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IOAA 2009 Iran Problems Solutions PDF
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Доступные форматы
The 3rd International Olympiad on Astronomy and
Astrophysics
Tehran, Iran
Problems and solutions
• Theoretical Problems
• Practical Problems
• Observasional Problems
• Students Answer sheets
35
Table of Constants
(All constants are in SI)
Parameter Symbol Value
Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10
Plank constant h 6.63 × 10J s
ℏ 1.05 × 10
Speed of light c 3.00 × 10
Solar Mass ⨀ 1.99 × 10
Solar radius ⨀ 6.96 × 10
Solar luminosity ⨀ 3.83 × 10
Apparent solar magnitude (V) ⨀ -26.8
Solar constant ⨀ 1.37 × 10
Mass of the Earth ⨁ 5.98 × 10
Radius of the Earth ⨁ 6.38 × 10
Mean density of the Earth ⨁ 5 × 10
Gravitational acceleration at sea level g 9.81
Tropical year 365.24 days
Sidereal year 365.26 days
Sidereal day 86164 s
Inclination of the equator with respect to the ecliptic ε 23.5°
Parsec pc 3.09 × 10
Light year 9.46 × 10
Astronomical Unit AU 1.50 × 10
Solar distance from the center of the Galaxy 8 × 10
Hubble constant H 75
Mass of electron 9.11 × 10
Mass of proton 1.67 × 10
Central wavelength of V-band λ 550
Refraction of star light at horizon 34′
π 3.1416
Useful mathematical formula:
ln(1 ) 0
36
8⨀
0
6
6 0.
20%36°. 0
""
, "ℎ
37
Figure (1)
hhhh
h35° 57′ 52° 6'5.6 × 10
hhhhh
h h h h 6370.
hh
hhh
hhhh hh
hhhhhhh
hhhh
hhhhhh
38
,,
= 0
=
= 1° = 100
= 0
= ⨀, = 6⨀
1 × 10
0
= 10 )
100
,,687
, 106 ,
39
= ° = 0∘
=
90∘
∘ = =
=
40
et oe te ne enit o t in te i o i x it ie exonenti nction o
exp (− ) ee eeent te itnce o te cente o te x i te itnce o te n
otecenteotex iteticieoin iteteenitoitteoitionote
n.ntonoeoeetecenteotexitinieoie.eteticteoe
inttectetncneoteoetionitoxitecontntotenite
o −
onieiniitinniteo 1oteecoecctetexiitncettteecoe
cnetectteect.oiiciteinoeteeenceointeteeioteeino
extinction.
enextinctiono oteinteteei.eettecctiononeintet
notinoneotexiitnceteeeinttcneoee.
c ienexeionoteneoteeeintteniteitinoineotte
cnoeeitentniteinteneon + i.e. .einttcontite
ooet.ntitenoextinctioninteinteteeit.
intteoexniono log i
1 −
+
1
41
2
=
=
=
3 × (3.00 × 10 ) 1
=
32 × 3.1416 (6.67 × 10 ) (10 × 1.99 × 10 )
= 1.85 × 10
= 6
− = −2.5 log
6 – (−26.8) = − 2.5 log
1.37 × 10
= 1.04 × 10 (⁄ )
42
ℎ
= ℎ =
6.63 × 10 × 3.00 × 10
=
550 × 10
= 3.62 × 10
1.04 × 10
= =
× 3.1416 × 0.003 = 8 × 10
3.62 × 10
= 2ℎ = √2 × 9.81 × 0.5
= 3.13
2
=
43
2 2 4
= =
3
=
3
3
=
= 2 × 10
= 23. = 12.
= 23. = .
tan( ) = = 0.22
ℎ
44
+
tan( ) = = 1.70
= 1.70 = 0.0
= .7
Winter solstice Summer solstice
'
45
6370.8 int
Cos = = ⟹ = 2° 24′
+ ℎ 6370.8 + 5.6
en
= 90 − − −
int
= 90 − 35° 57′ − 34′ − 2° 24′
int
⟹ = 51° 5′
letileetlltegittinltentiltteentetel
letting (∞) = 0nienitneilititinee
46
1 1
( = ) − = = ( = 0) (0)
2 2
( = ) = 0( = 0) =
1
(0) = − −
2
−1
(0) = −
2
47
−3
(0) = ×
2
= ( = 0) = − = 0
3 3
= → =
=
2
= = 7.29 × 10 ( ⁄)
86164
= = 7.29 × 10 × 5.3 × 60 = 0.023 (rad)
= = = 0.02339° = 0.018 (rad) ≃ 62
48
1
1 2
=
2 2
≈ √2
=
20 × 3.09 × 10 × 9 × 10
= = = 8.3 × 10
6.67 × 10
= 4.2 × 10 ⨀
=
= cos sin = (cos sin )
sin cos
= ⇒ cos = sin
49
=
− 1 sin
−1 =
=
sin
sin
=
1°
= 1
1 1°
= 1
=
50
4 × 6.96 × 10
= =
20
= 1.93 × 10
= 1.93 × 10
3
= =
8π
= = 2.4 × 10
= 1.1 × 10
0.2
=
= 3 × 10
10
∆ ∆
⨀ = − =− = −
∆ ∆
51
⨀ 3.83 × 10
= −
= −
= −4.26 × 10 ( )
(3.00 × 10 )
= =
= =
= ⇒ = ⇒ = − = −
(⁄)
⇒ = − = − ⇒ = − ⇒ = −
1.50 × 10 × 4.26 × 10
⇒ = − = 3.21 × 10 (⁄)
1.99 × 10
= 3.19 × 10 × 100 × 86400 × 365.24 = 1.01(100)
52
∠
106
∠ = × 360 = 55.5°
687
∠ ∶
106
∠ = × 360 = 104.5°
365
∠
∠ = 104.5 − 55.5 = 49.0°
cos(∠ ) =
1 1
= = = = 1.5
cos(∠ ) cos(49°)
53
OS
= 8 = 8 . = 3°
= 8 = .°
EOS
=
sin sin
sin
= = 3.98
sin
b
∝
∝
54
2
∆ = −2.5 log = −2.5 log = −2.5 log 4
∆ = −1.5
= ∘ − =− < 0
2
< 0 0
=−
2
=
΄ = 2
΄
=
55
In′ n
= ′
nnn ∘
()
In
= − = − ( − ) = − = = n
2
n
2
= 2 − = ( − 2) =
2 3
n
56
1 )
1
1 )
1 2 )
1
2
57
∆ ∆
=
∆ = = +
2
bae πab πab
=2× + = bae +
2 2 2
πab
∆ bae + 2 +
2
0.5 +
2
= = =
= = .5
0.5 +
∆ = × 2 = 55.7
58
= + 5
10
= 1 = 0
= 10
= + 0 + 5 (100)
= 0 + 5 ()
= 5 55 5
1
+ ∆
∆ = () ∆
59
∆
∆
= ()
∆
= 5
10
∆
= 5
10
∆
∆ = 5
∆
∆ = 5 1
5 ∆
∆ = 1
10
5 ∆
∆ =
10
∆ ∆
60
∆ ∆ ∆
= ×
∆ ∆ ∆
∆ 10
= ()
∆ 5
x = 10
=
=
61
∆
∆
∆ 10 10 ()
= exp ( ) × 10
∆ 5
∆ 10 2R 10 ()
= n exp ( )exp (− ) × 10 Θ( − )
∆ 5
Θ()
62
V
50 × 50
(1)
1.20
Figure (1.1)
25 × 25 μ
450
25°
0.3
63
1 9.03
3 6.22
4 8.02
64
65
)
) )
)
)
66
Table 2.1
Column 2 Column 3 Column 4
Earth - Sun Distance (AU) Phase (%) Elongation (SEV; degree)
1.0043 88.4 27.56
0.9986 84.0 32.29
0.9957 81.6 34.53
0.9931 79.0 36.69
0.9905 76.3 38.71
0.9883 73.4 40.62
0.9864 70.2 42.38
0.9839 63.1 45.29
0.9834 59.0 46.32
0.9838 49.5 47.09
0.9863 37.2 44.79
0.9881 29.6 41.59
0.9904 20.9 36.16
0.9956 3.8 16.08
67
Solution 1: CCD Image Processing
a) To measure instrumental magnitude we should choose an aperture. Careful investigation of the image, shows that a
5 × 5 pixel aperture is enough to measure for all stars. can be calculated using:
∑ ̅
I() − NI
= −2.5 log( )
Exp
̅ is the
where I() is the pixel value for each pixel inside the aperture, N is number of pixels inside the aperture, I
average of sky value per pixel taken from dark part of image and Exp is the exposure time. Table (1.4) lists values
for and calculated for all three identified stars.
̅
I = 4.42
= 25
= 45
Table (1.4)
Star
1 -3.02 9.03 12.38
3 -5.85 6.22 12.40
4 -4.04 8.02 12.39
68
b) Average = 12.4
c) Following part (a) for stars 2 and 5, we can calculate true magnitudes ( ) for these stars
Table (1.5)
Star
2 -2.13 9.93
5 -0.66 11.4
d) Pixel scale for this CCD is calculated as
180 × 3600
= ×
= 4.30˝
e) Average sky brightness:
̅
I
= −2.5 log
()()
= 20.6
69
f) To estimate astronomical seeing, first we plot pixel values in x or y direction for one of the bright stars in the image.
As plot (1) shows, the FWHM of pixel values which is plotted for star 3, is 1 pixel , hence astronomical seeing is equal
to
˝
Plot (1)
70
3
71
Solution 2: Venus
′
+
2 2
′ = ()
cos()
+ 100
= ( 2 2 ) × 100 = (1 + cos()) = 100
( )
2 2
72
=
=
73
Sun - Venus Distance (AU)
0.730
0.728
0.726
0.724
0.722
0.720
0.718
0.716
0.714
0.712
74
= 0.2
= 0.1
)
= = 0.2
2
= = 6.92 × 10
2
75
Table 2.2
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
SVE Sun - Venus Distance
Date
( ͦ) (AU)
2008-Sep-20 39.83 0.726
2008-Oct-10 47.16 0.728
2008-Oct-20 50.80 0.728
2008-Oct-30 54.55 0.728
2008-Nov-09 58.26 0.728
2008-Nov-19 62.10 0.728
2008-Nov-29 66.17 0.727
2008-Dec-19 74.81 0.725
2008-Dec-29 79.63 0.723
2009-Jan-18 90.57 0.721
2009-Feb-07 104.83 0.719
2009-Feb-17 114.08 0.718
2009-Feb-27 125.59 0.719
2009-Mar-19 157.52 0.721
76
∠
77
c ecee eo e od e e d ed e
oe
coeocooo
oeooedeoeooeeoeeeoeo
eeooeecoecoeoecceceoed
oeoee
c e ded o e oe e e o e
coeceedoeee
o o e oe e o o ec e ee o co e d o de
code
oeeoeoeoeodddeooeoe
eoeeeeoeod
edceeedeedoecooe
coeeccdeeceodee
78
You Have 12 minutes to answer the questions of the Naked Eye Observations (Question 1
and Question 2)
1.1:1 ≅ 100° × 70° 1:.
.
...
1.1
79
80
81
.1irsosaarosioaisoror009a00loal
i.irisarsisosllaioariiirs15aooas.
siaalarisasiisorsoairsosarssoialaolis
aliorasrs.
1rraialir
1rraia3lrai
.sal3airsiaaarisalaiosarsliraa3lrai
aolal.
Polaris 1.95
lais 3.05
i 3.3
82
Alir
Alderamin
Alderamin
83
Before starting this part, please note:
The telescope is pointed by the examiner towards Caph (α α Cas). Please note the readings on the grade
circles before moving the telescope (to be used in 3.2).
84
3.2.2.
.
..
85
86
11° : 09′ : 10′′~11°
18° : 36′ : 50′′~19°
∆ =
∆≤ 2°
° °
2 < ∆≤ 4
∆> 4°
87
88
∆=
∆≤ 0
0 < ∆≤ 4
4 < ∆≤
1 < ∆≤ 1
∆> 1
∆≤ 2°
° °
2 < ∆≤ 4
4° < ∆≤ 8°
8° < ∆≤ 10°
∆> 10°
89
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