense for any
officer in the civil service to directly or indirectly x x x engage in any partisan political activity."
This contention lacks basis and is far from being persuasive. The terms "electioneering" and
"partisan political activity" have well-established meanings in the Omnibus Election Code, to wit:
Section 79. x x x
(b) The term ‘election campaign’ or ‘partisan political activity’ refers to an act designed to
promote the election or defeat of a particular candidate or candidates to a public office which
shall include:
(1) Forming organizations, associations, clubs, committees, or other groups of persons
for the purpose of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign for or against a
candidate;
(2) Holding political caucuses, conferences, meetings, rallies, parades, or other similar
assemblies, for the purpose of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign or
propaganda for or against a candidate;
(3) Making speeches, announcements or commentaries, or holding interviews for or
against the election of any candidate for public office;
(4) Publishing or distributing campaign literature or materials designed to support or
oppose the election of any candidate; or
Page 3 of 7
(5) Directly or indirectly soliciting votes, pledges or support for or against a candidate.
The foregoing enumerated acts if performed for the purpose of enhancing the chances of
aspirants for nominations for candidacy to a public office by a political party, agreement, or
coalition of parties shall not be considered as election campaign or partisan election activity.
Public expression of opinions or discussions of probable issues in a forthcoming election or on
attributes of or criticisms against probable candidates proposed to be nominated in a forth
coming political party convention shall not be construed as part of any election campaign or
partisan political activity contemplated under this Article. (Emphasis supplied.)
Guided by the above perspective, Robles’ act of submitting a nomination list for BUHAY cannot,
without more, be considered electioneering or partisan political activity within the context of the
Election Code. First of all, petitioner did not aver that Robles committed any of the five (5) acts
defined in the aforequoted Sec. 79(b) of the Code, let alone adduce proof to show the fact of
commission.
Second, even if Robles performed any of the previously mentioned acts, Sec. 79 of the Code is
nonetheless unequivocal that if the same is done only for the "purpose of enhancing the
chances of aspirants for nominations for candidacy to a public office by a political party,
agreement, or coalition of parties," it is not considered as a prohibited electioneering or partisan
election activity.
From this provision, one can conclude that as long as the acts embraced under Sec. 79 pertain
to or are in connection with the nomination of a candidate by a party or organization, then such
are treated as internal matters and cannot be considered as electioneering or partisan political
activity. The twin acts of signing and filing a Certificate of Nomination are purely internal
processes of the party or organization and are not designed to enable or ensure the victory of
the candidate in the elections. The act of Robles of submitting the certificate nominating Velarde
and others was merely in compliance with the COMELEC requirements for nomination of party-
list representatives and, hence, cannot be treated as electioneering or partisan political activity
proscribed under by Sec. 2(4) of Art. IX(B) of the Constitution for civil servants.
Moreover, despite the fact that Robles is a nominating officer, as well as Chief of the LRTA,
petitioner was unable to cite any legal provision that prohibits his concurrent positions of LRTA
President and acting president of a party-list organization or that bars him from nominating.
Last but not least, the nomination of Velarde, Coscolluela, Tieng, Monsod, and Villarama to the
2007 party-list elections was, in the final analysis, an act of the National Council of BUHAY.
Robles’ role in the nominating process was limited to signing, on behalf of BUHAY, and
submitting the party’s Certificate of Nomination to the COMELEC.32The act of nominating
BUHAY’s representatives was veritably a direct and official act of the National Council of BUHAY
and not Robles’. Be that as it may, it is irrelevant who among BUHAY’s officials signs the
Certificate of Nomination, as long as the signatory was so authorized by BUHAY. The alleged
disqualification of Robles as nominating officer is indeed a non-issue and does not affect the act
of the National Council of nominating Velarde and others. Hence, the Certificate of Nomination,
albeit signed by Robles, is still the product of a valid and legal act of the National Council of
BUHAY. Robles’ connection with LRTA could not really be considered as a factor invalidating
the nomination process.
"Hold-Over" Principle Applies
Petitioner Señeres further maintains that at the time the Certificate of Nomination was submitted,
Robles’ term as President of BUHAY had already expired, thus effectively nullifying the
Certificate of Nomination and the nomination process.
Again, petitioner’s contention is untenable. As a general rule, officers and directors of a
corporation hold over after the expiration of their terms until such time as their successors are
elected or appointed.33 Sec. 23 of the Corporation Code contains a provision to this effect, thus:
Section 23. The board of directors or trustees.—Unless otherwise provided in this Code, the
corporate powers of all corporations formed under this Code shall be exercised, all business
conducted and all property of such corporations controlled and held by the board of directors or
trustees to be elected from among the holders of stocks, or where there is no stock, from among
the members of the corporation, who shall hold office for one (1) year until their successors are
elected and qualified.
The holdover doctrine has, to be sure, a purpose which is at once legal as it is practical. It
accords validity to what would otherwise be deemed as dubious corporate acts and gives
continuity to a corporate enterprise in its relation to outsiders. 34 This is the analogical situation
obtaining in the present case. The voting members of BUHAY duly elected Robles as party
President in October 1999. And although his regular term as such President expired in October
2002,35 no election was held to replace him and the other original set of officers. 36 Further, the
constitution and by-laws of BUHAY do not expressly or impliedly prohibit a hold-over situation.
As such, since no successor was ever elected or qualified, Robles remained the President of
BUHAY in a "hold-over" capacity.
Authorities are almost unanimous that one who continues with the discharge of the functions of
an office after the expiration of his or her legal term––no successor having, in the meantime,
been appointed or chosen––is commonly regarded as a de facto officer, even where no
provision is made by law for his holding over and there is nothing to indicate the contrary. 37 By
fiction of law, the acts of such de facto officer are considered valid and effective.38
So it must be for the acts of Robles while serving as a hold-over Buhay President. Among these
acts was the submission of the nomination certificate for the May 14, 2007 elections.
As a final consideration, it bears to state that petitioner is estopped from questioning the
authority of Robles as President of BUHAY. As a principle of equity rooted on natural justice, the
bar of estoppel precludes a person from going back on his own acts and representations to the
prejudice of another whom he has led to rely upon them.39
Again, it cannot be denied that Robles, as BUHAY President, signed all manifestations of the
party’s desire to participate in the 2001 and 2004 elections, as well as all Certificates of
Nomination.40 In fact, the corresponding certificate for the 2004 elections included petitioner as
one of the nominees. During this time, Robles’ term as President had already expired, and yet,
petitioner never questioned Robles’ authority to sign the Certificate of Nomination. As a matter of
fact, petitioner even benefited from the nomination, because he earned a seat in the House of
Representatives as a result of the party’s success. 41 Clearly, petitioner cannot now be heard to
argue that Robles’ term as president of BUHAY has long since expired, and that his act of
submitting the Certificate of Nomination and the manifestation to participate in the 2007 elections
is null and void. He is already precluded from doing so.
Page 4 of 7
WHEREFORE, the petition is DISMISSED. Resolution E.M. No. 07-043 of the COMELEC dated
July 19, 2007 is AFFIRMED. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 178523 June 16, 2010
MAKATI SPORTS CLUB, INC., Petitioner,
vs.
CECILE H. CHENG, MC FOODS, INC., and RAMON SABARRE, Respondents.
DECISION
NACHURA, J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, assailing the
Decision2 dated June 25, 2007 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 80631, affirming
the decision3 dated August 20, 2003 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 138, Makati City
in Civil Case No. 01-837.
The facts of the case, as narrated by the RTC and adopted by the CA, are as follows:
On October 20, 1994, plaintiff’s Board of Directors adopted a resolution (Exhibit 7) authorizing
the sale of 19 unissued shares at a floor price of ₱400,000 and ₱450,000 per share for Class A
and B, respectively.
Defendant Cheng was a Treasurer and Director of plaintiff in 1985. On July 7, 1995, Hodreal
expressed his interest to buy a share, for this purpose he sent the letter, Exhibit 13. In said letter,
he requested that his name be included in the waiting list.1avvphi1
It appears that sometime in November 1995, McFoods expressed interest in acquiring a share of
the plaintiff, and one was acquired with the payment to the plaintiff by McFoods of ₱1,800,000
through Urban Bank (Exhibit 3). On December 15, 1995, the Deed of Absolute Sale, Exhibit 1,
was executed by the plaintiff and McFoods Stock Certificate No. A 2243 was issued to McFoods
on January 5, 1996. On December 27, 1995, McFoods sent a letter to the plaintiff giving advise
(sic) of its offer to resell the share.
It appears that while the sale between the plaintiff and McFoods was still under negotiations,
there were negotiations between McFoods and Hodreal for the purchase by the latter of a share
of the plaintiff. On November 24, 1995, Hodreal paid McFoods ₱1,400,000. Another payment of
₱1,400,000 was made by Hodreal to McFoods on December 27, 1995, to complete the
purchase price of ₱2,800,000.
On February 7, 1996, plaintiff was advised of the sale by McFoods to Hodreal of the share
evidenced by Certificate No. 2243 for ₱2.8 Million. Upon request, a new certificate was issued.
In 1997, an investigation was conducted and the committee held that there is prima facie
evidence to show that defendant Cheng profited from the transaction because of her knowledge.
xxxx
Plaintiff’s evidence of fraud are – [a] letter of Hodreal dated July 7, 1995 where he expressed
interest in buying one (1) share from the plaintiff with the request that he be included in the
waiting list of buyers; [b] declaration of Lolita Hodreal in her Affidavit that in October 1995, she
talked to Cheng who assured her that there was one (1) available share at the price of
₱2,800,000. The purchase to be validated by paying 50% immediately and the balance after
thirty (30) days; [c] Marian Punzalan, Head, Membership Section of the plaintiff declared that
she informed Cheng of the intention of Hodreal to purchase one (1) share and she gave to
Cheng the contact telephone number of Hodreal; and [d] the authorization from Sabarre to claim
the stock certificate.4
Thus, petitioner sought judgment that would order respondents to pay the sum of
₱1,000,000.00, representing the amount allegedly defrauded, together with interest and
damages.
After trial on the merits, the RTC rendered its August 20, 2003 decision, dismissing the
complaint, including all counterclaims.
Aggrieved, Makati Sports Club, Inc. (MSCI) appealed to the CA, arguing that the RTC erred in
finding neither direct nor circumstantial evidence that Cecile H. Cheng (Cheng) had any
fraudulent participation in the transaction between MSCI and Mc Foods, Inc. (Mc Foods), while it
allegedly ignored MSCI’s overwhelming evidence that Cheng and Mc Foods confabulated with
one another at the expense of MSCI.
After the submission of the parties’ respective briefs, the CA promulgated its assailed Decision,
affirming the August 20, 2003 decision of the RTC. Hence, this petition anchored on the grounds
that—
THE APPELLATE COURT ERRED IN UPHOLDING THE CONCLUSION OF THE TRIAL
COURT THAT PETITIONER DID NOT PROFFER CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE
SHOWING THAT THE RESPONDENTS DEFRAUDED THE PETITIONER DESPITE
OVERWHELMING EVIDENCE TO THE CONTRARY AS SHOWN BY THE FOLLOWING:
(A) RESPONDENTS CHENG AND SABARRE’S OWN ADMISSIONS, MARIAN
PUNZALAN’S AFFIDAVIT, AND OTHER PERTINENT DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
ALL UNEQUIVOCALLY PROVE THAT RESPONDENT CHENG HAD INTIMATE
PARTICIPATION IN THE SALE OF MSCI’S UNISSUED CLASS "A" SHARE TO MC
FOODS, INC. FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF ONE MILLION EIGHT HUNDRED
THOUSAND PESOS (PHP1,800,000.00).
(B) RESPONDENT CHENG’S ADMISSIONS AND OTHER PERTINENT
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE RELATED TO THE SALE OF MSCI’S UNISSUED
CLASS "A" SHARE TO RESPONDENT MC FOODS, INC. AND THE RESALE OF THE
SAME TO SPOUSES HODREAL PROVE THAT THE SALE OF THE SAID UNISSUED
SHARE TO MC FOODS, INC. AT ONE MILLION EIGHT HUNDRED THOUSAND
PESOS (PHP1,800,000.00) WAS MADE WITH A VIEW TO RESELL THE SAME AT A
PROFIT TO THE HODREAL SPOUSES AT THE AMOUNT OF TWO MILLION EIGHT
HUNDRED PESOS (PHP2,800,000.00); THE "RESALE" OF THE SAID SHARE TO
THE SPOUSES HODREAL OCCURRING EVEN BEFORE MC FOODS, INC. GAINED
OWNERSHIP OVER THE SAID UNISSUED SHARE.
Page 5 of 7
(C) THE UTTER LACK OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT MC
FOODS, INC. EVINCED A DESIRE TO PURCHASE PETITIONER’S UNISSUED
SHARES CONCLUSIVELY PROVES THAT MC FOODS, INC. NEVER MADE ANY
FORMAL OFFER TO BUY AN UNISSUED M[SC]I SHARE FROM PETITIONER’S
BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND/OR MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE, COURSING THE
SAID TRANSACTION CLANDESTINELY THROUGH RESPONDENT CHENG.
(D) RESPONDENT CHENG’S OWN ADMISSIONS INDUBITABLY PROVE THAT SHE
DELIBERATELY CONCEALED THE FACT THAT THERE WERE OTHER UNISSUED
M[SC]I SHARES AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE BY THE SPOUSES HODREAL,
CHOOSING INSTEAD TO BROKER THE "RESALE" OF THE SHARE PURCHASED
BY MC FOODS, INC. FROM MSCI TO THE SPOUSES HODREAL AT THE PRICE OF
TWO MILLION EIGHT HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (PHP2,800,000.00) TO THE
DETRIMENT OF THE PETITIONER.
(E) RESPONDENTS CHENG AND SABARRE’S ADMISSIONS, MSCI’S BY-LAWS AND
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE RELATING TO THE TWO IRREGULAR SALES
TRANSACTIONS ALL POINT TO THE CONCLUSION THAT MC FOODS, INC. IN
RESELLING ITS MSCI SHARE TO SPOUSES HODREAL FAILED TO GIVE MSCI A
CREDIBLE OPPORTUNITY TO REPURCHASE THE SAME IN ACCORDANCE WITH
SECTION 30 (E) OF MSCI’S BY-LAWS.
(F) RESPONDENT CHENG’S OWN DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE PROVES THAT
RESPONDENTS FALSIFIED AN ENTRY IN MC FOODS, INC.’S "OFFER" TO SELL
ITS SHARE TO MSCI IN AN EFFORT TO COAT THE RESELLING OF THE SAID
SHARE TO SPOUSES HODREAL WITH A SEMBLANCE OF REGULARITY[.]
(G) FINALLY, PERHAPS THE MOST OVERLOOKED MATTER BY THE TRIAL COURT
AND THE APPELLATE COURT IS THE SINGULAR UNDENIABLE FACT THAT
RESPONDENT CHENG DURING THE PERIOD IN WHICH THE ABOVE-MENTIONED
TRANSACTIONS CAME INTO FRUITION WAS A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS AND THE TREASURER OF MSCI, THIS FACT ALONE TAINTS THE
PARTICIPATION OF RESPONDENT CHENG IN THE SAID IRREGULAR
TRANSACTIONS WITH BAD FAITH.5
The petition should be denied.
At the outset, we note that this recourse is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the
Rules of Court. Under Section 1 of the Rule, such a petition shall raise only questions of law
which must be distinctly alleged in the appropriate pleading. In a case involving a question of
law, the resolution of the issue must rest solely on what the law provides for a given set of facts
drawn from the evidence presented. Stated differently, there should be nothing in dispute as to
the state of facts; the issue to be resolved is merely the correctness of the conclusion drawn
from the said facts. Once it is clear that the issue invites a review of the probative value of the
evidence presented, the question posed is one of fact. If the query requires a reevaluation of the
credibility of witnesses, or the existence or relevance of surrounding circumstances and their
relation to each other, then the issue is necessarily factual.6
A perusal of the assignment of errors and the discussion set forth by MSCI would readily show
that the petition seeks a review of all the evidence presented before the RTC and reviewed by
the CA; therefore, the issue is factual. Accordingly, the petition should be dismissed outright,
especially considering that the very same factual circumstances in this petition have already
been ruled upon by the CA.
However, MSCI seeks to evade this rule that the findings of fact made by the trial court,
particularly when affirmed by the appellate court, are entitled to great weight and even finality,
claiming that its case falls under two of the well-recognized exceptions, to wit: (1) that the
judgment of the appellate court is premised on a misapprehension of facts or that it has failed to
consider certain relevant facts which, if properly considered, will justify a different conclusion;
and (2) that the findings of fact of the appellate court are ostensibly premised on the absence of
evidence, but are contradicted by the evidence on record.7
MSCI insists that Cheng, in collaboration with Mc Foods, committed fraud in transacting the
transfers involving Stock Certificate No. A 2243 (Certificate A 2243) on account of the following
circumstances—(1) on November 24, 1995, Joseph L. Hodreal (Hodreal) paid the first
installment of ₱1,400,000.00 for the purchase of a Class "A" share in favor of Mc Foods; 8 (2) on
November 28, 1995, Mc Foods deposited to MSCI’s account an Allied Banking Corporation
manager’s check for the purchase of the same share in the amount of ₱1,800,000.00,9 sans an
official receipt from MSCI;10 (3) on December 15, 1995, MSCI and Mc Foods executed a Deed of
Sale for the purchase of a Class "A" share;11 (4) on December 27, 1995, Hodreal paid the last
installment of ₱1,400,000.00 to Mc Foods;12(5) on December 27, 1995, Mc Foods sent a letter to
MSCI, offering to sell its purchased share of stock in the amount of ₱2,800,000.00;13 (6) on
January 5, 1996, Certificate A 2243 was issued to Mc Foods by MSCI; 14 and (7) on January 29,
1996, Mc Foods and Hodreal executed a Deed of Sale for the same share of stock. 15
Based on the above incidents, MSCI asserts that Mc Foods never intended to become a
legitimate holder of its purchased Class "A" share but did so only for the purpose of realizing a
profit in the amount of ₱1,000,000.00 at the expense of the former. MSCI further claims that
Cheng confabulated with Mc Foods by providing it with an insider’s information as to the status
of the shares of stock of MSCI and even, allegedly with unusual interest, facilitated the transfer
of ownership of the subject share of stock from Mc Foods to Hodreal, instead of an original,
unissued share of stock. According to MSCI, Cheng’s fraudulent participation was clearly and
overwhelmingly proven by the following circumstances: (1) sometime in October 1995, Lolita
Hodreal, wife of Hodreal, talked to Cheng about the purchase of one Class "A" share of stock
and the latter assured her that there was already an available share for ₱2,800,000.00; 16 (2) the
second installment payment of ₱1,400,000.00 of spouses Hodreal to Mc Foods was received by
Cheng on the latter’s behalf;17 (3) Marian N. Punzalan (Punzalan), head of MSCI’s membership
section, informed Cheng about Hodreal’s intention to purchase a share of stock and Cheng
asked her if there was a quoted price for it, and for Hodreal’s contact number; 18 and (4) on
January 29, 1996, Cheng claimed Certificate A 2243 on behalf of Mc Foods, 19 per letter of
authority dated January 26, 1996, executed by Mc Foods in favor of Cheng.20
The Court is not convinced.
It is noteworthy that, as early as July 7, 1995, Hodreal already expressed to the MSCI
Membership Committee his intent to purchase one Class "A" share and even requested if he
could be included in the waiting list of buyers. However, there is no evidence on record that the
Membership Committee acted on this letter by replying to Hodreal if there still were original,
unissued shares then or if he would indeed be included in the waiting list 21 of buyers. All that
Punzalan did was to inform Cheng of Hodreal’s intent and nothing more, even as Cheng asked
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for Hodreal’s contact number. It may also be observed that, although established by Punzalan’s
affidavit that she informed Cheng about Hodreal’s desire to purchase a Class "A" share and that
Cheng asked for Hodreal’s contact number, it is not clear when Punzalan relayed the information
to Cheng or if Cheng indeed initiated contact with Hodreal to peddle Mc Foods’ purchased
share.
While Punzalan declared that, in December 1995, she received a Deed of Absolute Sale
between MSCI and Mc Foods of a Class "A" share for ₱1,800,000.00 signed by Atty. Rico
Domingo and Cheng, in their respective capacities as then President and Treasurer of MSCI,
and by Ramon Sabarre, as President of Mc Foods, what she merely did was to inquire from her
immediate superior Becky Peñaranda what share to issue; and the latter, in turn, replied that it
should be an original share. Thereafter, Punzalan prepared a letter, signed by then corporate
secretary, Atty. Rafael Abiera, to be sent to MSCI’s stock transfer agent for the issuance of the
corresponding certificate of stock. Then, Certificate A 2243 was issued in favor of Mc Foods on
January 5, 1996.
Also in point are the powers and duties of the MSCI’s Membership Committee, viz.:
SEC. 29. (a) The Membership Committee shall process applications for membership; ascertain
that the requirements for stock ownership, including citizenship, are complied with; submit to the
Board its recommended on applicants for inclusion in the Waiting List; take charge of auction
sales of shares of stock; and exercise such other powers and perform such other functions as
may be authorized by the Board.22
Charged with ascertaining the compliance of all the requirements for the purchase of MSCI’s
shares of stock, the Membership Committee failed to question the alleged irregularities attending
Mc Foods’ purchase of one Class "A" share at ₱1,800,000.00. If there was really any irregularity
in the transaction, this inaction of the Management Committee belies MSCI’s cry of foul play on
Mc Foods’ purchase of the subject share of stock. In fact, the purchase price of ₱1,800,000.00
cannot be said to be detrimental to MSCI, considering that it is the same price paid for a Class
"A" share in the last sale of an original share to Land Bank of the Philippines on September 25,
1995, and in the sale by Marina Properties Corporation to Xanland Properties, Inc. on October
23, 1995.23 These circumstances have not been denied by MSCI. What is more, the purchase
price of ₱1,800,000.00 is ₱1,400,000.00 more than the floor price set by the MSCI Board of
Directors for a Class "A" share in its resolution dated October 20, 1994.24
Further, considering that Mc Foods tendered its payment of ₱1,800,000.00 to MSCI on
November 28, 1995, even assuming arguendo that it was driven solely by the intent to speculate
on the price of the share of stock, it had all the right to negotiate and transact, at least on the
anticipated and expected ownership of the share, with Hodreal.25In other words, there is nothing
wrong with the fact that the first installment paid by Hodreal preceded the payment of Mc Foods
for the same share of stock to MSCI because eventually Mc Foods became the owner of a Class
"A" share covered by Certificate A 2243. Upon payment by Mc Foods of ₱1,800,000.00 to MSCI
and the execution of the Deed of Absolute Sale on December 15, 1995, it then had the right to
demand the delivery of the stock certificate in its name. The right of a transferee to have stocks
transferred to its name is an inherent right flowing from its ownership of the stocks. 26
It is MSCI’s stance that Mc Foods violated Section 30(e) of MSCI’s Amended By-Laws on its
pre-emptive rights, which provides—
SEC. 30. x x x .
(e) Sale of Shares of Stockholder. Where the registered owner of share of stock desires to sell receiving the payments of Hodreal in her office and claiming the stock certificate on behalf of Mc
his share of stock, he shall first offer the same in writing to the Club at fair market value and the Foods, do not by themselves, individually or taken together, show badges of fraud, since Mc
club shall have thirty (30) days from receipt of written offer within which to purchase such share, Foods did acts well within its rights and there is no proof that Cheng personally profited from the
and only if the club has excess revenues over expenses (unrestricted retained earning) and with assailed transaction. Even the statement of MSCI that Cheng doctored the books to give a
the approval of two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Board of Directors. If the Club fails to purchase the semblance of regularity to the transfers involving the share of stock covered by Certificate A
share, the stockholder may dispose of the same to other persons who are qualified to own and 2243 remains merely a plain statement not buttressed by convincing proof.
hold shares in the club. If the share is not purchased at the price quoted by the stockholder and Fraud is deemed to comprise anything calculated to deceive, including all acts, omissions, and
he reduces said price, then the Club shall have the same pre-emptive right subject to the same concealment involving a breach of legal or equitable duty, trust or confidence justly reposed,
conditions for the same period of thirty (30) days. Any transfer of share, except by hereditary resulting in the damage to another or by which an undue and unconscionable advantage is
succession, made in violation of these conditions shall be null and void and shall not be taken of another.30 It is a question of fact that must be alleged and proved. It cannot be
recorded in the books of the Club. presumed and must be established by clear and convincing evidence, not by mere
The share of stock so acquired shall be offered and sold by the Club to those in the Waiting List preponderance of evidence.31 The party alleging the existence of fraud has the burden of
in the order that their names appear in such list, or in the absence of a Waiting List, to any proof.32 On the basis of the above disquisitions, this Court finds that petitioner has failed to
applicant.27 discharge this burden. No matter how strong the suspicion is on the part of petitioner, such
We disagree. suspicion does not translate into tangible evidence sufficient to nullify the assailed transactions
involving the subject MSCI Class "A" share of stock.
Undeniably, on December 27, 1995, when Mc Foods offered for sale one Class "A" share of
stock to MSCI for the price of ₱2,800,000.00 for the latter to exercise its pre-emptive right as WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED for lack of merit. The Decision dated June 25, 2007 of the
required by Section 30(e) of MSCI’s Amended By-Laws, it legally had the right to do so since it Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 80631, affirming the decision dated August 20, 2003 of the
was already an owner of a Class "A" share by virtue of its payment on November 28, 1995, and Regional Trial Court, Branch 138, Makati City in Civil Case No. 01-837, is AFFIRMED. Costs
the Deed of Absolute Share dated December 15, 1995, notwithstanding the fact that the stock against petitioner.
certificate was issued only on January 5, 1996. A certificate of stock is the paper representative SO ORDERED.
or tangible evidence of the stock itself and of the various interests therein. The certificate is not a
stock in the corporation but is merely evidence of the holder’s interest and status in the
corporation, his ownership of the share represented thereby. It is not in law the equivalent of
such ownership. It expresses the contract between the corporation and the stockholder, but is
not essential to the existence of a share of stock or the nature of the relation of shareholder to
the corporation.28
Therefore, Mc Foods properly complied with the requirement of Section 30(e) of the Amended
By-Laws on MSCI’s pre-emptive rights. Without doubt, MSCI failed to repurchase Mc Foods’
Class "A" share within the thirty (30) day pre-emptive period as provided by the Amended By-
Laws. It was only on January 29, 1996, or 32 days after December 28, 1995, when MSCI
received Mc Foods’ letter of offer to sell the share, that Mc Foods and Hodreal executed the
Deed of Absolute Sale over the said share of stock. While Hodreal had the right to demand the
immediate execution of the Deed of Absolute Sale after his full payment of Mc Foods’ Class "A"
share, he did not do so. Perhaps, he wanted to wait for Mc Foods to first comply with the pre-
emptive requirement as set forth in the Amended By-Laws. Neither can MSCI argue that Mc
Foods was not yet a registered owner of the share of stock when the latter offered it for resale, in
order to void the transfer from Mc Foods to Hodreal. The corporation’s obligation to register is
ministerial upon the buyer’s acquisition of ownership of the share of stock. The corporation,
either by its board, its by-laws, or the act of its officers, cannot create restrictions in stock
transfers.29
Moreover, MSCI’s ardent position that Cheng was in cahoots with Mc Foods in depriving it of
selling an original, unissued Class "A" share of stock for ₱2,800,000.00 is not supported by the
evidence on record. The mere fact that she performed acts upon authority of Mc Foods, i.e.,
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