Bridge Technology of Roadmap

(N. Retno Setiati, Winarputro Adi Riyono, Rulli Ranastra Irawan)

Background
The bridge is one of the critical infrastructure that are part of a national transportation
network system. Bridge in Indonesia has considerable diversity in terms of type of bridge.
The desire to have bridges that are reliable and adequate life intellectually, while the
limited availability of funds raises several issues that require appropriate handling forms.
Some existing problems associated with conventional bridge technology broadly covers
issues in the field of materials and bridge structures. To the field of materials, this
research program is focused on concrete technology. While some problems in the area of
.the bridge structure is:
There is no reference about the earthquake resistance requirements for the current
bridge. As is known, the prevention of the damage can be done through the process of
planning and construction of good and taking into account the level of earthquake load
plan. So that the infrastructure planning earthquake resistant earthquake loads need to
know that plans can be obtained by Indonesia's latest earthquake map.
BMS (Bridge Management System), published since 1993 which includes 13 technical
aspects of the course is intended to be a reference in managing the bridge. After a
journey of 17 years a lot of user input and correction of BMS. This is made possible by
the provisions of the BMS is not in accordance with the actual situation but also
because it has been good progress in terms of technology and methods of bridge
design, traffic load, as well as the method of calculating the capacity of the bridge
during the period from 1993 until now.
Attention is also given to research related to the protection of buildings under a bridge
in a collision of ships or drifting objects in both the river and sea. As is known ship
collisions or collisions due to drifting objects that can provide a significant effect for the
bridge structure.
Another problem is in general a bridge in Indonesia using placement system (bearing
pad), which means that the structure of the slab with his head between the slab of the
bridge or bridges are separated from each other by the expansion joint. Now the
expansion already in poor condition and has not significantly addressed, then there will
be problems in the form of reduced levels of comfort and safety, the effect of shock
loads on the stability of the bridge structure, and high maintenance costs. Based on the
integral bridge is developing technologies that are classified into semi-integral bridges
and the full integral.

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 The development of bridge technology should also be able to answer the demands of
efficiency. For example, in the case of bridges with steel-concrete composite systems,
the efficiency of the use of steel materials is very important because steel is a material
that is quite expensive. Besides the need for innovation related to efforts to optimize
the cross girder for example by giving the opposite effect displacement at the
beginning of construction girder.

Identification of problem

There is no bridge management system that contains technical provisions for the
bridge in Indonesia. Technical provisions should also be able to accommodate the
efforts to overcome the excess loading (overload) on the bridge.
There is no development of bridge that covers the materials technology,
superstrucrure, upperstructure, and foundation to meet the demands of efficiency in
the use of resource materials, equipment, manpower, and time of execution, as well
as providing safety and comfort levels are high, while also maintenance costs are
relatively low.

Purpose

The goal of technology development activities of this bridge is a bridge technology

innovation Indonesia set up to accommodate the development of Bridge Management
System Indonesia.

Targets are achieved

Some research on bridge technologies have been done in Pusjatan to seek solutions to
problems that occurred at the time, including the bridge slab system of relations. Joint on
the bridge slab can be made with a variety of techniques, using the expansion joint or
without the expansion joint. Here are some types of commonly used expansion joint.

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 (a) (b)

(c)

Picture 1. (a) Rubber Expansion Joint (b) Modular Expansion Joint (c) APJ
Expansion Joint (source: Arizona Department of Transportation)

Besides increasing the capacity of the structure has been done by various methods. One
is the method pracompression on steel by the method of administration revival style by
using a hydraulic jack on the steel girder.

Picture 2. The Specimen of Pracompression Beam Composite

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 At this time in Bali, Central Region VIII is building as many as 10 integral bridges. The
definition of integral bridge is a bridge that was made as a single unit system and the
planned without the use of expansion joint and bearing pad.

Picture 3. Implementation of Semi-Integral Bridge Construction

Hal-hal yang terkait dengan teknologi struktur jembatan diantaranya penyusunan pedoman
jembatan sementara, pelindung jembatan (fender), dan kajian analisis peta gempa 2010.

Selain itu, sudah berkembang penggunaan material dengan teknologi baru, diantaranya
penggunaan High Rapid Setting Concrete yaitu beton yang dapat setting kurang dari 24 jam,
Self Compacting Concrete untuk system pengecoran beton tanpa penggunaan penggetar,
Steam Curing yaitu proses perawatan beton dengan uap panas, Non-Shrinkage Concrete
yaitu beton anti susut, dan teknologi beton ringan untuk penggunaan konstruksi tanah
timbunan.

Selain masalah bangunan atas dan bangunan bawah, hal lain yang sering dilupakan adalah
masalah perlindungan jembatan terhadap tumbukan kapal. Tumbukan kapal terhadap
jembatan dapat mengakibatkan biaya yang sangat besar baik biaya perbaikan/penggantian
kapal ataupun perbaikan jembatan. Elemen-elemen pada jembatan dapat didesain mampu
menyerap beban impak atau menggunakan fender atau sistem pelindung lain yang dapat
dikembangkan untuk mencegah, mengalihkan atau mengurangi beban impak pada elemen-
elemen jembatan hingga level yang tidak merusak. Sistem pelindung jembatan harus
didesain tidak hanya melindungi struktur jembatan tetapi juga digunakan untuk melindungi
kapal dan lingkungan yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan parah.

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Matters related to technology including the preparation of guidelines for the structure of
the bridge while the bridge, bridge protector (fender), and a review of our analysis of
the earthquake of 2010.

In addition, it has been developing the use of materials with new technologies,
including the use of High Rapid Setting Concrete is concrete that can be set less than
24 hours, Self Compacting Concrete for concrete casting system without the use of
vibrators, Steam Curing is the process of concrete with steam treatment, Non-
concrete shrinkage is non-shrinkage concrete, lightweight concrete technology and
construction for the use of soil deposits.

Besides the issue of substructure and upperstructure, the other thing that is often
overlooked is the problem of bridge protection against ship collisions. Ship collision on
the bridge can result in enormous cost both the cost of repair / replacement or repair
ships bridge. Elements of the bridge can be designed to absorb impact loads or use a
fender or other protective systems that can be developed to prevent, divert or reduce
the impact loads on the bridge elements to a level that is not destructive. Bridge
protective systems must be designed not only to protect the bridge structure, but also
used to protect the ship and the environment that may result in severe damage

Picture 4. Upstream Side of The Protective Pier

Conclusions obtained from the preparation of scientific manuscripts Protector Bridge

(Fender) in Indonesia are:

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 Designation indispensable in cruise traffic to avoid collisions with ships or boats
ships with a bridge pier.
Structure type, suitable for sailing in Indonesia in the form of pile supported using
the system and the dolphin piles to shallow waters because of the economic
value and ease of implementation.

Methodology

The methodology of this activity are:

a. Substructure

1. Literature review to understand the problem and novelty seeking technology

planning, implementation and supervision of construction ;

2. Defining the research and development plan ;

3. Theoretical assessment using empirical formulas and / or analysis of the structure

with the help of software programs ;

4. Manufacture of laboratory-scale components of the test object and / or model

structure ;

5. Specimen testing laboratory scale components and / or model structure ;

6. Analysis and assessment of theoretical elaboration and testing of components and

/ or model structure ;

7. The planning of a full-scale manufacture of test specimens and / or prototype

(optional) ;

8. Construction of a full-scale test specimens and / or prototype (optional) ;

9. Monitoring and evaluation of the performance of full-scale test specimens and / or

prototype (optional) ;

10. Formulation of criteria and procedures for planning, implementation, and

supervision of construction.

b. Upperstructure and Foundation

1. Identification procedures and criteria for planning and technological innovation,

implementation and supervision of construction of pile foundation ;

2. Identification procedures and criteria for planning and technological innovation,

implementation and supervision of construction foundation drill mast ;

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 3. Identification procedures and criteria for planning and technological innovation,
implementation and supervision of construction of composite poles ;

4. Identification procedures and criteria for planning and technological innovation,

implementation and supervision of construction, the handling of the pole caisson
foundation ;

5. Development of foundation subgrade preparation ;

6. Standaridasi testing and procurement of equipment foundation systems ;

7. Procurement of software to analyze the capacity of the bridge foundation system.

Conclusion

1. Roadmap of research activities of the Bridge Technology is a series of studies

conducted with the target to be achieved until 2016;

2. For the outcome to be achieved in the form of Bridge Planning Guidelines, the
Guidelines for Bridges, and Bridge Construction Supervision Guidelines.

3. Until now the outcome has reached 56.58% of the target up to 2016.