JANUARY 2018

Vol. 41, No. 1

www.crows.org The Journal of Electronic Defense

Thinking
Through
Collaborative EW

Also in this issue:

Highlights from the AOC
54th Annual International
Symposium and Convention
EW 101: Stand-off Jamming
of Legacy Acquisition Radars
 ELECTRONIC WARFARE

STRENGTH ACROSS
THE SPECTRUM

Raytheon.com/spectrum
@Raytheon
Raytheon

© 2018 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved.

 Integrated EW Testing
Lab Tested Installed Test Range Test

RSS8000 Portable Radar Signal

Radar Signal Simulator Simulator (PRS)

DT&E Through
OT&E
In service Worldwide

Chameleon Mobile EW & Radar Test

Radar Target Generator System (MERTS)

Coherent Radar Target and Threat Simulation

Ultra-Herley EW Simulation Technology Ltd.

9 Whippany Road, A8 Cody Technology Park, Ively Road
Whippany, New Jersey 07981 Farnborough, Hants GU14 0LX
Tel: 973-884-2580 Tel: +44(0) 1252 512951
Email: sales @herley-CTI.com Fax: +44(0) 1252 512428
www.ewst.co.uk
 January 2018 • Volume 41, Issue 1

www.crows.org The Journal of Electronic Defense

4
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

News Report from the 6th Annual AOC

Pacific Conference 29
The Monitor 15 A look at the successful AOC Pacific Conference,
Air Force Lanches EW ECCT. which took place in Hawaii last October.
Washington Report 20
Senate Appropriations Committee Forges Defense Highlights from the AOC
Spending Bill. 54th Annual International
World Report 21 Symposium & Convention 34
Canada Becomes Launch Customer for Leonardo’s Photos from last month’s AOC Convention in
Miysis DIRCM. Washington, DC.

Features Departments
Thinking Through Collaborative 6 The View From Here
Electronic Warfare 22 8 Conferences Calendar
Dr. John A. Kosinski and Dr. Phil Mumford 10 Courses Calendar
As we start to explore collaborative EW, we need to 12 From the President
be careful in bounding our expectations as to what
can and cannot be achieved. 31 EW 101
33 AOC News
37 Index of Advertisers
38 JED Quick Look

COVER PHOTO COURTESY US NAVY. CONTENTS PHOTO DAVID KEITH PHOTOGRAPHY.

 Advance with Cobham

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Threats come in many forms. Cobham Advanced Electronic Solutions designs and
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 the view
f rom he re

ANSWERING
www.crows.org The Journal of Electronic Defense

JANUARY 2018 • VOL. 41, NO. 1

THE QUESTION
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor: John Knowles
Publisher: Elaine Richardson
Senior Editor: John Haystead
Assistant Editor: Hope Swedeen
Technical Editors: Ollie Holt, Burt Keirstead
Threat Systems Editor: Doug Richardson
Contributing Writers: Dave Adamy, Luca Peruzzi,

F
Richard Scott
Marketing & Research Coordinator: Kent Agramonte
or more than a decade, the Electronic Warfare (EW) Community Proofreader: Shauna Keedian
has led an energetic discussion about the need to recognize the Sales Administration: Candice Blair
Electromagnetic Environment (EME) as a distinct operational maneu- EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
ver space. Many European nations have embraced this idea, and NATO Mr. Petter Bedoire
Vice President and Head of M&S and EW Systems,
has adapted its EW doctrine accordingly. In the US, the DOD’s 2017 EW Electronic Defence Systems, Saab
Strategy explicitly asks if the Department should recognize the Electromagnetic Mr. Anthony Lisuzzo
Senior Vice President, JRAD, Inc.
Spectrum (EMS) as a major warfighting domain. It is an important question that
Mr. Steve Mensh
needs to be answered. If the answer is “yes, the EMS is a warfighting domain,” Senior Vice President and General Manager, Textron System
the DOD will stand a better chance of identifying and understanding how it Electronic Systems
Mr. Edgar Maimon
must re-focus and adapt in order to continue dominating in this maneuver space General Manager, Elbit Systems EW and SIGINT – Elisra
in future conflicts. Dr. Steve Roberts
The DOD EW Strategy asks the critical EMS Domain question, but the wrong Director, Strategy & Competitive Analysis, Airborne and Space
Systems Division, Leonardo
6 people are being asked to provide the answer. Unfortunately, most of the DOD Mr. Travis Slocumb
stakeholders who are being invited to weigh in on the EMS Domain question rep- VP, Electronic Warfare Systems, Raytheon Space and Airborne
Systems
resent the Services. The Services organize, train and equip forces, but they do
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

Mr. Brian Walters

not actually fight. It is the combatant commands (COCOMs) that are responsible Vice President and General Manager, Electronic Combat
for warfighting. They are the ones who actually own the true operational chal- Solutions,
BAE Systems Electronic Systems
lenges in the EMS and who have to plan for and solve them. Dr. Jim Wickes
It may sound trite, but the Air Force does not have a serious operational prob- Senior Principal, Survivability, Defence Science and Technology
lem in the EMS Domain. Nor does the Navy, the Marine Corps or the Army. Yes, Lab (dstl), UK MOD
Dr. Rich Wittstruck
each Service must provide forces that can operate effectively in the EMS. But Associate Director, Field-Based Experimentation and Integra-
each Service mostly thinks about its own forces operating in the EMS – think of tion, CERDEC, US Army
it as “intra-operability.” The Air Force, for example, doesn’t spend a whole lot of PRODUCTION STAFF
time worrying about how Navy or Army forces are going to maneuver in the EMS, Layout & Design: Barry Senyk
Advertising Art: Elaine Connell
even though they fight alongside each other. However, the EMS is an inherently Contact the Editor: (978) 509-1450, JEDeditor@naylor.com
Joint warfighting domain, and interoperability and Joint EM Battle Management Contact the Sales Manager:
(800) 369-6220 or tjenkins@naylor.com
are operational responsibilities that fundamentally rest with the COCOMs.
Subscription Information: Please contact Glorianne O’Neilin
There is a reason (a bad reason, in fact) why the COCOMs and the Joint Staff at (703) 549-1600 or e-mail oneilin@crows.org.
are not weighing in on the EMS Domain debate more heavily. The COCOMs and The Journal of Electronic Defense
even the Joint Staff are shockingly thin on EW staff, expertise and experience. is published for the AOC by
There just aren’t that many EMS Operations (EMSO) billets at any of the COCOMs
or on the Joint Staff – certainly not in proportion to their operational responsi- 5950 NW 1st Place
bilities for the EMS. When they need deep EW expertise, the COCOMs rely heavily Gainesville, FL 32607
Phone: (800) 369-6220 • Fax: (352) 331-3525
on the Joint EW Center (JEWC) under US Strategic Command. The JEWC has done www.naylor.com
an admirable job of meeting this demand with support units, such as deployable ©2018 Association of Old Crows/Naylor, LLC. All rights
Electronic Warfare Planning and Coordination Cells. However, this JEWC support reserved. The contents of this publication may not be
reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without
has also masked serious structural EMSO shortfalls within the COCOMs and the the prior written authorization of the publisher.
Joint Staff. Those shortfalls become more apparent when the DOD leadership Editorial: The articles and editorials appearing in this magazine
turns to the Services to answer an important question, such as whether or not do not represent an official AOC position, except for the official
notices printed in the “Association News” section or unless
the EMS is a warfighting domain, when it is the COCOMs who own the actual specifically identified as an AOC position.
responsibility. – J. Knowles PUBLISHED DECEMBER 2017/JED-M0118/8577
Innovation
That’s
Scalable. The Mercury SpectrumSeries
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microwave transceiver packaged in an

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Mercury’s SpectrumSeries of signal

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acquisition building blocks integrate
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digitization and processing blocks to
provide low-risk, turnkey, real-time
signal processing subsystems that are
ideally suited to EW applications.

Copyright © 2017 Mercury Systems is a trademark of Mercury Systems, Inc. - 3359.01

Innovation
That’s
Scalable. The Mercury SpectrumSeries
RFM3101 is a versatile OpenVPX
TM

microwave transceiver packaged in an

efficient, rugged 3U form-factor, with:

• High Performance
Ultra-wideband, High dynamic range,
Low phase noise, Integrated synthesizers

• Spectral Efficiency
Full EW coverage in compact
Open Architecture package

• OpenRFM™ Architecture
Reduces program risk,
Lowers Total Cost of Ownership,
Scales with platform’s SWaP

Mercury’s SpectrumSeries of signal

Visit mrcy.com/RFM3101
to download the product data sheet
acquisition building blocks integrate
seamlessly with our EnsembleSeries™
digitization and processing blocks to
provide low-risk, turnkey, real-time
signal processing subsystems that are
ideally suited to EW applications.

Copyright © 2017 Mercury Systems is a trademark of Mercury Systems, Inc. - 3359.01

One Source.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Dominance Multiplier.

EW and SIGINT based systems,

operating across the entire RF and EO
spectrum
Thousands of our EW and Intelligence systems for ground, air and
naval arenas are operational in Israel and in dozens of other
countries worldwide. They are battle proven in conflict-zones around
the world over the last two decades, and reflect pioneering, flexible
thinking, supported by strict supply timeframes and ongoing
integration of operational feedback. This is why, when it comes to
results and proven performance – we are your one source for
Visit us at electromagnetic-spectrum dominance.
AOC EW Singapore 2018
January 30-31, Stand #D6
Singapore Airshow 2018
February 6-11, Stand #N65
 c ale ndar confe re nc e s & trad e s hows
JANUARY FEBRUARY 5th International Conference on EW –
EWCI 2018
30th Annual Surface Navy Association AUVSI Unmanned Systems – February 13-16
Annual National Symposium Defense. Protection. Security. Bangalore, India
January 9-11, 2018 February 6-8 www.aoc-india.org
Arlington, VA National Harbor, MD
www.sna.org www.thedefenseshow.org AFA Air Warfare Symposium
February 21-23
Directed Energy Test and AFCEA West Conference and Exhibition Orlando, FL
Evaluation Conference February 6-8 www.afa.org
January 16-19 San Diego, CA
Albuquerque, NM www.westconference.org Defexpo 2018
www.deps.org February 21-24
Singapore Airshow Goa, India
EW Singapore February 6-11 defexpoindia.in
January 30-31 Singapore
Singapore www.singaporeairshow.com Military Radar Summit
www.ewsingapore.com February 26-28
Arlington, VA
www.idga.org

Radar Signal Emulator

20th Annual Directed Energy Science
and Technology Symposium
February 26 - March 2
Oxnard, CA
www.deps.org

MARCH
DIMDEX 2018
March 12-14
Doha, Qatar
www.dimdex.com
47th Annual Collaborative
EW Symposium
March 13-15
Pt. Mugu, CA
8 www.crows.org
Dixie Crow Symposium 43
March 19-22
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

Warner Robins, GA
www.dixiecrows.org
Directed Energy to DC Exhibition
March 19-23
Washington, DC
www.deps.org
Directed Energy Summit
March 21-22
Washington, DC
www.boozallen.com

APRIL
FIDAE 2018
April 3-8
Santiago, Chile
www.fidae.cl/en
By streaming waveform (I/Q) data from computer hard drives to
Navy League Sea-Air-Space
D-TA’s tunable multi-channel ultra-wideband RF transmit solution, April 9-11
D-TA has simplified generation of complex radar signals for testing National Harbor, MD
www.seaairspace.org
for any type of Radar & EW receivers and Jammer systems. Now
AOC Patriots’ Roost 2018
you can generate any waveform at any frequency for any duration! Cyber Summit
April 11-12
Bedford, MA
Find out more, download “Radar www.patriotsroostaoc.org a

Signal Emulator” brochure directly

from our home page at www.d-ta.com.
AOC conferences are noted in red. For more
info or to register, visit www.crows.org. Items
in blue denote AOC Chapter events.

875973_DTA.indd 1 2017-09-05 1:09 AM

 DIXIE CROW SYMPOSIUM XLIII

“Maximizing Modular Open

System Approach (MOSA) for
Long Term Adaptability”
MARCH 18-22, 2018 // MUSEUM OF AVIATION, ROBINS AFB, GA

CALL FOR PAPERS

The Electronic Warfare and Avionics System
Program Office (EWA SPO), AFLCMC/WNY,
and the Dixie Crow Chapter of the Association
of Old Crows (AOC) will co-sponsor the
AF Technical Program, 2018 Dixie Crow
Symposium 43, on 20-22 March 2018. The
program will be held at the Scott Theater
(Building 1500), Museum of Aviation, Robins
AFB, GA. An Air Force conference approval
request has been submitted by the EWA SPO
and is pending SAF/AA approval. For additional
information:
E-mail: AFLCMC.WNY.AFTechProg@us.af.mil
Web Site: http://www.robins.af.mil/About-Us/
AF-Technical-Program and
https://www.crows.org/chapters/dixie-crow-
home-page.html
Phone: 478-926-7987 or 478-222-0278
We are soliciting topics in support of this year’s
theme “Maximizing Modular Open System
Approach (MOSA) for Long Term Adaptability.”
Papers to support this theme should relate
to Electronic Warfare (EW), Intelligence,
Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR), and
Avionics and may include (but not limited
to) technical challenges, initiatives, enablers,
techniques, methods, policy/doctrine updates,
interoperability, modeling, architectures, and
best practices.
Rose Margetson
This year’s theme focuses on topics related
Rosana.margetson@us.af.mil
to using a modular open systems approach
(478) 222-8522
during development of new systems and/
or modernization of legacy systems. Threats
continue to evolve and the Air Force must
become more agile and adapt to changing
threats and technology. MOSA is a strategy that
could be used as an enabler for the Air Force
to become more efficient and allow continued
Abstracts should be unclassified; however KEYNOTE SPEAKER
the presentation itself may be classified. See Dr. Tom Christian
the presentation section of this document
for more information. Abstracts must include
the speaker’s name, position title, paper title,
organization name, e-mail address, phone
BANQUET SPEAKER
number, and applicable security classification
of the proposed presentation. Abstracts must Ms. Lynda Rutledge
be unclassified and less than two pages.
Abstracts should be submitted via e-mail
not later than 3 February 2018. You must
indicate the highest classification level of
your presentation (written and verbal). A
For the latest information,
sample abstract is included at the end of this check out our AF Technical
document. You must use the abstract format Program page at:
provided. Include contact information in your www.robins.af.mil/About-Us/
e-mail (if different than the proposed speaker)
AF-Technical-Program
and forward to: AFLCMC.WNY.AFTechProg@
us.af.mil.
AF Technical Program Event Schedule & Registration:
AFLCMC.WNY.AFTechProg@us.af.mil www.dixiecrowsymposium.com
Technical contacts:
Debora Personius Questions:
Debora.Personius@us.af.mil
(478) 926-7987
Conference Chair, Karen K. Brigance
Karen.Brigance@us.af.mil
Valerie Williams
Valerie.Williams.1@us.af.mil
(478) 222-0278
Sponsorship
Opportunities

Available!
protection of US forces and our homeland.
 c ale ndar c our se s & se mina r s
The Association of Old Crows is excited to JANUARY FEBRUARY
increase the convenience of your learning
opportunities through our brand new AOC Virtual Series: Space EW AOC Live Online Webcourse:
on-demand professional development January 11 Electronic Warfare in the New Threat
library! The AOC is making some of our 1400-1500 EST (1900-2000 UTC) Environment (EW 104)
most popular courses available anytime & www.crows.org February 5-28
anywhere you’re connected to the internet! 6 sessions
On-demand course offerings currently Directed Energy Test and 1300-1600 EST
include Dave Adamy’s Fundamentals Evaluation Workshop www.crows.org
& Advanced Principles of EW and Kyle January 16-18
Albuquerque, NM AOC Virtual Series: Going from
Davidson’s ELINT - Principles and Practice.
www.deps.org Microwaves to mm-Waves:
Visit www.crows.org.
What’s the Same, What’s Different
Radar Electronic Warfare February 8
January 29 - February 2 1400-1500 EST (1900-2000 UTC)
Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, UK www.crows.org
www.cranfield.ac.uk
Communications Electronic Warfare
February 12-16
Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, UK
www.cranfield.ac.uk
Advanced RF Electronic

Innovation Warfare Principles

February 26-March 2
Atlanta, GA
That’s www.pe.gatech.edu

Scalable.
Signals Intelligence
The Mercury SpectrumSeries
TM

(SIGINT) Fundamentals
RFM3101 is a versatile OpenVPX February 27-28
microwave transceiver packaged in an Denver, CO
www.pe.gatech.edu
efficient, rugged 3U form-factor, with:
• High Performance MARCH
Ultra-wideband, High dynamic Aircraft Survivability
10 range, Low phase noise, Integrated March 5-9
synthesizers Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, UK
www.cranfield.ac.uk
• Spectral Efficiency
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

Full EW coverage in compact APRIL

Open Architecture package Directed Infrared Countermeasures:
Technology, Modeling and Testing
• OpenRFM™ Architecture April 10-12
Reduces program risk, Atlanta, GA
www.pe.gatech.edu
Lowers Total Cost of Ownership,
Scales with platform’s SWaP Basic RF Electronic Warfare Concepts
April 17-19
Atlanta, GA
www.pe.gatech.edu

Visit mrcy.com/RFM3101
to download the product data sheet
MAY
AOC Live Online Webcourse:
Battlespace Spectrum
Management (BSM)
May 7 & 9
2 sessions
1300-1600 EDT
www.crows.org
Mercury’s SpectrumSeries of signal
acquisition building blocks integrate AOC Live Online Webcourse: Counter
seamlessly with our EnsembleSeries™ Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive
Device Electronic Warfare (CREW)
digitization and processing blocks to
May 14-23
provide low-risk, turnkey, real-time 6 sessions
signal processing subsystems that are 1300-1600 EDT
www.crows.org a
ideally suited to EW applications.

Copyright © 2017 Mercury Systems is a trademark of Mercury Systems, Inc. - 3358.01

AOC courses are noted in red. For more

info or to register, visit www.crows.org.

895772_Mercury.indd 1 2017-12-01 1:13 AM

 AOC Live
Courses
Electronic Warfare in the New Battlespace Spectrum
Threat Environment (EW 104) Management (BSM)
Dave Adamy | FEBRUARY 5 - 28, 2018 DAVE RUDDOCK | MAY 7-9, 2018
There have been recent, significant changes in the nature of the threat The course is designed to provide an introduction
environment that make much of the way Electronic Warfare (EW) has to the understanding of the Battlespace Spectrum
been conducted for many years obsolete. This course deals with systems Management (BSM) environment.
and techniques that are now required for success in EW operations.

Counter Radio Controlled Improvised

Explosive Device Electronic Warfare (CREW)
TROY PHILLIPS | MAY 14-23, 2018
This course is designed to provide an over-view of the many issues surrounding the use of CREW/
ECM systems in the mitigation of the threat posed by RCIEDs.

F O R M O R E I N F O R M A T I O N V I S I T CROWS.ORG

AOC Virtual
Series Webinars

Space EW Going from Microwaves to

MM-Waves: What’s the Same,
D AV E A D A M Y
THURSDAY, JANUARY 11, 2018
What’s Different
14:00-15:00 EST | 19:00-20:00 UTC T I N U S S TA N D E R
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 2018
14:00-15:00 EST | 19:00-20:00 UTC
 message
f rom the pre side nt

Association of Old Crows

1000 North Payne Street, Suite 200
Alexandria, VA 22314-1652
Phone: (703) 549-1600
Fax: (703) 549-2589
PRESIDENT
Lisa Frugé-Cirilli
VICE PRESIDENT
Muddy Watters
SECRETARY
Jesse “Judge” Bourque

MAINTAINING
TREASURER
Joseph Koesters
PAST PRESIDENT
David Hime

OUR MOMENTUM
AT-LARGE DIRECTORS
Jesse “Judge” Bourque
Craig Harm
Brian Hinkley
Amanda Kammier
Greg Patchke
Muddy Watters
APPOINTED DIRECTORS

O
Glenn “Powder” Carlson
Don Quinn
ur 54th Annual AOC Symposium & Convention was a delight-
REGIONAL DIRECTORS
ful success!!! A huge “Thank you” to all who made it possible: Central: Joseph Koesters
Convention Host, Sponsors, Exhibitors, Speakers, Attendees, Board Mid-Atlantic: Jim Pryor
Northeastern: Nino Amoroso
of Directors, Special Guests, Award Winners, Volunteers, AOC Staff, Mountain-Western: Sam Roberts
STEM Outreach Program Participants, etc. We saw an increase in Pacific: Darin Nielsen
Southern: Gene “Joker” McFalls
attendance of 30 percent and an increase of 10 percent in exhibitors in the International I: Sue Robertson
12 exhibition hall from our 2016 numbers. It’s obvious to me that excitement and International II: Jeff Walsh
interest in our Electromagnetic Spectrum Community is on the rise! Our abil- AOC FOUNDATION ADJUNCT GOVERNORS
Dr. Robert S. Andrews
ity to advocate, collaborate and communicate on behalf of our membership is Rich Wittstruck
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

more important than ever.

AOC CONTACTS
We will kick off 2018 with AOC EW Singapore at the end of this month with Shelley Frost
an ambitious and comprehensive conference program addressing the theme, Executive Director
frost@crows.org
“The Future of EW in the Asia Pacific Region.” I’m very excited to have the
Glorianne O’Neilin
opportunity to be a part of this fabulous event. With equal energy and vision, Director, Membership Operations
the AOC serves as the global leader in advocating for EW capabilities across oneilin@crows.org

all lines of development, alongside a refreshingly new and expanded role in Amy Belicev
Director, Meetings and Events
the related Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (EMSO) and cyber opera- belicev@crows.org
tions specialties. AOC Singapore provides a unique opportunity for those en- Brock Sheets
Director, Marketing
gaged across the sphere of EW, SIGINT, C4ISR and Cyber EM Activities (CEMA) sheets@crows.org
to meet, cultivate relationships and openly discuss current challenges and Ken Miller
opportunities. Director, Advocacy and Outreach
kmiller@crows.org
AOC EW Singapore is just one of the many events the AOC is holding in
John Clifford OBE
2018. We will host many conferences, hold courses and Webinars, engage with Director, Global Conferences
congressional leaders on Capitol Hill, publish articles in JED, and much, much clifford@crows.org

more. Throughout the upcoming year, I am looking forward to maintaining Tim Hutchison
Marketing & Communications Coordinator
the momentum that we’ve created and shifting from first gear to fourth in hutchison@crows.org
our spectrum endeavors! I ask for your continued dedication, passion and Diana Lundie
Exhibits Manager
perseverance that EW, cyber, IO and spectrum professionals bring to the table lundie@crows.org
every day. Christina Armstrong
Our future is bright, so fasten your seatbelts and hang on. EMS profession- Meeting Logistics
armstrong@crows.org
als, we’ve got much to accomplish! My best to each and every one of you in the
Blaine Bekele
new year. – Lisa Frugé-Cirilli Membership Assistant
blain@crows.org
47th Annual Collaborative
EW Symposium
MARCH 13-15, 2018 / P T. M U G U , C A

As EW warfighting requirements continue to evolve in their complexity and interdependency, it is clear that future EW systems must work
collaboratively with other Air, Ground, Surface Space and Cyberspace systems. The 47th Annual Point Mugu Electronic Warfare Symposium
will facilitate the exchange of enabling concepts and provide a venue to disseminate current research in the fields of Collaborative
Electronic Warfare. Prominent leaders, contributors and representatives from the United States military, government, academia, and
industry will come together to address current Electronic Warfare gaps and emerging technologies in Collaborative Electronic Warfare
required to address these gaps.

CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS

This call for presentations challenges presenters to explore enabling collaborative electronic warfare through innovation and invention.
We will accept presentations and/or demonstrations from all United States services, Department of Defense, industry, and academia that
identify technical paths, options, and potential opportunities for EW collaboration. Specifically, abstracts should address one or more of the
symposium sessions:

1. Planning/Directing/Assessing Collaborative EW. Collaborative EW is driving mission planning to a new reality. To achieve
efficient coordination with and tasking of distributed and cognitive networked EW systems, mission planning needs to be capable of
working with multiple disparate systems before, during, and after a mission. The challenges of enabling dynamic resource allocation
by EW operators working with unmanned and cognitive systems at the tactical to operational levels need to be addressed.

2. Testing and Demonstration of Cognitive and Collaborative Systems. Improvements in the testing, modeling, and
demonstration of collaborative EW systems against modern/next gen threats is essential to gaining and maintaining advantage in EW.
Advancements in the Live Virtual Constructive infrastructure as well as collaboration with the gaming and other related commercial
industries are examples of areas to be explored.

3. Autonomy vs. Control of Cognitive EW Systems. The optimal employment of cognitive and autonomous EW systems is
a challenge for the designers and developers as well as the operators. The level of interaction required/desired between the operators
and the cognitive EW systems in their span of control are functions of many factors including trust, reliability, speed, and awareness of
changes by the cognitive systems.

Abstracts for presentations must be unclassified and no more than one page of text or 400 words. Please forward abstracts to
Christine Armstrong at armstrong@crows.org, no later than January 26, 2018. All sessions will be classified SECRET NOFORN.

F O R M O R E I N F O R M AT I O N V I S I T www.crows.org.
 PART OF
Register Now at
asia-decs.com

30-31 JANUARY 2018

Marina Bay Sands, Singapore

The Future of Electronic Warfare

in the Asia-Pacific Region
In 2018, expect:
The must attend conference and
exhibition for the electronic warfare 50+ exhibiting companies and sponsors
community. Organised alongside 3 1100+ visitors
other defence events, allowing for
increased networking opportunities
30+ countries represented
100+ VIPs and delegations

team@asia-decs.com asia-decs.com Aircraft photo : Sing Mindef, Militaryphotos, Thaifighterclub

Produced by Lead Media Partner Organisers of Organised by

L
BA
O
L
G
AOC

6-8 June 2017 | OLYMPIA London

t he
AIR FORCE LAUNCHES EW ECCT
Keynoting the opening session of the
2017 AOC International Symposium and
Convention, Gen Stephen Wilson, Vice
Chief of Staff of the US Air Force, an-
nounced to spontaneous applause from
the audience that the Air Force has
started an Enterprise Capability Collab-
oration Team (ECCT) to specifically focus
on electronic warfare (EW).
Over the past few years, the Air
Force has stood up a limited number of
ECCTs to focus on high-priority, enter-
prise-wide problems. The first ECCT was
launched in May of 2015 to address the
air superiority mission area with an eye
toward the year 2030 and beyond. The
second ECCT, announced in mid-2016,
focused on addressing the challenge of
building a Multi-Domain Command and
Control (MDC2) system, again targeting
the 2030 timeframe.
As the third ECCT to be stood up so
far, General Wilson, stated that, “As we
look around the globe we see that our
adversaries have studied us over the
monitor
news
last 26 years that we’ve been in con-
flict, and they’ve been looking at areas
that they think they can exploit. One of
those areas is electronic warfare – to be
able to dominate the spectrum.”
As currently configured, General Wil-
son observed that the acquisition pro-
cess, particularly for EW, takes much
too long. Referencing the approach of
the Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO), Wil-
son said, “In this domain of electronic
warfare, we need to be able to deliver
capabilities at the speed of relevance,
or the speed of need. In today’s digital
world, and with the speed with which
everything is changing, especially with
EW, that is what we have to be able to
do. This is the future of combat going
forward, and he that dominates the
spectrum wins. I know that’s also where
our adversaries are focused.”
Wilson observed that in terms of de-
veloping a comprehensive and efficient
defense acquisition strategy that “we’ve
been here before. Leading into the start
of the Cold War, it was clear that things
needed to be done differently. Today,
we’re in that same kind of situation,
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
again requiring a willingness to think
differently and not just try to keep up,
but having to leap ahead.”
Continuing, Wilson says today we
have a “too” problem. “We’re too hard,
too complex, too bureaucratic, too ana-
log, too stove-piped and too risk-averse.
In areas where we were once far ahead,
like artificial intelligence or robotics, or
autonomous systems, hypersonics, etc.,
our adversaries are now quickly closing
the gap. We’ve got to change this basic
equation. To win in the conflicts coming
ahead, and specifically within EW, we will
need to be able to out-think, out-inno-
vate, and out-partner, our competition.” 15
Wilson notes, however, that some
good progress is being made. “The rec-
ommendations of the Defense Science
Board (DSB) have been grasped and tak-
en root in the EW EXCOM, and we’re re-
ally getting after the challenges ahead.
As a member of the Joint Requirements
Oversight Council (JROC), and sitting on
the Defense Management Action Groups
(DMAGs), I can say that what starts in
the EW EXCOM works its way into the
JROC, into the DMAG and then to the Air
Force Chief of Staff.”
Wilson says he hopes to have the EW
ECCT team in place with a charter by the
start of the new year, and he expects it
will take about a year to 15 months for
the EW ECCT to work its way through the
process. “In assembling the team, we
will be reaching out to all of our joint
partners. We’ve already had meetings
with our Five Eyes (Australia, Canada,
New Zealand, United Kingdom) partners,
and we also plan to get industry and ac-
ademia heavily involved.”
In response to questions regarding
the relationship of cyber to the future
direction of EW, specifically with re-
 t h e m o n i t o r | n e w s

gard to the elevation of Cyber Command
(CYBERCOM) to a combatant command,
and of cyber’s potential relationship
to the EW ECCT effort, General Wilson,
observed that “As we separate CYBER-
COM from STRATCOM, we recognize that
there will be a seam, and we will work to
eliminate that seam wherever possible,
and not let it develop. But we have to
recognize that it will be there and that
it will be an area that we have to pay
attention to as STRATCOM continues to
take on more responsibility for EW.”
Specifically, as to whether cyber will
be included in the EW ECCT, General
Wilson deferred, saying only that, “We
haven’t made up our mind yet on how
that is going to work. There is a natu-
ral symbiotic relationship there, so how
do we look at both? We’re not yet sure
going forward, but as we flush out the
charter, we will be making that deci-
sion.” – J. Haystead
US NAVY SOLICITS PROPOSALS FOR
NEXT GEN JAMMER LOW-BAND POD
Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR)
has issued a Broad Agency Announce-
16 ment (BAA) for the Next Generation
Jammer (NGJ) Low-Band (Increment II)
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
Program’s Demonstration of Existing
Technologies (DET) phase. Managed by
NAVAIR’s EA-6B and Airborne Electronic
Attack (AEA) Program Office (PMA-234),
the NGJ Low-Band DET effort will enable
program officials to identify and evalu-
ate mature technologies and determine
areas where the Navy will need to invest
in new technologies in order to meet the
NGJ Low Band requirement.
Under the NGJ program, the Navy is
replacing its ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming
System family of electronic attack pods
on the EA-18G Growler with a new set of
jamming pods that can operate more ef-
fectively against modern integrated air
defense systems. The Navy plans to field
three podded NGJ variants – low-band,
mid-band and high-band – to cover its
Service and Joint AEA requirement. The
first of these, the NGJ mid-band pod (In-
crement I), is in the middle of Engineer-
ing and Manufacturing Development
(EMD) and will begin low-rate produc-
tion in 2019. The Increment I pod is
scheduled to achieve Initial Operational
Capability (IOC) in 2021.
The second increment of the NGJ pro-
gram will cover low-band frequencies
used by radars, as well as satellite navi-
gation systems, datalinks, and other
tactical communications systems. The
third phase, NGJ Increment III, will see
the Navy develop a “high-band” pod at
a future date.
Within the NGJ Increment II pro-
gram, the DET phase will run approxi-
mately 20 months, from 2018 through
2020, during which each of the three
contractor teams will develop a Tech-
nology Demonstration Unit (TDU) that
will include an antenna, a receiver
chain and a transmitter chain. Accord-
ing to the BAA, “The Transmitter sub-
system of the TDU is expected to be the
most completely functional electronic
subsystem, as its capabilities will be
the focus of the verification testing
and analysis.”
The NGJ Increment 2 DET phase will
focus on four objectives outlined in the
BAA: 1) demonstrate a low band trans-
mitter group within the size, weight
and power, as well as cost constraints
and allocations of a pod concept that
fits on the centerline station of the
EA-18G; 2) assess performance in such
areas as frequency coverage, Effec-
tive Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP),
spatial coverage, spectral purity, and

BAE SYSTEMS WINS LIMITED INTERIM MISSILE WARNING SYSTEMS QRC CONTRACT
The US Army has tapped BAE Systems Information and
Electronic Systems (Nashua, NH) to develop a midwave in-
frared missile warning system to equip UH-60M helicopters.
Awarded by the US Army Contracting Command (Red-
stone Arsenal, AL), the $24.4 million contract for the
Limited Interim Missile Warning System (LIMWS) Quick Re-
action Capability (QRC) effort is designed to bridge the gap
between the current AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning
System (CMWS) and next Army threat warning system pro-
gram of record. The contract value will rise to $97.8 million
if all contract options are exercised.
Intended to provide performance beyond the current ca-
pabilities of the AN/AAR-57 CMWS to address current and
emerging threats, LIMWS is designed to provide the detec-
tion and tracking of MANPADS threats for missile warning,
and detection of various forms of hostile fire to provide
hostile fire indication (HFI).
According to the Statement of Work (SOW) laid down by
the Army’s Program Executive Office Intelligence Electron-
ic Warfare & Sensors’ Project Management Office Aircraft
Survivability Equipment, LIMWS will pass missile warning
cues to the Common Infrared Countermeasure (CIRCM) sys-
tem (which utilizes two pointer-tracker assemblies when a
threat is detected) and command the AN/ALE-47 counter-
measures dispenser when a threat is declared. Simultane-
ously, LIMWS will pass missile warning and HFI audio and
display information to the pilot vehicle interface via the
control/display unit (CDU).
Although the AH-64E Apache attack helicopter has not
been specifically identified as a host platform, the SOW ad-
ditionally outlines a requirement for LIMWS to be able to
pass data through the AH-64E Aircraft Gateway Processor.
Under the base cost-plus-fixed fee contract, BAE Systems
will design, develop, fabricate, qualify, integrate, and test
a total of nine A-Kits for UH-60M helicopters, plus 30 pro-
totype B-Kit ship sets. Each B-kit will include a suite of
mid-wave infrared sensors, the LIMWS system processor and
a CDU.
The SOW includes all work to be performed in the ba-
sic effort to include engineering and test support, product
support planning, the delivery of technical data, and the
delivery of prototype and production units of the LIMWS as
well as options for additional production.
Two bids were received by the Army for the LIMWS QRC
requirement. BAE Systems’ contract is planned to run
through December 2022. – R. Scott

polarization; 3) obtain previously gen-
erated contractor data related to low-
band tactical jamming performance;
and 4) assess potential to rapidly de-
ploy an interim pod solution or Early
Operational Capability (EOC) prior to
planned IOC and assess the use of open
architectures to support a potential
block upgrade approach.
According to the BAA, the TDUs will
be tested throughout the DET phase of
the program. Four major functions will
be demonstrated: 1) the ability to gen-
erate jammer technique signals across
the system frequency band, of the re-
quired number, quality, and Effective
Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP); 2)
the ability to place the maximum EIRP
at a designated location within the
required field of regard while meet-
ing the multiple assignments goals;
3) the ability to selectively suppress
transmission during blanking and at
lockout frequencies; and 4) the ability
to protect the receiver during trans-
mission and quantification of the po-
tential receiver capabilities excluding
signal processing. During the testing
896037_GEWTech.indd 1
phase, the three contractor teams will
bring their TDUs to NAS Patuxent Riv-
er, MD, where each one will be installed
on the centerline weapon station of an
F/A-18E (acting as a surrogate for and
EA-18G) and tested at the Facility for
Antenna and Radar cross section Mea-
surement (FARM).
Anticipated funding for the NGJ
Increment II DET program will total
approximately $36.4 million over 20
months. Following the DET phase, the
Engineering and Manufacturing Devel-
opment Phase of the program is sched-
uled to begin in late 2020.
The NGJ Increment II DET solicitation
number is N00019-18-R-0008. Proposals
are due by February 28. The point of
contact is Sarah Littleton, + (301) 757-
5522, e-mail sarah.littleton@navy.mil.
– J. Knowles
“IS THE EMS A DOMAIN AND WILL IT
BECOME ONE OR NOT?”
The 2017 Annual AOC International
Symposium and Convention held in
Washington D.C., brought new high-lev-
el attention to the long-ongoing debate
www.gew.co.za
t h e m o n i t o r | n e w s
surrounding the establishment of the
EMS as a warfighting domain.
In the opening morning session of
the final day of the event, Dr. Wil-
liam Conley, SES, Deputy Director, EW
OUSD(AT&L)/A/Tactical Warfare Sys-
tems, and Executive Director of the
EW Executive Committee (EXCOM),
reprised his talk at the 2016 event,
hosting a panel entitled “Change and
Innovation in our EW Industry,” and
including Stephen McNamara, Tech-
nical Director of the Joint EW Center
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
(JEWC); Bryan Clark, Senior Fellow,
Center for Strategic and Budgetary As-
sessments (CSBA); Col William “Dollar”
Young PhD, Commander, 53rd EW Group
(ACC), Eglin AFB, FL; and John Stine,
Department Head Operation Research
at MITRE Corporation.
Now post-release of the DOD’s EW
Strategy Document, Conley noted that
“Our doctrine, policies and processes
are continuing to evolve, and each
year, we’re getting more identifiable
EW leaders. We need to make sure that
there is this overall network of all the
right leaders in all the right places so
17
2017-12-03 10:04 PM
 t h e m o n i t o r | n e w s
that we can achieve our overall vision.”
He also advised that the Joint Capabili-
ties Integration and Development Sys-
tem (JCIDS) (defining the acquisition
requirements and evaluation criteria
for future defense programs), and the
electromagnetic battle management
(EMBM) initial capabilities document
(ICD) is working its way through the
process. “It will be something equally
important if not more so than every-
thing that we have achieved since the
EW ICD of 2009. It offers a lot of op-
portunity if we look at what the future
holds there.” In response to a later
question, Conley predicted that “we
will see some changes in terms of what
we do with our FY20 budget, more so
than what we will be doing with the
FY18 and FY19 budgets.”
Addressing the acquisition process
overall, Conley stated that we need
to ask questions such as: “What does
the materiel side really look like, and
where do we bridge to the requirement
and realize it? How do we turn it into
something that is actually useful on the
battlefield, and make sure that we get
18 that right? There are things that we can
easily go through and build, and there
are things that we would love to have,
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
but how closely can we marry these up?”
Making the analogy to a football
quarterback calling an audible, Conley
advised that “If we try to script every-
thing out and expect it go perfectly
according to plan, it won’t. That’s just
the reality, so how do we turn this (a
combat environment) into something
where, for example, you have a pilot
sitting in a cockpit who is already over-
loaded at some level with all the differ-
ent things that they have to consume
and turn it into something very in-
tuitive and easy. If they have to worry
about filling out a 1494 (application
form for equipment frequency alloca-
tion) to get spectrum as they’re flying,
we probably haven’t done this right.”
Conley says the solution lies in “hav-
ing the ability to make use of standards
and open architectures, and ensure that
we have that common language to go
ahead and achieve our goals.”
But, perhaps the biggest news from
the session, and possibly the entire
symposium, came in response to a ques-
tion from the audience asking simply,
“Is the EMS a domain and will it become
one or not?”
Initially Conley deferred to his panel
members, saying only that, as the Ex-
ecutive Director of the EW EXCOM, he
“will be involved with that determina-
tion discussion at some point, and we
will make a decision on that and we will
move forward.”
However, Colonel Young addressed
the question directly, making what
may be one of the best and cogent ar-
guments thus far for the case. “In my
personal view, I think that if what you
mean by domain, the historical mean-
ing of domain, and you apply it to ev-
erything else – in that it has physics
associated with it, meaning we develop
technology to leverage that physics in
order to achieve mission effect, then
the answer is ‘yes.’ If you decide that
you want to just arbitrarily change the
definition of domain, then perhaps the
answer is no, but if you do that, you
have to realize the problem that you
generate for yourself. Because now,
there is an entire logic and body of
data and evidence that has supported
you thus far, that has enabled you to
make smart choices and progress, but if
you arbitrarily change the definition,
then you sever that tie and you divorce
yourself from the ability to draw back
upon that body of logic and evidence to
help keep you from doing stupid stuff
going forward.”
Bryan Clark of CSBA, also weighed in
saying that, “It’s really two questions.
The first is semantic; does the EMS have
the right characteristics that make it
like other things that we call domains?
The other is, should we treat it as a
domain for other reasons, which gets
to the intellectual framework. So, the
question for DOD is, ‘Oh sure we could
call it a domain because it acts like air
and space and sea, but if I treat it like
a domain, does that improve my ability
to do things I need to do?’ I offer that
it does. If we treat the EMS as a domain,
it would allow us to think strategically
about how we gain EMS superiority, what
we need that superiority to do and what
the requirements are – how much and
how far, and over what period of time
do I need spectrum superiority? When
you talk about another domain, that is a
natural thought process, and that same
thought process would follow if you talk
about the EMS as a warfighting domain.
And, there are other ways that it plays
out as well. Treating the EMS as a do-
main would enable us to improve our
use of the spectrum in a lot of ways that
we need to do, but just haven’t gotten
the mental paradigm in place to be able
to support it.”
Colonel Young added, “The general
hypothesis around this discussion is
that, if we declare the spectrum a do-
main, the resources will follow. But,
another way of thinking about this is
that the real problem that we’re try-
ing to solve is that we’re trying to get
this resourced properly, and one rea-
son, perhaps, that the resources have
not flowed forward to this day to the
level that we, as professionals in the
field, believe it should have, could be
the fact that we’ve been unable to link
the pyramid at all the levels. There must
be a missing piece because we have the
strategy, tactics and technology. As an
example, if we look back 100+ years to
the emergence of air power, we see that
even before we had the adequate level
of airplane technology for the purpose,
there were people writing about the
theory of air power, and how technol-
ogy leveraging the physics of the air
domain might deliver a unique and dis-
tinct war-winning capability. This was
a case of technology chasing an idea,
but with spectrum, you have the op-
posite – where we have technology run-
ning away, but what we have not done
is develop that framework (again that
operational level), that articulates to
a decision maker why an investment in
the EMS will potentially deliver a unique
war-winning capability.”
Responding to a follow-up question
regarding whether there is a timeline
for any announcement on the EMS-as-
a-domain question, Conley stepped back
into the discussion stating, “I am reluc-
tant to commit to a timeline, however, I
will say, and hopefully this proves true,
that by the time we are here again next
year, I will wager that we will have a
decision on that topic. I do not see any
reason why that wouldn’t be the case.”
– J. Haystead a
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 washing t on
repor t
SENATE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE FORGES DEFENSE SPENDING BILL
The Defense Subcommittee of the US Senate Appropriation
Committee (SAC) has drafted an FY 2018 Department of De-
fense Appropriations Bill that recommends $581.3 billion in
base funding for the DOD, plus an additional $64.9 billion for
Overseas Contingency Operations. As this issue of JED went to
press, the bill had not been voted upon by the entire SAC, nor
had a bill number been assigned to it. However, the draft bill
was accompanied by an “explanatory statement” (rather than
a formal Committee Report) that addressed several electronic
warfare (EW) and broader Electromagnetic Spectrum Opera-
tions (EMSO) related issues.
Procurement
EW procurement programs of interest include, for the Army,
a program increase of $30.9 million to the Common Missile
Warning System (CMWS) for B-kits to detect enemy MANPADS,
and a $30.9 million increase to the Common Infrared Counter-
measures (CIRCM) program, also for B-kits. The Committee also
called for the Army to rapidly field Active Protection Systems
for its tracked combat vehicles by “using all available authori-
ties and expeditious contracting mechanisms.”
Under Air Force procurement, the Committee agreed with
20 the DOD’s $108.2 million request for a second EC-X Compass Call
air vehicle. The bill also adds funding for several Compass Call
modifications, including $24.6 million for EC–X Compass Call
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
Cross Deck-mission and support equipment, and $10 million for
the EC–130H Compass Call-avionics viability program.
The bill reduced funding for several Air Force EW budget
lines. Flare procurement was reduced by $20 million from
$143.9 million to $129.9 million. Combat Training Ranges were
also cut by $38 million from $115.2 million to $77.2 million.
Navy EW budget lines included a program increase of $65.1
million for F-18 ALQ-214 USMC retrofits and $16 million for
ALR-67(V)3 retrofit A-kits and partial B-kits. Shipboard IW Ex-
ploit was increased $31.2 million from $187 million to
$218.2 million.
RDT&E
EW Research Development Test and Evaluation
(RDT&E) items of note for the Army include a program
increase of $10 million for protective and anti-tamper
technologies for electronic attack, and $16 million for
silicon carbide electronics research. High energy laser
research was increased by $15 million along with an
$8 million increase for high energy laser rotorcraft
integration. CIRCM RDT&E funding was reduced by
$26.4 million.
The Air Force also received a plus-up for silicon carbide re-
search of $11 million, and a $70 million increase for directed
energy prototyping. The B–2 Defensive Management System
was trimmed by $51.2 million from $194.6 million to $143.4
million citing “restoring acquisition accountability, and tech-
nical and programmatic changes to acquisition strategy.” Com-
pass Call RDT&E was increased $20.2 million from $14 million
to $34.2 million.
Within Navy RDT&E, although the Committee stated its con-
tinued support of the Navy’s EA-18G modernization effort, it
reduced the requested FY 2018 budget amount of $173.5 mil-
lion by $32 million citing unsatisfactory justification and ex-
penditure details in the request. The Next Generation Jammer
(NGC) was also cut by $15 million from $632.9 million to $617.9
million citing “insufficient budget justification: integration
delays.” The Marine Corps Intrepid Tiger [IT] II (V) 3 UH–1Y
jettison capability was increased $3 million from $54.1 million
to $57.1 million.
The Committee expressed continued concern with the DOD’s
lack of a long-term plan or strategy for its Trusted Microelec-
tronics initiative, the goal of which is to establish a roadmap
to maintain supply chain assurance against counterfeit parts
and ensure access to “trusted” microelectronics. The Commit-
tee encouraged the DOD to apply greater urgency, oversight
and resources to address the issue, and directed the Under Sec-
retary of Defense (Research and Engineering) and the Under
Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Sustainment) to provide
a joint report no later than 180 days after enactment of the
act, including a detailed description of the scope of the chal-
lenge, and the Nation’s capacity to fully meet future defense
system needs.
Directed energy programs also received attention from the
Committee, which noted that technology investments “have
not produced acquisition programs or fielded capabilities suf-
ficient to warfighter requirements.” As a result, it directed
the Undersecretary of Defense (Research and Engineering) to
conduct a review across the Services to identify directed en-
ergy technologies that can be transitioned out of the labo-
ratories together with a report describing the technology
readiness levels of existing programs, an assessment of the
time frame for potential transition of each program to a pro-
gram of record/fielded technology, and the funds required to
complete the transition.
As this issue of JED went to press, the Senate had not moved
forward on its draft defense spending bill, which left open
to possibility of incorporating it into a larger FY2018 om-
nibus budget package. – J. Haystead a
world
repor t
CANADA BECOMES LAUNCH CUSTOMER FOR LEONARDO’S MIYSIS DIRCM
The Canadian Department of National
Defence (DND), through its contract with
General Dynamics Mission Systems - Can-
ada, has selected Leonardo’s Miysis Di-
rected Infra-Red Countermeasure (DIRCM)
system for installation on the Royal Cana-
dian Air Force’s (RCAF’s) CP-140 ISR/ASW
aircraft as part of a defensive aids sub-
system within the Block IV’s Aurora Incre-
mental Modernization Program (AIMP).
SWEDISH VISBY CORVETTES RECEIVE
NEW LASER WARNER
The Royal Swedish Navy’s five Visby-
Class corvettes have been fitted with an
Israeli-sourced laser warner system to
provide a detection and countermeasures
cueing capability against laser threats.
The hitherto undisclosed upgrade,
observed by JED during a recent visit
to Karlskrona naval base, has involved
the installation of Elbit’s Enhanced
Laser Warning System (ELAWS) suite.
Covering the 0.5- to 1.6-µm wavelength
window, ELAWS is designed to provide
warning and identification of threat la-
ser activity including laser designators,
rangefinders, beam riders and dazzlers.
A total of eight ELAWS detector
heads have been fitted onto each Visby-
Class vessel to provide full 360 degrees
of coverage. These comprise three heads
ranged along the side of the vessel port
and starboard, a single forward-facing
unit above the bridge, and another unit
affixed to the superstructure facing aft.
The Visby-Class corvettes, which
were commissioned between 2002 and
2015, are already equipped with Rhe-
inmetall’s Multi-Ammunition soft-kill
System (MASS), with launchers fitted
port and starboard behind exit aper-
tures in the forward superstructure. The
spin-stabilized Omni-Trap decoy round
associated with MASS includes a laser
obscurant payload. – R. Scott
Implementation of the Block IV ca-
pabilities will significantly enhance
platform and crew survivability in po-
tentially hostile environments against
infrared (IR) missiles and enable state-
of-the-art data and beyond line of
sight (BLOS) communications thanks to
the installation of Link 16, providing
computer-to-computer data exchange
capability and wideband SATCOM. The
selected defensive aids subsystem based
on Miysis DIRCM includes a two-turret
configuration with five Hensoldt AAR-
60 Block 2 MILD missile warning system
sensors. The contract requires Leonardo
to deliver an unspecified number of sys-
tems to protect the fleet of 14 CP-140s in
IN BRIEF
❍ Australia has announced the sale of
18 F/A-18A/B “Classic” Hornets from
the Royal Australian Air Force to
the government of Canada. The air-
craft were to be retired from RAAF
service by 2022 to make way for the
F-35A Joint Strike Fighter. The deal
is pending negotiation of terms and
export approvals, but transfer of
the first two aircraft is expected to
occur beginning in the first half of
2019, which is in line with deliveries
of the first two Australian JSFs at
the end of 2018. The Australian F/A-
18A/B aircraft are believed to use
ALR-67(V)3 radar warning receivers
and ALQ-126B jammers, as well as
ALE-47 chaff/flare dispensers. It is
not clear if some or all of these EW
systems will be part of the deal. In
addition, Canada is continuing to
seek additional aircraft of similar
age and design for its current CF-18
fleet, which will allow for quick
integration with minimal changes
to platforms, training or infra-
structure. The country had already
service with the RCAF over a 24-month
period. The AIMP Block IV enhance-
ments’ initial operational capability is
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
set for December 2019, while full op-
erational capability is planned for June
2021, according to DND’s released data.
Launched in 2013 to satisfy both
UK national and export requirements,
the Miysis DIRCM integrates Leonardo’s
lightweight pointer-tracker and Type
160 multi-band fiber laser. The system is
designed to provide complete detection
and protection and is capable of all-as-
pect (spherical) defense in a twin-turret
configuration for even large fixed-wing
transport platforms, such as the Airbus
A400M. – L. Peruzzi
21
made additional investments to
extend the life of their F-18s; how-
ever, Canada had instituted specific
structural modifications that it will
apply to the additional aircraft.
The aircraft will be flown by the
Royal Canadian Air Force at 3 Wing
Bagotville and 4 Wing Cold Lake.
❍ Peru, which had previously pur-
sued attempts to add signals intel-
ligence (SIGINT) capabilities to the
two Fokker 50 aircraft the country
acquired from the Royal Netherlands
Air Force in late 2014, is revisit-
ing that effort. Peru’s Agency for
Procurement Purchases of the
Armed Forces is seeking bidders for
a SIGINT capability due after press
time in December and scheduled to
be awarded three days later. The
country plans to spend $24.9 million
acquiring the system. The previ-
ous effort seemed to suffer because
responders to the initial tender did
not comply with requirements for
documentation, the description of
which was unspecified. a
 Thinking Through Collabo
Part 1 – What to Expect When Combining

C
By Dr. John A. Kosinski and Dr. Phil Mumford

Collaborative Electronic Warfare (EW)

– multiple systems working together
z
for increased effectiveness – is the way
of the future. As we start to explore
collaborative EW, we need to be care-
ful in bounding our expectations as to
what can and cannot be achieved. The E
importance of this point cannot be un-
derstated, as there are some significant
misconceptions out there regarding
electromagnetic (EM) fields and how
they combine. Our primary goal here
is to bring those misconceptions to an
end. In this article, we will lay out the y
basics of EM fields and how they com-
22 bine, as well as talk about what this
means for collaborative EW.
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

THE SCIENCE OF EM FIELDS

The science of EM fields was estab-
lished during the 19th Century. The H
physics are captured in the four Max-
x
well’s equations (see Table 1).
In theory, any EM field can be ana- Figure 1 a): Fields of the EM plane wave with the electric field polarized along the z-axis, the
magnetic field polarized along the x-axis, and power flow along the y-axis.
lyzed by solving the Maxwell’s equations
as long as the configuration can be fully equations can be a challenge even when quences. The first is that basic courses
described mathematically. In practice, the problem can be described. in electromagnetics tend to make use of
describing the real world is often diffi- The mathematical complexity of EM very simple examples and exercises that
cult, if not impossible, and solving the fields has a couple of undesirable conse- ignore important considerations, such
as conservation of energy. We will see
how much of a problem this is as we ana-
FORMULA DESCRIPTION lyze the simplest case of combining two
jammers. The second issue is a tendency
Faraday’s law to focus on the electric field and use
that by itself for “back of the envelope”
calculations. Why this happens is simple
Ampere’s circuital law – the electric field involves scalar (dot)
products, while the magnetic field in-
volves vector (cross) products, and sca-
Gauss’s law
lar products are a whole lot simpler to
calculate than vector products. Focus-
No isolated magnetic charge ing on the electric field is fine for some
special cases, but not for anything else.
Table 1: Time-Varying Maxwell’s Equations We will also see how much of a problem
rative Electronic Warfare
EM Fields (and what NOT to expect!)
z bears some discussion.
x wave is a prime example of how and
Figure 1 b): Alternative view of the EM plane wave showing a plane of specified phase propagating
along the y-axis.
this is as we analyze the simplest case of
combining two jammers.
THE EM PLANE WAVE
The uniform electromagnetic plane
wave illustrated in Figure 1 is one of
the simple cases covered in basic elec-
tromagnetics courses. We have drawn
the electric field as polarized (oriented)
along the z-axis.
For an EM plane wave, the electric
and magnetic fields are perpendicu-
lar to each other and to the direction
that wave is propagating (technically
speaking, the fields and the propaga-
tion direction are orthogonal). And, for
the plane wave, the ratio of the elec-
tric and magnetic field intensities is
given by the impedance of free space.
y of the electric field intensity. And, in-
In Figure 1, we have shown the plane
wave two ways – first by showing how
the electric and magnetic fields are
polarized and how they vary along the
propagation direction, and second by
showing a section of the “plane” wave
front where every point has the same
phase and how that plane is moving in
the propagation direction. The plane is
assumed to be infinite.
The first view illustrates that the
electric and magnetic field intensi-
ties of a plane wave vary from point to
point throughout the space. This will
be an important factor in determining
exactly what sort of EM field is pro-
duced by collaborating EW systems.
The second view illustrates that the
wave is traveling, and this implies that
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
the wave is carrying energy. This point
Power is the rate at which energy is
transferred, and power flow density is
the rate at which power is transferred
across a given amount of surface area,
such as an antenna aperture. In general,
the power flow density of any EM field
can be found as the vector cross prod-
uct of the electric and magnetic field
vectors. For an infinite plane wave, the
power flow density is constant every-
where and is proportional to the square
tegrated across the wave front, the de-
livered power is also proportional to the 23
square of the electric field intensity.
This is a deceptively simple result that,
as we shall see, is easily misapplied.
In fact, the theoretical uniform plane
where misconceptions can creep into
one’s thinking. The uniform plane wave
is a very useful for teaching because it is
a simple problem that can be solved ex-
actly. It can also be useful for modeling
a small segment of a real-world spherical
wave front as seen far from an emitter.
The problem is that the uniform plane
wave is a fiction – a uniform wave that
extends over an infinite plane, with any
nonzero power flow density, would have
to transfer an infinite amount of power.
Even our superheroes can’t do that. We
can easily end up with exact but absurd
results that violate conservation of en-
ergy if we are not careful when applying
this model.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The laws of physics fall into two
broad categories. The first category in-
cludes all of the laws of physics that can
be stated as differential equations, like

24
Figure 2: Notional advanced collaborative EW scenario where two craft send RF jamming signals to a distant target. Each jamming signal can be
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
modeled as a segment of a plane wave, and the signals arrive from different directions. We can orient either the electric fields or the magnetic fields
to a common polarization, but not both.
Maxwell’s Equations. Like any differ-
ential equations, these laws have gen-
eral solutions and particular solutions
where any constraints, coefficients,
and boundary conditions determine the
particular solution. The particular so-
lutions to these equations are limited
only by the imagination of designers
in selecting materials and specifying a
layout. Left-handed metamaterials are
a classic example where innovative ar-
rangements of right-handed materials
result in left-handed behavior. Essen-
tially “all things are possible” when it
comes to this first category.
The second category includes all of
the conservation laws, and this cate-
gory is completely different. Conserva-
tion laws are absolute, and collaborative
EW is subject to conservation of energy
just like anything else. And so, the to-
tal power delivered to a target by a col-
laborative EW system can never exceed
the total power transmitted by all of the
E1
H1
jammers that make up the system. For a
set of N equal power emitters, operating
coherently, it can never be true under
any circumstances that “(t)he power at
the target position is expected to ap-
proach N2 for N transmitters or arrays.”1
And websites that seem to be too good
to be true in promising “free energy”
from wave fields are exactly that – too
good to be true.
SUPERPOSITION OF
MULTIPLE EM FIELDS
Linear superposition is a funda-
mental property of all linear systems
including Maxwell’s Equations. For col-
laborative EW, the EM field generated
through collaboration is just the sum
of the individual fields generated by
the different jammers. But, what does
that field look like, and how much pow-
er does it carry? Here is where things
start to get complicated and there are
no short cuts.
E2
H2
Suppose we have multiple jammers,
each generating separate EM fields
(propagating waves) directed towards a
distant target. Because we have linear
superposition of multiple EM waves, one
might at first glance expect the linear
sum just to be a bigger EM wave – and
that would be wrong. The only time that
EM waves add together to make a big-
ger (or smaller) wave is when they are
exactly aligned in all three dimensions.
The individual electric fields must have
exactly the same polarization and the
individual magnetic fields must have
exactly the same polarization such that
all of the power flows are along exactly
the same direction whether positive or
negative. For this special case – and
only for this special case – is the result-
ing EM field a bigger (or smaller) wave.
For any other case, no matter how slight
the difference, the resulting EM field
will be some sort of interference pattern
with electric and magnetic field intensi-
ties that vary from place to place. The
resulting power flow density will also
vary from place to place, and this can
involve both the magnitude and the di-
rection of the power flow vector.
Let’s look at a simple example to see
what all this means. Consider two jam-
mers far away from a targeted aperture
as shown in Figure 2.
Both jammers have equal power, and
their electric fields E have the same po-
larization. We can assume that they are
in-phase at the targeted aperture and
add together to create an electric field
of 2E at the targeted aperture. This is re-
ferred to as “field-stacking.” If we make
the mistake of thinking that we now
have a larger plane wave, then we will
also make the mistake of thinking that
the power is proportional to the square
of the E-field (our convenient rule of
thumb for plane waves) and expect the
power to be 2 x 2 = 4 times as great as
that of the individual jammers. And, we
will embarrass ourselves in thinking that
we can exceed the conservation of ener-
gy limit. Alas, we cannot, and the error
is in thinking that we just have a larger
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plane wave. We do not! A close look at
Figure 2 reveals that the magnetic field
vectors are in different directions. If
we work through the math in detail, we
will find that the fields add together to
make an interference pattern. And that
the electric and magnetic field intensi-
ties are not simply related by the imped-
ance of free space. If we want to get the
correct answer, we have no choice but to
solve properly for the electric and mag-
netic fields, with the power flow density
calculated as the vector cross product of
the overall electric and magnetic fields,
and subject to the constraint of conser-
vation of energy.
But if we have an interference pat-
tern, aren’t the fields larger in certain
areas? Can’t we get out more energy in
these areas and “trick” conservation of
energy? Again, the answer is no, heck
no, and not on your life! Yes, the power
flow density will be higher in certain
areas, but the size of these areas will
be small such that the total integrated
power flow can never exceed the con-
servation of energy limit. N equal power
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terference pattern where the peak pow-
er flow density is close to N2, but this
density will only exist over an area pro-
portional to 1/N such that the net power
flow is proportional to N.
SUPERPOSED FIELDS AND
COLLABORATIVE EW
So let’s get to the heart of the EW
problem. At some level, every RF EW en-
gagement succeeds or fails based on the
J/S ratio of jammer power to signal pow-
er at the targeted aperture. This is why
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
understanding what you can and cannot
achieve by stacking fields is critical to
getting it right as to what we should and
shouldn’t expect from collaborative EW.
Figures 3 and 4 show two potential
collaborative EW configurations where
all of the electric field vectors have the
same polarization, and we can presume
that they are in-phase and add at the
targeted aperture. We also show the rel-
evant magnetic field vectors and how
they add at the targeted aperture.
The first configuration, line abeam,
is nothing more than a superdirective
endfire array. The directive gain for
25
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 E1+E2 +E3

H1+H2 +H3

Parallel flight paths

run perpendicular
26 to the beam
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

Figure 3. Line-abeam configuration for collaborative EW. Properly configured and sequenced, this configuration can act as a superdirective endfire
array with power density gain of N 2 exactly on the beam axis (and only on the beam axis!).

this configuration exactly on bore-
sight is well known as N2. The second
configuration, line abreast, is nothing
more than a linear array with a broad-
side beam. The directive gain for this
configuration at long range and exactly
on broadside is also well known as 2 N
d / λ where d is the spacing between
the elements and λ is the wavelength
of the RF waves. The magnetic field
vectors of the line abeam array have
the same polarization only along the
boresight. Similarly, the magnetic field
vectors of the line abreast array have
similar (nearly identical) polarization
only along the broadside direction. The
gain of both these configurations drops
off just as soon as you move off bore-
sight or off broadside since the mag-
netic field vectors no longer have the
same polarization. It goes without say-
ing that the array gain is reduced as
the fields become less well polarized,
and this is exactly what we should ex-
pect from an arbitrary configuration
of collaborating jammers. In setting
expectations for collaborative EW, it is
critical to understand that the N2 array
gain for the line-abeam and 2 N d / λ
for the line-abreast configurations are
not general results. These are special
cases, and we should not expect to ob-
tain N2 array gain for an arbitrary con-

Parallel flight paths run
perpendicular
to the target
Figure 4. Line-abreast configuration for collaborative EW. Properly configured and sequenced, this configuration can act as a linear array with power
density gain of 2 N d / λ exactly on broadside (and lesser power density gain further from broadside).
figuration. We will look more closely at
this in a future installment.
POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR
“BACK OF THE ENVELOPE”
What do we need to remember when
making “back of the envelope” calcula-
tions for collaborative EW? Here are the
important points:
1) Conservation of energy is absolute.
If a result violates conservation of
E1
H1
energy, go back and check the work,
including any assumptions.
2a) The uniform plane wave is a simple
special case that is useful for teach-
ing but fails to take into account
conservation of energy. It is not a
general result and should be used
with caution.
2b) The uniform plane wave propor-
tionality of power flow density and
power to the square of the electric
E T = E 1 +E2 +E3
HT < H1+H2+H3
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
E2 E3
H3
H2
27
field is a special case result and
cannot be applied to a generalized
EM field.
3) General EM power flow requires
proper calculation of both the elec-
tric and magnetic fields, and then
finding the EM power flow density
from the vector cross product. And
no, the math is not easy, but you re-
ally don’t have a choice if you want
to get it right.
 4) The line-abeam and line-abreast
configurations of N jammers can
provide array gains up to N2 along
very specific axes. This is an upper
limit and not a general result. Any
other configuration should be ex-
pected to yield a lower array gain. N2
can be used to determine the “best
case” performance for collaborative
EW, and then the gain can be backed
off to model real scenarios with oth-
er configurations.

MORE TO CONSIDER
The points covered here are just the tip
of the iceberg. There is more to be said
about the arrays formed from collabo-
rating jammers, and there is more to be
said about other aspects of collaborative
EW. Stay tuned. a
NOTE
1. Broad Agency Announcement Arrays
at Commercial Timescales (ACT) Mi-
crosystems Technology Office DARPA-
BAA-13-26, Amendment 2, June 17,
2003.
28
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
ABOUT THE AUTHORS:
Dr. John A. Kosinski is a Distinguished
Consulting Scientist with MacAaulay-
Brown, Inc. following his retirement as
Chief Scientist for the US Army Intelli-
gence and Information Warfare Director-
ate at Fort Monmouth, NJ (now closed
under BRAC). He earned his B.S. degree
in physics and his Ph.D. degree in elec-
trical engineering. He is a Life Member
of AOC, a Life Member of AFCEA, and a
Fellow of IEEE.
Dr. Phil Mumford is a Senior Electron-
ics Engineer in the Sensors Directorate of
the Air Force Research Laboratory located
at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. He earned a
BS, MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering
and has an MS in Physics. He is a Senior
Member of IEEE.

896853_Empower.indd 1 2017-12-08 8:06 AM

Report from the 6th Annual

The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

AOC Pacific Conference
By COL Ret. Arthur N. Tulak
Vice President, Hawaii Diamond Head Chapter

T
he 2017 AOC Pacific Conference
was a great success, and has
cemented its position as one of
the “must attend” conferences
for those interested in the cur-
rent state of electronic war-
fare, cyber operations, and information 29
operations in the U.S. Pacific Command
(USPACOM) Area of Responsibility. The
theme for this year’s conference was “Non-
Kinetic Fires [EW & IO] in the Multi-Doman
Battle,” which built upon last year’s con-
ference focus on countering Anti-Access
and Area Denial (A2/AD) strategies.
The selection of Multi-Domain Battle
(MDB) as the conference theme acknowl-
edged the priorities and focus of USPA-
COM, the DoD co-sponsor of the three-day
conference. MDB is a Joint Warfighting
Concept that seeks to defeat the A2/AD Patricia Frost visits the display of Platinum Sponsor Northrop Grumman in the Exhibition Hall.
challenges U.S. Forces and its Allies are
facing in the Pacific Theater. ADM Harry Harris, Commander mands in the counter A2/AD fight. As ADM Harris has stated
U.S. Pacific Command has vigorously endorsed MDB as a means “Multi-Domain Battle is joint warfare at the operational and
to better integrate all Joint Functional Component Com- tactical levels that achieve strategic level effects…It is impor-
tant that we implement the Multi-Domain Battle concept with
a sense of urgency…We need to fight and win in the complex
network and pressurized battlespace of the 21st Century.” (1)
The role of Information Operations and its Information Re-
lated Capabilities was also made clear by ADM Harris as he
discussed Joint Force tasks to overcome A2AD which included
a core task for IO to “…deny the enemy the ability to command
and control its forces.”(2)
The unclassified portion of the conference benefitted
COL James P. Smith leads a panel discussion on 18 OCT. To his left are
greatly from the remarks and support of senior leaders from
LTC, Ret., Herminio Blas-Irizarry, Major Lee USFK J39 MISO, LTCOL Jason
Logue, and LTC Matthew Shaw, Director of IO for 25th Infantry Division. the Department of Defense. GEN Robert B. Brown, Command-
 ing General of U.S. Army Pacific, re- beyond the co-sponsored three-day
turned as the keynote speaker, and conference. Allied participation re-
challenged conference participants mained strong with 28 Allied military
to look for ways to integrate IO, EW, personnel from Australia, Canada, Ja-
and cyber into MDB. GEN Brown in- pan, New Zealand, Republic of China
troduced MDB at the 2016 AOC Pacific (Taiwan), Singapore, and the United
Conference, where he emphasized the Kingdom participating.
information component of MDB opera- From the AOC perspective, the 6th
tions and the “cognitive dimension,” Annual AOC Pacific Conference set
of military operations. (3) Starting a new standard of excellence. AOC
off the second day of the conference, President, Lisa Frugé-Cirili praised
MG Patricia Frost, Director of Cyber, the Hawaii Chapter, for providing
Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, the highest level of volunteer sup-
Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, port to the annual conference and
provided participants with a clear Major Noe presents a scholarship to University of Hawaii for taking the lead in planning and
view of the Army’s current efforts student Jonathan Kutsunai, accompanied by Malia Peters, executing the event in support of
to reconstitute EW capabilities and UH Director of Scholarship Development, and Dustan USPACOM J39. AOC President Frugé-
Hellwig, Director and Chief Technical Officer at Chesapeake
organizations, to continue building Technology International, the scholarship sponsor. Cirili also honored past Hawaii AOC
cyber capabilities/training/orga- Chapter Past President, Lt Col, USMC
nizations, to rejuvenate military deception, and to integrate Ret. Tom Smythe, who served from 1977-1980. Lt Col Smythe
these capabilities into operations. MG Frost also highlighted attended the morning session on 17 October, and also wit-
the need for kinetic/maneuver subject matter experts to attend nessed the installation of new officers exactly 40 years after
symposia and conferences that are focused on the non-kinetic he assumed duties as Chapter President. Lt Col, Ret. Smythe
effects and capabilities. extolled the important role the AOC plays in sustaining profes-
Over the two days of unclassified discussion at the Army’s sional development for the military and to support discussion
Hale Koa Hotel at Fort DeRussy, AOC Pacific Conference partici- on doctrine, concepts, and force structure and encouraged
pants received 2 keynote addresses, 17 presentations, and one participants to join.
panel discussion. The co-sponsored conference then moved to The Conference benefitted from exceptional support of its
30 HQs, USPACOM at Camp H. M. Smith, Marine Corps Base Hawaii, 14 industry sponsors – the highest level of sponsorship in the
for classified discussions, where participants received an ad- six-year history of this event. Several industry sponsors took
ditional 10 classified briefings, and had the opportunity to advantage of the exhibition hall, and set up their booths to
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

participate in five different, classified, break-out sessions.
Senior leader remarks were delivered by Dr. George Ka’iliwaii
III, Director of Resources and Assessment USPACOM J8, and Mr.
Jay Kistler, Director, Electronic Warfare and Countermeasures,
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense. In addition to
these presentations and breakout sessions, USPACOM J39 held
bi-lateral engagements with Allied counterparts throughout
the day.
Following the co-sponsored conference,
USPACOM held a fourth day of discussions
at Camp Smith open to Australia, Canada,
New Zealand, and the United Kingdom,
which started with another 4 classified
presentations followed by discussion on
real-world operational problems of mutual
interest. This was the most productive op-
erational problem-solving event since the
start of the conference series. In addition
to these programmed events, the influx of
senior industry, Allied, and DoD leaders re-
sulted in several productive official visits
and meetings on the margins of the con-
ference. The bilateral engagements with
Allies, visits, and classified operational
problem-solving events are components Lt Col Ret. Tom Smythe, Hawaii AOC Diamond
Head Chapter President from 1977-1980,
of the PACOM IO Symposium that extends addresses the symposium.
interact with conference participants and senior leaders. In
addition to the exhibits, industry sponsors provided several
experienced subject matter experts who supported the agenda
with 8 presentations over the three day conference. Industry
partners consistently reported being very satisfied with the
level of interaction with conference participants throughout.
The 6th Annual AOC Pacific Conference set a record for the high-
est level of industry attendance as a per-
centage of overall attendance.
NOTES
ADM Harris key note address to the
2017 LANPAC Symposium, Honolulu, May
24, 2017. See also, Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.,
“Army Must Be Ready For Multi-Domain
Battle In Pacific ‘Tomorrow’,” Breaking De-
fense, January 31, 2017.
ADM Harry Harris, comments at LAN-
PAC Symposium, Honolulu HI, 25 May
2016. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/
Speeches-Testimony/Article/781889/lan-
pac-symposium-2016-role-of-land-forces-
in-ensuring-access-to-shared-domains/
GEN Robert B. Brown, remarks as the
key note speaker at AOC Pacific 2016, Fort
DeRussy, Honolulu HI, Nov 8, 2016. a
EW 101

Next Generation EW – Part 3

Stand-off Jamming of Legacy
Acquisition Radars
By Dave Adamy

The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

t requires seven to ten dB more jamming power to
break the lock of a tracking radar than it does to
prevent that radar from acquiring a target. Since
jammer effectiveness from a stand-off jammer is
reduced because it is far from the jammed radar and
because it must normally jam into the side lobes of
that radar, stand-off jammers normally operate against
acquisition radars or acquisition modes. Let’s look at the
problem of stand-off jamming against a typical legacy
acquisition radar.
Figure 1 shows a P-12 Spoon Rest radar being jammed
by a stand-off jammer located 30 km away in the radar’s
side lobes. From open literature, the transmitter power of
the radar is given as 200 kw (83 dBm), its antenna bore-
sight gain is given as 29 dBi and its average side lobe is
21 dB below the boresight gain. This means that the radar
ERP is 112 dBm, and the side lobe gain is 8 dBi. For this
problem, we will take these values as accurate. We will
assume the same stand-off jammer we used to jam the
tracking radar last month (i.e., 1-kW transmitter power
and 18 dB antenna gain). The ERP of the jammer is thus
78 dBm.
J/S RATIO
The jammer is trying to prevent the radar from acquiring a tar-
get with RCS = 10 m2 at a range of 10 km. From last month, we know
that the stand-off jamming J/S equation is:
J/S = ERPJ – ERPS + 71 + GS - GM - 20 log R J + 40 log RT
– 10 log RCS
Where: J/S is the jamming to signal noise in dB
ERPJ is the effective radiated power
of the jammer in dBm,
ERPS is the effective radiated power of the jammed RADAR
in dBm,
GS is the side lobe gain of the radar antenna in dBi,
GM is the main lobe bore-sight gain of the radar
antenna in dBi,
R J is the range from the radar to the jammer in km, 31
RT is the range from the radar to the target in km,
and
RCS is the radar cross section of the target in m2.
Plugging the values from Figure 1 into this equation gives:
J/S = 78 – 112 + 71 + 8 – 29 – 29.5 + 40 – 10 = 16.5 dB

RCS = 10 m 2

10 km

SPOON REST
RADAR

ERPS = 112 dBm 30 km

J
S/L = -21 dB Lethal PJ = 1 KW
range
of weapon GJ = 18 dB

Figure 1: The stand-off jammer is located 30 km from a Spoon Rest radar in a side lobe that is 21 dB below the radar’s main-beam bore-sight gain.

.
 E W101

open-source antenna dimensions

(11 by 5.5 meters) is 33.7 dB. (See
RBT
side bar for the formulas.)

GM = 29 dBi Using the same formulas shown

Radar Signal for Spoon Rest jamming by the same
stand-off jammer at 30 km distance
RADAR Jamme to protect a target 10 km from the
r Signal
Jamm radar, the J/S ratio achieved is:
e
GS = 8 dB remain r range
i s cons
tant J/S = 78 – 118 + 71 + 15 – 34 –
J 29.5 + 40 – 10 = 12.5 dB

Range at Jammer flies The range term of the burn

small race track through range equation is:
which jammer
provides 2 dB J/S pattern at 30 km 40 log R BT = 118 – 78 – 71 – 15 + 34
+ 29.5 + 10 + 2 = 29.5

Figure 2: The target approaches the radar while the jammer remains effectively stationary. The J/S So, the stand-off jamming burn
provided by the jammer thus reduces during the engagement as the radar-to-target range reduces. through range is:
R BT = Anti-log {29.5 / 40} = 5.5 km
Figure BURN-THROUGH RANGEthe radar while the jammer remains effectively stationary.
2: The target approaches
The J/S provided by the jammer thus reduces during the engagement as the radar-to-target
As shown in Figure 2, the stand-off jamming aircraft is
range reduces. WHAT’S NEXT
assumed to hold position through the engagement at 30 km
from the jammed radar. (Remember from the November 2017 Next month, we will continue our discussion of legacy EW
“EW 101” column that there are actually two stand-off jamming threats and countermeasures with a problem in which a radar-
aircraft flying cooperative race track patterns.) The burn- directed Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) system is jammed. Then
through occurs when the target aircraft gets close enough to we will start on the next-generation missiles and radars. For
32 the jammed radar that the radar can reacquire the target in the your comments and suggestions, Dave Adamy can be reached at
presence of the jamming. For this problem, we will assume that www.lynxpub.com. a
burn-through occurs at a J/S ratio of 2 dB.
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

The formula for the range to the target term (at burn-
through) is: For your convenience, the formula for the gain of a
non-symmetrical parabolic antenna is:
40 log RBT = ERPS – ERPJ - 71 – GS + GM + 20 log R J + 10 log
G = 29,000 / Θı Θ2
RCS + J/S Req
Where: Θ1 and Θ2 are the 3-dB beam-widths for the mini-
Plugging our values into this equation gives: mum and maximum dimensions of the antenna,
and G is the bore-sight gain (not in dB) of the
40 log R BT = 112 – 78 – 71 – 8 + 29 + 29.5 + 10 + 2 = 25.5
antenna.

The formula for the burn through range solves the range
The 3 dB beam-width of an antenna is determined
term for the actual range:
from its diameter by the formula:
R BT = Anti-log {25.5 / 40} = 4.3 km ..Θ = sqrt[86.8 – 20 log(D) – 20 log(F)]
Where: D is the diameter in meters and F is the operating
STAND-OFF JAMMING OF FLAT FACE frequency in MHz
Another legacy acquisition radar, associated with the SA-3
missile system, is Flat Face. Its operating frequency (about 850
MHz), and its transmitter power (270 kW) are given in open ERROR
literature. Its antenna gain, which we have calculated from the There were two math errors in the December 2017 col-
umn. At the end of the “Self-Protection Burn-Through”
Table 1: Relevant Flat Face Specifications section (on page 83) the value of R BT is given incor-
Transmitter power 270 kw (84.3 dBm) rectly as 0.25 km or 250 meters. The figure should have
been 0.562 km or 562 meters. At the end of the section,
Antenna Boresight gain 33.7 dBi
“Stand-Off Burn-Through,” on page 83, the value for R BT
Average Side-lobe level About 15 dBi is incorrectly given as “563 km or 563 meters.” It should
Effective Radiated Power (ERP) 118 dBm have read “3.65 km.”
 news

AOC SINGAPORE CHAPTER SUPPORTS THE ITE ROBO RACE

CHALLENGE 2017

The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

THE ROBO RACE

33

AOC SINGAPORE

CONCLUSION
 34
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

Views from the 54th Annual AOC Inte

 35

The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

rnational Symposium and Convention
 AOC Industry and Institute/University Members
SUSTAINING Atkinson Aeronautics & Kranze Technology Rohde & Schwarz
BAE Systems Technology, Inc. Solutions, Inc. (KTS) GmbH & Co. KG
Ball Aerospace & Avalon Electronics, Inc. KRATOS GENERAL MICROWAVE Roschi Rohde & Schwarz AG
Technologies Group Azure Summit CORPORATION Rotating Precision
Bharat Electronics LTD Technologies, Inc. KRYTAR, Inc. Mechanisms
The Boeing Company Base2 Engineering LLC Kudelski Security, A Division of RPI Group, Inc.
Battlespace Simulations Inc. Nagravision S.A. S2 Corporation
CACI
Bird Technologies L3 Micreo SAZE Technologies
Chemring Group Plc
Blue Ridge Envisioneering, Inc. L-3 Communications SciEngines GmbH
DRS Defense Solutions
Bryant Solutions, Inc. Cincinnati Electronics Scientific Research Corp.
Electronic Warfare Associates
CDM Electronics L-3 Narda-MITEQ Semper-Fortis Solutions LLC
General Atomics
CISR Babcock International Group L-3 TRL Technology Signal Hound
General Dynamics
Cobham Advanced Electronic Solutions Leidos SimVentions
Harris Corp.
Cognitive Systems Corp. LGS Innovations Smiths Microwave Subsystems
Keysight Technologies
Colorado Engineering Inc. LIG Next1 Co., Ltd. Sojitz Corporation of America
Leonardo MW Ltd.
Communication Power Corporation LS Telcom AG Spectranetix, Inc.
Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and
Communications Supply and MacAulay-Brown Spectrum Instrumentation Corp.
Training (MST)
Support Limited Military College of Telecommunication Spherea GmbH
Mercury Systems
Comtech PST Corporation Engineering
Northrop Grumman Corporation Spirent Communications
Covariant Solutions MarServices GmbH
Raytheon Company SR Technologies
CPI Mass Consultants
Rockwell Collins SRC, Inc.
Crane Aerospace & Electronics MBDA France
Rohde & Schwarz USA SRCTec, Inc.
CRFS Inc. MC Countermeasures, Inc.
Saab SRI International
CSIR DPSS MDA Systems Ltd.
STEATITE
Cubic Defence MegaPhase, LLC
MILITARY UNITS Meggitt Defense Systems
Stimulus Engineering
DAF/OGH-CC Sunshine Aero Industries
453 EW Squadron Research Meggitt Target Systems
Darkblade Systems Swedish Defence Materiel
51 Sqn, Royal Air Force MICREO Limited
Dayton-Granger, Inc. Administration T&E Directorate
Japan Air Self-Defense Force Micro Lambda Wireless
dB Control (FMV T&E)
JEWOSU Micro-Coax, Inc.
Decodio AG SynQor
MAG-14 Microwave Products Group
Defense Engineering Corporation Systems & Processes
VMAQ-2 Milso AB
Defense Research Associates Engineering Corp. (SPEC)
VMFAT-501 MilSource
DEFTEC Corporation TCI International Inc.
DEWC Pty Ltd Mission Microwave Technologies Tech Comm Inc.
36 INSTITUTE/UNIVERSITY The MITRE Corporation Tech Resources Inc.
DHPC Technologies, Inc.
Electronic Warfare Studying Group, Modern Technology Technology Advancement Group, Inc.
Korean Institute of Electromagnetic DragoonITCN
Solutions, Inc. TECOM Industries
D-TA Systems, Inc.
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

Engineering & Science

Motorola Solutions TEK Microsystems, Inc.
Georgia Tech Research Dynetics, Inc.
Mountain RF Sensors Inc. Tektronix Inc.
Institute (GTRI) e2v, Inc.
MULTICONSULT SRL Teledyne Microwave Solutions
Mercer Engineering Elbit Systems EW and
Research Center SIGINT – Elisra My-konsult TERMA A/S
National EW Research and Electro-Metrics Corp. National Technical Research Textron Systems
Simulation Center Organization Textron Systems Electronic
Electronic Warfare Training Support
Riverside Research Institute LLC Narda Safety Test Systems UK Ltd.
Solutions GmbH Thales Suisse SA
ELTA Systems Ltd.
Nova Systems Third Wave Strategies LLC
GOVERNMENT GROUPS Empower RF Systems
Novator Solution AB
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Epiq Design Solutions Inc. Times Microwave Systems
Nuvotronics, Inc. TINEX AS
Dahlgren Division ESROE Limited
Orbital ATK Defense TMC Design
Esterline Defense Technologies
Electronic Systems
GROUP Evans Capacitor Company
Overlook Systems Technology
TMD Technologies Ltd.
3dB Labs Inc. EW Solutions Transformational Security, LLC
Pacific Design Technologies
3SDL Ltd. ERZIA Technologies S.L. TriaSys Technologies Corp.
PA&E
4DSP FEI-Elcom Tech, Inc. Triumph Thermal Systems -
Parker Aerospace Maryland, Inc.
Abaco Systems Finmeccanica (formerly Selex ES)
Parrillo Associates TRU Corporation
Aeronix Galleon Embedded Computing Norway
Peralex TrustComm
Aethercomm, Inc. Generic Systems Sweden AB
Persistent Systems LLC Ultra Electronics
A.G. Franz, LLC Giga-tronics Inc.
Photonis Avalon Systems
Airbus Defence and Space GmbH GPS Source Inc.
Physical Optics Corporation Ultra Electronics TCS Inc.
Air Logistics and Engineering GTMR Inc.
Planar Monolithics Industries US Technologies-Aldetec
Consultants, LLC HASCALL-DENKE
Plath, GmbH Valkyrie Enterprises, LLC
ALARIS Antennas HP Marketing & Consulting Wust GmBh
Polaris Alpha (formerly EOIR ViaSat, Inc.
Allen-Vanguard Innovationszentrum Fur Technologies Inc.) W.L. Gore & Associates Inc. (Gore)
Alpha Design Technologies Pvt Ltd. Telekommunikations
Professional Development Warrior Support Solutions, LLC
Alpha Product Inc. -technik GmbH (IZT)
Tech Group Inc.
Intelligent RF Solutions Wavepoint Research Inc.
Analog Devices Quinon Co.
Interface Concept Wrap International AB
Anaren Microwave, Inc. Radio Frequency
ISPAS as X-Com Systems
Annapolis Micro Systems, Inc. Simulation Systems Inc.
IW Mircowave Products Division Zentrum Elektronischer Kampf
Anritsu Company Reliant Global Solution
JT3, LLC Fliegende Waffensysteme
ApisSys SAS Research Associates
Kerberos International Inc. Zodiac Data Systems
Aselsan A.S. of Syracuse, Inc. (RAS)
Astra Microwave Products Ltd. Kirintec Rincon Research Corporation
 Index
of ad ve r tise r s
JED, The Journal of Electronic Defense
(ISSN 0192-429X), is published monthly
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The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018

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 JED
quick look
Details Page # Details Page #

ADM Harry Harris, US Pacific Command ............................. 29 Electromagnetic fields ...................................................... 22

Anti-Access Area Denial (A2AD) ........................................ 29
AOC 54 Annual International Symposium and
Convention.................................................................. 15
AOC 54 Annual International Symposium and
Convention photos ....................................................... 34
AOC Pacific Conference report ........................................... 29
AOC Singapore Chapter Robo Challenge .............................. 33
Australia, sale of F/A-18A/B Hornets to Canada .................. 21
BAE Systems, midwave infrared missile warning system
for UH-60M helicopters ................................................ 17
Bryan Clark, Center for Strategic and
Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) ..................................... 16
Canada, purchase of F/A-18A/B Hornets from Australia....... 21
Candida, Leonardo Miysis DIRCM for CP-140 aircraft............ 21
Col William “Dollar” Young PhD, 53rd EW Group (ACC),
Eglin AFB, FL............................................................... 16
Collaborative EW .............................................................. 22
Common Infrared Countermeasures Program,
FY 2018 funding .......................................................... 20
Common Missile Warning System (CMWS) ........................... 20
Dr. William Conley, EW OUSD(AT&L)/A/
Tactical Warfare Systems .............................................. 15
EC-X Compass Call, FY 2018 funding ................................... 20
38 Elbit Enhanced Laser Warning System (ELAWS)
for Swedish Visby Corvettes .......................................... 21
The Journal of Electronic Defense | January 2018
GEN Robert B. Brown, US Army Pacific ............................... 29
Gen Stephen Wilson, US Air Force ...................................... 15
Is the EMS a Domain? ....................................................... 15
John Stine, MITRE Corporation .......................................... 16
Joint Capabilities Integration and Development
System (JCIDS) ............................................................ 16
Leonardo, Miysis DIRCM for Canada ................................... 21
Limited Interim Missile Warning System (LIMWS) .............. 17
Lt. Col USMC Ret. Tom Smythe ........................................... 30
MG Patricia Frost, US Army ............................................... 30
NAVAIR, BAA for Next Gen Jammer low-band pod ............... 18
Next Generation EW, part 3 ............................................... 31
Next Generation Jammer (NGJ) Low-Band
(Increment II) Program’s Demonstration of
Existing Technologies (DET) ........................................ 18
Peru, seeking SIGINT for Fokker 50 ISR aircraft .................. 21
Stand-Off Jamming of Legacy Acquisition Radars ............... 31
Sweden, Elbit Enhanced Laser Warning System (ELAWS)
for Visby Corvettes....................................................... 21
US Air Force, Enterprise Capability Collaboration
Team (ECCT) ................................................................ 15
US Pacific Command ......................................................... 29
US Senate, FY 2018 Defense Appropriations Bill .................. 20

Pfc. Nathaniel Ortiz of the 780th Military Intelligence Brigade sets up electronic warfare and cyber tools as part of the Army Cyber Command-led Cyber-
Electromagnetic Activities (CEMA) Support to Corps and Below initiative at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, CA, in May 2017.
PHOTO CREDIT: MR. BILL ROCHE US ARMY CYBER COMMAND

Visit the AOC EW/SIGINT Resource Guide online at www.ewsigint.net.

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