03a Vassart Ec Firedesign Ws

Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 1
EN 1991-1-2
Basic design methods

Worked examples
Prof. VASSART Olivier
Chairman of the CEN/TC250 EC1/ Fire E.G.

ArcelorMittal R&D
email: olivier.vassart@arcelormittal.com
Basic design methods of EN1991-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 1

Fire parts of Eurocodes 2 to 6 and 9
Following common layout to provide design rules for fire

resistance of various types of structures:
- General
 Scope, application field, definitions, symbols and units
- Basic principles
 Performances requirements, design values of material properties
and assessment approaches
- Material properties
 Mechanical and thermal properties at elevated temperatures
- Assessment methods for fire resistance
- Constructional details
- Annexes
 Additional information: common case - more detailed design rules
3
Fire resistance - European classes
Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows:

• Relevant time of fire exposure during which the corresponding fire
resistance function of a structure is maintained despite fire actions
According to European standard, 3 criteria to define the fire
resistance:
R – load bearing function
E – integrity separating function
I – thermal insulating separation function
Above criteria may be required individually or in combination:
•separating only: integrity (criterion E) and, when requested, insulation
(criterion I)
•load bearing only: mechanical resistance (criterion R)
•separating and load bearing: criteria R, E and, when requested I
4
R – load bearing function

Capacity of a structure to maintain its required mechanical resistance in
case of fire
Mechanical loading
5
E – integrity separating function

Capacity of a structure to maintain its required integrity separating
function to hot gases in case of fire
With or without additional
mechanical loading
hot gas
heat
200, 300,
400°C, …
(no limitation)
6
I – thermal insulation separating function

Capacity of a structure to maintain its required thermal insulation
separating function in case of fire
With or without
additional
mechanical
loading
hot gas
heat
Average temperature rise
≤140 K (under standard fire)
Maximum temperature rise
≤ 180 K (under standard fire)
7
Resistance to Fire - Chain of Events
Loads
Steel
columns
time
1: Ignition 2: Thermal action 3: Mechanical actions
R
time
4: Thermal 5:Mechanical 6: Possible

response response collapse
8
Structural Fire Safety Engineering
vs. Classification
Prescriptive Performance based
9
vs. Classification
Objective of the classification

Describe the Thermal and mechanical
behaviour of structures subjected to fire
P
Means
Displacement
Normalised fire
Time
10
vs. Classification
Prescriptive Performance based
11
Actions on Structures Exposed to Fire
EN 1991-1-2 - Prescriptive Rules
Design Procedures
Prescriptive Rules Performance-Based Code

(Thermal Actions given
(Physically based Thermal Actions)
by Nominal Fire)
12
Nominal Temperature-Time Curve
*) Nominal temperature-time curve

Standard temperature-, External fire - &
No data needed
Hydrocarbon fire curve
*) Simplified Fire Models
Localised Fire Fully Engulfed Compartment
- HESKESTADT - Parametric Fire Rate of heat release
- HASEMI
θ (t) uniform Fire surface
θ (x, y, z, t) in the compartment Boundary properties
Opening area
Ceiling height
*) Advanced Fire Models +

- Two-Zone Model - One-Zone Model Exact geometry
- Combined Two-Zones and One-Zone fire
- CFD
Prescriptive Fire Regulations Defining
ISO Curve Requirements
ISO-834 Curve (EN1364 -1)
θ [°C] T = 20 + 345 log (8 t + 1)

1200
1110
1049
1006
1000 The ISO curve
945
* Has to be considered in the WHOLE compartment, even if
842
the compartment is huge
800
ISO ISO ISO

600 ISO ISO
400 ISO ISO ISO

* Never goes DOWN Time [min]
200 * does not consider the PRE-FLASHOVER PHASE

* Does not depend on FIRE LOAD and
VENTILATION CONDITIONS
0
0 30 60 90 120 180
14
Stages of a Natural Fire and the
Standard Fire Curve
Temperature Post- Flashover

Pre- Flashover 1000-1200°C
Flashover
Natural fire curve
ISO834 standard fire curve
Time
Ignition - Smouldering Heating Cooling ….
15
Actions on Structures Exposed to Fire
EN 1991-1-2 - Performance Based Code
Design Procedures
Prescriptive Rules Performance-Based Code

(Thermal Actions given (Physically based Thermal Actions)
by Nominal Fire)
16
Natural Fire Safety Concept
θ [°C]
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 30 60 90 120 180
Time [min]
Implemented in:
• EN 1991-1-2
• Some National Fire Regulations
include now alternative requirements
based on Natural Fire
17
NFSC Valorisation Project
18
Natural Fire Model

No data needed
- HASEMI
Opening area
Ceiling height

- CFD
19
List of needed Physical Parameters
for Natural Fire Model
Boundary properties
Ceiling height Geometry
Opening Area
Fire surface
Fire
Rate of heat release
20
Characteristics of the Fire
Compartment
Fire resistant enclosures

defining the fire compartment
according to the national
regulations
Material properties of
enclosures: c, ρ, λ
Definition of Openings
21
Characteristic of the Fire
for Different Buildings
Fire Growth RHRf Fire Load qf,k

Occupancy
Rate [kW/m²] 80% fractile
[MJ/m²]
Dwelling Medium 250 948

Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377
Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730
Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
22
Fire Load Density
Danger of Danger of Examples

Compartment
Fire Activation Fire Activation of
floor area Af [m²] δq1 δq2 Occupancies
Art gallery, museum,
25 1,10 0,78 swimming pool
250 1,50 1,00 Residence, hotel, office

Manufactory for machinery
2500 1,90 1,22 & engines
Chemical laboratory,
5000 2,00 1,44 Painting workshop
Manufactory of fireworks
10000 2,13 1,66
q f ,d =δ δ q1 . δ q 2 . ∏ δ ni . m . q f ,k
or paints
ni
Function of Active Fire Safety Measures
Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fire Detection Manual Fire Suppression
Automatic fire Automatic

Automatic Independent Work Off Site Safe Fire Smoke
Detection Alarm
Water Water Fire Fire Access Fighting Exhaust
Supplies & Alarm Transmission
Extinguishing Brigade Brigade Routes Devices System
by by to
System
0 1 2 Heat Smoke Fire Brigade
δ δ δ n3 δ n4 δ δ δ δ δ δ
n1 n2 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n10
0,9 or 1 1,0 1,0

0,61 1,0 0,87 0,7 0,87 or 0,73 0,87 0,61 or 0,78
1,5 1,5 1,5
23
Rate of Heat Release Curve
Stationary State and Decay Phase
10
9
Growing
Steady state phase
A f x RHR f
10 Ultra-
8 Fast (FGR)
9 Fast COMPARTMENT FIRE
RHR [MW] 7
(FGR)
8
RHR [MW]
6 Medium (FGR)
RHR [MW]
7
5
6
4 FireAGrowth
f
Rate = FGR
x RHR f
5
3
4 Ventilation Controlled Fire
Slow (FGR)
2
3
2 1 Decay phase
75'' 150'' 300''
Decay Phase
600'' t [min]
1
70% (qf,d •0A0 fi) 5 10 15 20 25t [min]
30
0
0 5 10 15 20
0 Time [min]
tdecay
24
Natural Simplified Fire Model

No data needed
- HASEMI
Opening area
Ceiling height

- CFD
25
Simplified Fire Models Localised Fire
LOCALISED FIRE FULLY ENGULFED

COMPARTMENT
θ (t) uniform in the compartment
θ (x, y, z, t)
26
Real Localised Fire Test
27
Localised Fire: HESKESTAD Method
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:
• Flame is not impacting the ceiling of a compartment (Lf < H)
• Fires in open air
Θ(z) = 20 + 0,25 (0,8 Qc)2/3 (z-z0)-5/3 ≤ 900°C
Flame axis
The flame length Lf of a
localised fire is given by :
Lf = -1,02 D + 0,0148 Q2/5

H
Lf
z D
28
Localised Fire: HASEMI Method
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:
• Flame is impacting the ceiling (Lf > H)
concrete slab
beam
θg Y = Height of the
free zone
θ = Air Temperature Calculated by CaPaFi

at Beam Level
29
Simplified Fire Models
Fully Engulfed Compartment

COMPARTMENT
θ (t) uniform in the compartment
θ (x, y, z, t)
30
Real Fire Test Simulating
an Office Building
Fully engulfed fire
31
an Office Building
Demonstration test : set-up
Openings with normal

glazed windows
Fire load with real

office furniture
an Office Building
Fully developed fire
Early stage of fire

an Office Building
700
1200
displacement (mm)
600
1000
Temperature (°C)
500
800
Vertical
400
600
300 Maximum vertical
displacement 400
200
Steel
100 200
temperature
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (min)
34
Fully Engulfed Compartment
Annex A: Parametric Fire
Temperature [°C]
Annex A of EN 1991-1-2
1100
Iso-Curve
1000
O = 0.04 m ½
900 O = 0.06 m ½
O = 0.10 m ½
800
O = 0.14 m ½
700
O = 0.20 m ½
600
For a given b, qfd, At & Af
500
400
300
200
100
time [min]
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
35
Natural Advanced Fire Model

No data needed
- HASEMI
Opening area
Ceiling height

- CFD
36
Advanced fire Models
LOCALISED FIRE
The Fire stays localised The Fire switch to a

fully engulfed fire

COMPARTMENT
37
Advanced fire Models
38
Ignition
39
Localised Fire
40
Growing of Localised Fire
41
Theory of two zones models
→
Localised Fire Ozone Software Model
Z
H
Upper layer
mU , TU, VU,
T QC EU, ρU mOUT,U
ZS
QR
ZP
p mIN,L
Q
mp
mIN,L mL , TL, VL,

EL, ρL Lower layer
0
42
2  1 zone: if one of the following criteria is reached

Thot gases> 500 oC
Combustible material in the smoke and Tsmoke> 300 oC
Localised fire> 25 % of the compartment’s surface
Smoke height > 80 % of the total height of the compartment
43
Generalised Fire Ozone Software Model

Z
QC p = f(Z)
QR
m, T, V, QC+R,O
E, ρ(Z)
mOUT,L
mOUT
ZP
mIN,L
Fire: RHR,
combustion products
0
44
Large Compartment Test
Fire Load
45
External Flaming During the Test
46
After the Test
47
Two Zone Calculation
Software “OZone V2.2”
48
Definition of the Compartment
49
Definition of the boundaries
50
Definition of the fire
51
Criteria 2 zones – 1 zone
52
OZone results :
Input and Computed RHR
53
OZone results :
Gas Temperatures
θHot
θCold
54
OZone results :
Smoke Layer Thickness
55
56
57
58
Compartment Fire test
59
Calibration of Software OZone:
Gas Temp
1400
MAXIMUM AIR T EMPERATURE
OZone
1200
1000
OZone [°C]
800
600
400
200
MAXIMUM AIR T EMPERATURE
IN THE COMPARTMENT
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
TEST [°C]
60
Steel Temp
1400
UNPROTECTED STEEL TEMPERATURE

1200
1000
OZone [°C]
800
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
TEST [°C]
61
OZone Vs Test
Comparison BRE Test 4 - OZone Design fire

1400
1300
OZone Office Fast
OZone Office Medium
1200
Test Average
1100
Test Max
Gas Temp [°C]]
1000
Test Min
900
800
700 qf,d =511MJ/m2
600 RHRf = 250kW/m2
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200
Time [sec]
62
OZone Vs Ulster Test
15 m 9m
63
Fire load energy density was700MJ/m2

The fire load can be achieved using 45 standard wooden cribs(1m x 1m x
0.5 m high), positioned evenly around the compartment(9.0m x 15.0m).
WOODEN CRIBS LOCATION

65
66
Computer Fluid Dynamics:
Software Sofie
Grid
definition
67
Sofie Results: Gas Temperatures
68
Free Software FDS
69
Free Software FDS
Definition of the mesh

Free Software FDS
71
Resistance to Fire - Chain of Events
Loads
Steel
columns
time
1: Ignition 2: Thermal action 3: Mechanical actions
R
time
4: Thermal 5:Mechanical 6:
Possible
response response collapse
72
Basis of Design and
Actions on Structures
Actions for temperature analysis

W Thermal Action
G
A
C FIRE
T
Q I Actions for structural analysis
O Mechanical Action
N Dead Load G
S Imposed Load Q
Snow S
Wind W
Fire
73
Combination Rules for Mechanical Actions
EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
Room temperature
Ed = γG G + γ Q,1 Q 1 + ∑ ψ 0,i γ Q,i Q i
i >1
f.i. : Offices area with the imposed load Q,

the leading variable action
Ed = 1,35 G + 1,5 Q + 0,6 • 1,5 W + 0,5 • 1,5 S
74
Combination Rules for Mechanical Actions
EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
Fire conditions ≡ Accidental situation
Efi,d = G + ψ1or2,1 Q 1 + ∑
i >1
ψ1or2,i Q i
f.i. : Offices area with the imposed load Q,

the leading variable action
Efi,d = G + 0,3 Q
Offices area with the wind W, the leading variable action
Efi,d = G + 0,0 W + 0,3 Q
75
Values of ψ factors for buildings
Action ψ0 ψ1 ψ2
Imposed loads in buildings, category (see EN 1991-1.1)
Category A :domestic, residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Category B :office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Category C :congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category D :shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category E :storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
Category F : traffic area
vehicle weight ≤ 30kN 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category G :traffic area,
30kN < vehicle weight ≤ 160kN 0,7 0,5 0,3
Category H :roofs 0 0 0
Snow loads on buildings (see EN1991-1.3)
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden 0,70 0,50 0,20
Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites located at altitude 0,70 0,50 0,20
H > 1000 m a.s.l.
Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites located at altitude 0,50 0,20 0
H ≤ 1000 m a.s.l.
Wind loads on buildings (see EN1991-1.4) 0,6 0,2 0
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN1991-1.5) 0,6 0,5 0
( Reference : EN1990 - February 2002)
76
Worked examples of EN1991-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 1

The Building (R+5)
3.4m
30 m
14 m 78
The Building (R+5)
What do we need for the calculation ?
Size of the compartment

Boundary properties
Geometry
Ceiling height
Opening Area
Fire surface
Fire
Rate of heat release
79
Size of the compartment
1 6
30 m
A
14 m
80
Ceiling height : 3.05 m
3.4m
30 m
14 m 81
OZone Software
The Software Package that will be used to perform this

calculation is OZone.
This Software package has been developed by the University
of Liège (Cadorin-Franssen) and is available for free
download on:
http://www.argenco.ulg.ac.be/logiciel.php
http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections
82
OZone Software
83
OZone Software
84
Boundaries
Typical floor will be chosen:
- Exterior walls : 20 cm of normal concrete
- Slab : 15 cm of Normal concrete
- Ceiling : 15 cm of normal concrete
85
Boundaries
86
Boundaries
87
Opening Factors
This point is one critical point.
The Eurocode is not providing the scenario that must be

chosen to take into account the openings.
Openings can be doors, windows and general « porosity » of

the building.
If no opening is taken into account from the beginning of the

fire, the amount of oxygen in the compartment will be too
small and the fire will not develop.
88
Opening Factors
Here are some information to help for definition of the

scenario for the breaking of the windows:
In the literature, it can be found that:
-Normal glazing will start to break with a ∆T of 40°C on the

glass
-Tempered glazing will start to break with a ∆T of 120°C on

the glass
-Tempered glazing with reinforcement will start to break with a

∆T of 120°C on the glass (The reinforcement will melt at
300°C)
89
Opening Factors
Luxembourgish authorities have realized a guide that needs

to be followed when FSE is used. This guide will become
official soon. But here is some extract for the non fire resistant
glazing:
-Scenario 1 : 90% of the glazing is open since the beginning
-Scenario 2:
-Simple glazing : 100°C : 50% and 250°C: 90%
-Double glazing: 200°C : 50% and 400°C: 90%
-Triple glazing: 300°C : 50% and 500°C: 90%

90
Opening Factors
Assumptions for the façade:
-Ex. 1: 0.8m open all around the building
-Ex. 2: 1.5m open all around the building
-Ex. 3: full glazing Façade
91
Opening Factors Ex.1
92
Opening Factors
93
Opening Factors
94

Occupancy
[MJ/m²]

95

Occupancy
[MJ/m²]

96
Danger of Danger of Examples

Compartment
Fire Activation Fire Activation of
floor area Af [m²] δq1 δq2 Occupancies
Art gallery, museum,
25 1,10 0,78 swimming pool
250 1,50 1,00 Residence, hotel, office

Manufactory for machinery
2500 1,90 1,22 & engines
Chemical laboratory,
5000 2,00 1,44 Painting workshop
Manufactory of fireworks
10000 2,13 1,66
q f ,d =δ δ q1 . δ q 2 . ∏ δ ni . m . q f ,k
or paints
ni
Function of Active Fire Safety Measures
Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fire Detection Manual Fire Suppression
Automatic fire Automatic

Automatic Independent Work Off Site Safe Fire Smoke
Detection Alarm
Water Water Fire Fire Access Fighting Exhaust
Supplies & Alarm Transmission
Extinguishing Brigade Brigade Routes Devices System
by by to
System
0 1 2 Heat Smoke Fire Brigade
δ δ δ n3 δ n4 δ δ δ δ δ δ
n1 n2 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n10
0,9 or 1 1,0 1,0

0,61 1,0 0,87 0,7 0,87 or 0,73 0,87 0,61 or 0,78
1,5 1,5 1,5
97
98
Results for 0.8m windows
Gas Temperature
900
800
700
600
500
Hot Zone
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
99
Oxygen Mass
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
Oxygen Mass
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
100
Results for IPE450
Steel Temperature
900
800
700
600
500
Hot Zone
400 Steel
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name: 101
Opening Factors Ex. 2
102
Gas Temperature
800
700
600
500
400
Hot Zone
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
103
Analysis Name:
Oxygen Mass
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
Oxygen Mass
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
104
Analysis Name:
Results for IPE450
Steel Temperature
800
700
600
500
400 Hot Zone

Steel
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
105
Opening Factors Ex. 3
106
Results for full windows
Gas Temperature
500
450
400
350
300
250
Hot Zone
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
107
Analysis Name:
Results for full windows
Oxygen Mass
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
Oxygen Mass
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
108
Analysis Name:
Results for IPE450
Steel Temperature
500
450
400
350
300
250 Hot Zone
Steel
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
109
Fire resistance assessment of
steel structures
Fire part of Eurocode 1 : Localised Fire

Hasemi method for localised fires
Non-dimensional parameters:
Horizontal length on the ceiling:
Virtual vertical coordinate:
Heat flux:
EN 1991-1-2 : 2002; Annex C
Net Heat flux:
111
Localised fire
Parameters
Building: Car park Auchan,

Luxembourg
Type: Underground
car park
Height: H = 2.7 m
Horizontal distance from flame axis to beam: r = 0.0 m
Diameter of flame: D = 2.0 m
Steel Beam: IPE 550

Localised fire
Static system and section of the beam
Localised fire
Hypothesis
Diameter of the fire: D = 2.0 m

Vertical distance between fire source and ceiling:
H = 2.7 m
Horizontal distance between beam and flame axis:
r = 0.0 m
Emissivity of the fire: εf = 1.0
Configuration factor: Φ = 1.0
Stephan Boltzmann constant: σ = 5.67 · 10-8
W/m2K4
Coefficient of the heat transfer: αc = 25.0 W/m²
Steel profile: IPE 550
Section factor: Am/V = 140.1/m
Unit mass: ρa = 7850 kg/m³
Surface emissivity: εm = 0.7
114
Localised fire
Rate of Heat Release
Curve of the rate of heat release of one car
From ECSC project: Development of design rules

for steel structures subjected to natural fires in
closed car parks.
Localised fire
Flame Length
Lf =
−1.02 ⋅ D + 0.0148 ⋅ Q 2 5 =
−2.04 + 0.0148 ⋅ Q 2 5
if Lr ≥ H ⇒ Model A has to be used

if Lr < H ⇒ Model B has to be used
1st case:
The flame is not impacting the ceiling
The net heat flux is calculated according to Section 3.1 of EN

1991-1-2.
( ) 
( 4
+ Φ ⋅ ε m ⋅ ε f ⋅ σ ⋅  θ( z ) + 273 − (θ m + 273)  )
4
hnet =α c ⋅ θ( z ) − θ m
 
( ) ⋅  (θ( ) + 273) − (θ m + 273) 

4
= 25.0 ⋅ θ( z ) − θ m + 3.969 ⋅ 10 −8 4
 
z
117
1st case:
The flame is not impacting the ceiling
The gas temperature is calculated to:

θ( z ) = 20 + 0.25 ⋅ ( 0.8 ⋅ Q ) ⋅ ( z − z0 )
−5 3
≤ 900 °C
23
( )
−5 3
=20 + 0.25 ⋅ ( 0.8 ⋅ Q ) ⋅ 4.74 − 0.0052 ⋅ Q ≤ 900 °C
23 25
where:
z is the height along the flame axis (2.7 m)
z0 is the virtual origin of the axis [m]
z0 =
−1.02 ⋅ D + 0.0052 ⋅ Q 25
=
−2.04 + 0.0052 ⋅ Q 25
118
2nd case:
The flame is impacting the ceiling
Net heat flux, if the flame is impacting the ceiling, is given by:
h = h − α ⋅ (θ − 20 ) − Φ ⋅ ε ⋅ ε ⋅ σ ⋅ (θ + 273)4 − ( 293)4
net c m m f m ( )
=h − 25.0 ⋅ (θ m − 20 ) − 3.969 ⋅ 10−8 ⋅ ( (θ + 273) − ( 293) )
4 4
m
119
2nd case:
The heat flux depends on the parameter y. For different

dimensions of y, different equations for determination of the
heat flux have to be used.
if y ≤ 0.30: h = 100,000
if 0.30 < y < 1.0: h = 136,300 − 121,000 ⋅ y
if y ≥ 1.0: =h 15,000 ⋅ y −3.7
r + H + z' 2.7 + z '

where:
=y =
Lh + H + z ' Lh + 2.7 + z '
120
2nd case:
r + H + z' 2.7 + z '

y =
Lh + H + z ' Lh + 2.7 + z '
The horizontal flame length is calculated by:
Lh =⋅ (
2.9 H ⋅ QH ( *
)
0.33
)−H =
(7.83 ⋅ (Q H
*
)
0.33
) − 2.7
where:
Q=
H
*
Q 1.11 ⋅ 10 6
⋅ H(=
2.5
Q 1.11 ⋅ 10 6
⋅ 2.7 2.5
) ( )
The vertical position of the virtual heat source is
determined by:
if QD* < 1.0: z' = (( ) ( ) ) (( ) (

2.4 ⋅ D ⋅ QD*
25
− QD*
23
=
4.8 ⋅ QD*
25
− QD* )
23
)
z ' =2.4 ⋅ D ⋅ (1.0 − ( Q ) ) =4.8 ⋅ (1.0 − ( Q ) )
25 25
if QD* ≥ 1.0: D
*
D
*
where: Q=
D
*
Q 1.11 ⋅ 10 6
⋅ D =(
2.5
Q 1.11 ⋅ 10 6
⋅ 2.0 2.5
) ( )
Localised fire
Steel temperatures
Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam:

Am V  1.78 ⋅ 10−2 
θ a= θ m + ksh ⋅ t θm +
⋅ hnet ⋅ ∆= ⋅ hnet
ca ⋅ ρ a
,t
ca
θa,max =
770 °C
at t θ,max = 31.07 min
Localised fire
Steel temperatures
Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam:

Am V  1.78 ⋅ 10−2 
θ a= θ m + ksh ⋅ t θm +
⋅ hnet ⋅ ∆= ⋅ hnet
ca ⋅ ρ a
,t
ca
θa,max =
770 °C
at t θ,max = 31.07 min
Excel Spreadsheet
Capafi
Excel Spreadsheet
Capafi
Chart Title
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
Pos 1
Axis Title
450
Pos 2
400
Pos 3
350 Pos 4
300 Pos 5
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200
Axis Title
Example of Application of buildings

calculated with
Natural Fire Safety Concept
Switzerland
Braun Building in Crissier

Production of Medical Material
Switzerland
BOBST Building in Lausanne

Offices + Production
Switzerland
Congress centre of EPFL in Lausanne

Crédit Suisse / HRS / Richter-Dahl&Rocha
France
© EADS Airbus
France
Car park of Toulouse Blagnac Airport

Belgium
Greich Office Building in Liège

Portugal
BARREIRO RETAIL PARK

Portugal
Exhibition Center
Cyprus
IKEA shopping center in Lefkosia

United Kingdom
Heron Tower – Arup Fire London

Luxembourg
Fonds du Logement, 17 rue de Hollerich à Luxembourg Ville

Shopping centre
Residential
Luxembourg
Chambre de Commerce Luxembourg

Office Building
Luxembourg
Dexia-Bil in Esch sur Alzette

Office Building
Luxembourg
ArcelorMittal Office Building in Esch sur Alzette

Luxembourg
ArcelorMittal Office Building in Esch sur Alzette

Thank you for your attention
… QUESTIONS?
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Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 1

Basic design methods

Prof. VASSART Olivier

Chairman of the CEN/TC250 EC1/ Fire E.G.

Basic design methods of EN1991-1-2

Fire part of Eurocode 1

Following common layout to provide design rules for fire

Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows:

R – load bearing function

E – integrity separating function

I – thermal insulation separating function

4: Thermal 5:Mechanical 6: Possible

Prescriptive Performance based

Objective of the classification

Prescriptive Performance based

Prescriptive Rules Performance-Based Code

*) Nominal temperature-time curve

*) Advanced Fire Models +

ISO-834 Curve (EN1364 -1)

θ [°C] T = 20 + 345 log (8 t + 1)

ISO ISO ISO

400 ISO ISO ISO

200 * does not consider the PRE-FLASHOVER PHASE

Temperature Post- Flashover

Natural fire curve

ISO834 standard fire curve

Prescriptive Rules Performance-Based Code

*) Nominal temperature-time curve

*) Advanced Fire Models +

Fire resistant enclosures

Fire Growth RHRf Fire Load qf,k

Dwelling Medium 250 948

Danger of Danger of Examples

250 1,50 1,00 Residence, hotel, office

Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fire Detection Manual Fire Suppression

Automatic fire Automatic

0,9 or 1 1,0 1,0

*) Nominal temperature-time curve

*) Advanced Fire Models +

LOCALISED FIRE FULLY ENGULFED

Lf = -1,02 D + 0,0148 Q2/5

θ = Air Temperature Calculated by CaPaFi

LOCALISED FIRE FULLY ENGULFED

Fully engulfed fire

Demonstration test : set-up

Openings with normal

Fire load with real

Fully developed fire

Early stage of fire

*) Nominal temperature-time curve

*) Advanced Fire Models +

The Fire stays localised The Fire switch to a

LOCALISED FIRE FULLY ENGULFED

mIN,L mL , TL, VL,

2  1 zone: if one of the following criteria is reached

Generalised Fire Ozone Software Model

UNPROTECTED STEEL TEMPERATURE

Comparison BRE Test 4 - OZone Design fire

Fire load energy density was700MJ/m2

WOODEN CRIBS LOCATION

Definition of the mesh

Actions for temperature analysis

f.i. : Offices area with the imposed load Q,

Ed = 1,35 G + 1,5 Q + 0,6 • 1,5 W + 0,5 • 1,5 S

Fire conditions ≡ Accidental situation

f.i. : Offices area with the imposed load Q,

Offices area with the wind W, the leading variable action