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CHAPTER-1
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The additional functional safety requirements are often seen as an even bigger
constraint and too difficult to deliver a differentiated, functional safety motor
drive on time or on budget.
Safety certification efforts directly impact time to market and can often
have drastic impact on project costs. Recertification for product updates often
becomes a reason to delay or a rationale for skipping design updates altogether.
To help ease the functional safety design process, Safe design packages from
Texas Instruments (TI) for functional safety help solve these issues by easing
the design and certification process for designers and allow the engineering and
marketing teams’ to focus on delivering successful, differentiated products.
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COMPONENT
DESCRIPTION
4
CHAPTER-2
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
5
COMPONENT
EXPLANATION
CHAPTER-3
6
COMPONENT EXPLANATION
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▪ 3 μs output rise time in response to step input current
In this portion the motor can be turned on or turned off. Precisely there
have been used two mobile stations: a receiver and a transmitter. The receiver
mobile is always in auto receiving mode. When a call is made by the transmitter
mobile then the call is automatically received by the receiver cell phone. Then
the transmitter mobile gives a command to the receiver mobile phone. The
command is then transferred to a DTMF decoder.
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Block diagram of on-off state detection for motor It is seen from the
above potion that the microcontroller receiving signal from the signal
conditioning circuit operates the relay. Same time the microcontroller sends a
command to a signal sending MS to send a signal to the transmitter mobile
station whether the motor is in on or off state.
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over voltage or under voltage then the microcontroller commands the signal
sending modem to send a message to the controller mobile station. By this way
one can be alerted to take necessary steps to save the motor.
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rocket into space. Nobody won the competition, but this rocket almost made it!
The BASIC Stamp controlled just about every aspect of the launch sequence.
From common household appliances all the way through scientific and
aerospace applications, the microcontroller basics you will need to get started
on projects like these are introduced here. By working through the activities in
this book, you will get to experiment with and learn how to use a variety of
building blocks found in all these high-tech inventions. You will build circuits
for displays, sensors, and motion controllers. You will learn how to connect
these circuits to the BASIC Stamp 2 module, and then write computer programs
that make it control displays, collect data from the sensors, and control motion.
Along the way, you will learn many important electronic and computer
programming concepts and techniques. By the time you’re done, you might find
yourself well on the way to inventing a device of your own design.
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language. Compilers for general purpose languages will typically have some
restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics
of microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid
developing certain types of applications. Microcontroller vendors often make
tools freely available to make it easier to adopt their hardware.
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An embedded microcontroller is a chip, which has a computer processor
with all its support function (clocking and reset), memory (both program storage
and RAM), and I/O (including bus interfaces) uilt into the device. These built
in function minimize the need for external circuits and devices to the designed
in the final applications. The improvements in micro-controller technology has
meant that it is often more cost-effective, faster and more efficient to develop an
application using a micro-controller rather than discreet logic. Creating
applications for micro-controllers is completely different than any other
development job in computing and electronics. In most other applications,
number of subsystems and interfaces are available but this is not the case for the
micro-controller where the following responsibilities have to be taken.
Power distribution
System clocking
System Programming
Application programming
Device programming
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3.6 CONFIRMATION SENDING UNIT
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3.7 OVERLOAD RELAYS
The term eutectic means “easily melted”. The eutectic alloy in the heater
element is a material that goes from a solid to liquid state without going through
an intermediate putty stage. When the motor current exceeds the rated value, the
temperature will rise to a point where the alloy melts; the ratchet wheel is then
free to rotate, and the contact pawl moves upward under spring pressure
allowing the control circuit contacts to open. After the heater element cools, the
ratchet wheel will again be held stationary and the overload contacts can be
reset. Severe fault currents can damage the heater element and they should be
replaced after such an occurrence. However, normal overloads, usually, will not
affect the heater element or alter its accuracy.
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MONITORING AND MEASURING CURRENT FOR OPTIMAL
MOTOR CONTROL
There is a variety of techniques to measure current, but by far the most popular
uses a current-sense resistor. In this technique the voltage drop across the
current-sense resistor is first amplified by an op amp set up in a differential gain
stage, and then measured. Traditionally, this approach has been implemented
with discrete components. However, discrete solutions also introduce some
disadvantages such as the requirement for matched resistors, poor drift, and a
larger solution area. Fortunately, these multiple and varied disadvantages can be
overcome by integrating current-sense amplifiers into the design. Not only do
the amplifiers measure the current, but they also sense the direction of current,
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accommodate wide common-mode ranges, and provide more precise
measurement. Current measurement employs either the low-side principle in
which the sense resistor connects in series with the ground path, or the high-side
principle in which the sense resistor connects in series with the hot wire. In low-
side measurement, the circuit has a low-input common-mode voltage and the
output voltage is ground referenced. The low-side resistor adds undesirable
extraneous resistance in the ground path. In high-side measurement, the load is
grounded but the high-side resistor must cope with relatively large common-
mode signals. High-side sensing also allows detection of fault conditions such
as the motor case or winding that shorts to ground.
Hall-effect sensors are used to sense the speed, position, and direction of
motors. With integrated device logic, the sensors then communicate that data to
the system for real-time feedback. The sensor also detects and reports any
interruption to the motor so corrective action can be taken. Typically, to detect
the direction of movement two Hall-effect sensors are used. Commutation can
be synchronized to Hall edges if the system has the same number of Hall-effect
devices as motor phases and if the mechanical geometry of the Hall-effect
devices is correlated with the electrical geometry of the motor phases. Maxim's
MAX9641 combines two Hall-effect sensors and sensor signal conditioning to
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provide both positional and directional outputs. Hall-effect sensors can also be
used with special Hall-effect sensor interface products like the MAX9621.
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3.11 MONITORING AND CONTROLLING MULTICHANNEL
CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES
19
The amount of dynamic measurement range varies for each motor-control
application. In some cases 12 bits of resolution are sufficient. For the more
precise motor-control applications, however, 16 bits of resolution are a more
common standard. A high-performance 16-bit ADC like the MAX11044 or
MAX11049 allows a system to achieve better than 90dB of dynamic range.
Maxim offers a broad portfolio of simultaneous-sampling ADCs designed for
motor control. Devices have both serial and parallel interfaces, and 12-, 14-, or
16-bit operation.
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encoders and Hall-effect sensors. Encoders provide the controller with
incremental and/or absolute shaft-angle information. A motor controller,
commonly implemented algorithmically by a digital signal processor (DSP),
calculates the rotor's present speed and angle. It adjusts the actuating power
stages to achieve the desired response efficiently and optimally. This feedback
control loop requires robust and reliable information from the sensor, typically
communicated over long cables from the encoder to the controller.
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INTRODUCTION TO BELT
CONVEYOR
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CHAPTER-4
The belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed
positions and used for transporting material horizontally or at an incline up or
down. The main components of a belt conveyor are:
1. The belt that forms the moving and supporting surface on which the
2. The idlers, which form the supports for the carrying and return stands of
the belt.
3. The pulleys that support and move the belt and controls its tension.
4. The drive that imparts power to one or more pulleys to move the belt
5. The structure that supports and maintains the alignments of the idlers
1. Loading chute or feeder chute that organizes the flow of material and
3. Belt cleaner that keeps the belt free from materials sticking to the belt.
material bears the chance of having tramp iron mixed with it and
subsequent handling of the material, demands its removal.
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5. Continuous weighing device for constantly measuring the load being
7. Surge hopper and feeder, which is essential for supplying material to the
device.
4. The use of belt is restricted by the lump size. If the maximum diagonal
5. B Xa 200
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10. Higher elongation of the belt (4% elongation may take place at the
working load).
11. Some of the applications of belt conveyors are shown in Figures below:
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Level and inclined Conveyor receiving material at and near tail end,
having vertical curve to incline, and discharging at head end.
Level and inclined Conveyor with chute. Material received from bins
too close to elevated head end to permit use of vertical curve.
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Level Conveyor on raised structure with double-wing Tripper forming
storage piles on both sides of Conveyor.
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Level Conveyor with Stacker or Boom Conveyor mounted on revolving
turntable so as to discharge to both sides of Conveyor.
Permanent:
This type of conveyors is installed for the life of the mine. They
are used in main line, slope, long overland installation, preparation plants and
stockpiles.
Portable:
Shiftable:
Where the belt is carried on moving wire ropes and the tractive
force is applied through the rope to the belt is known as cable belt conveyor.
NALCO (in collaboration with France) is using such system for long distance
conveying of bauxite in their mines in Orissa.
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DIAGRAM
29
CHAPTER-5
30
WORKING PRINCIPLE
31
CHAPTER-6
Initially the signal is received from the conveyor when the object placed
in the conveyor by using the object or weight sensor.
As per the Signal from the sensor, the micro controller receives the signal
and transmits the signal to the motor which is connected to the parallel
connection through cables. The input given by the microcontroller to the
motor, the control switch is turned on.
Finally, if there is no weight in the conveyor, microcontrollers send the
signal to the motor to off its motion.
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ADVANTAGES,
DISADVANTAGES
&
APPLICATIONS
33
CHAPTER-7
7.1 ADVANTAGES
7.2 DISADVANTAGES
7.3 APPLICATION
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limited by the width of the belt. Belts up to 2500 mm wide are used in
mining industry.
Higher capacity can be handled than any other form of conveyor at a
considerably lower cost per tonne kilometer. Conveyor belts with capacity
of 11000t/h and even higher can be deployed to match with higher capacity
mining machinery.
Longer distances can be covered more economically than any other
transportation system. A single belt conveyor or a series of belt conveyors
can do this. Belt conveyors can be adopted for cross-country laying.
By the use of many forms of ancillary equipment such as mobile
trippers or spreaders bulk material can be distributed and deposited
whenever required.
Many other functions can be performed with the basic conveying
like weighing, sorting, picking, sampling, blending, spraying, cooling,
drying etc.
Structurally it is one of the lightest forms of conveying machine. It
is comparatively cheaper and supporting structures can be used for many
otherwise impossible structures such as crossing rivers, streets and valleys.
The belt conveyor can be adopted for special purposes (fire resistant,
wear resistant, corrosion resistant, high angle negotiation etc.) and can be
integrated with other equipment.
It can be horizontal, incline or decline or combination of all.
Minimum labor is required for the operation and maintenance of belt
conveyor system.
In underground mine transport, belt conveyor can be used in thin
seams as it eliminates the rock works that might otherwise be required to
gain haulage height. Moreover, belt conveyor can provide continuous
haulage service from pit bottom to the surface.
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CONCLUSION
36
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
37
REFERENCES
38
REFERENCES
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Artificial Intelligence – A Modern approach – Staurt Russel and Peter
Norving, Pears on Education,
Introduction to Robotics – P.J.Mc Kerrow, Addisson Wesley, USA, 1991
Bernard Skla r, Digital
ETS 300 502. European Digital Cellular Telecommunication System
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(PLMN). European Telecommunications Standards Institute. September
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Matthew C. Valenti and Jian Sun, Chapter 12: Turbo Codes, Handbook of
RF and Wireless
GSM Multiple Access Scheme,
http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~nazizi/gsm/ma/ William Stallings Data
and Computer Communications 7th Edition: Chapter 9 Spread
Spectrum,http://juliet.stfx.ca/~lyang/csci-465/lectures/09-
SpreadSpectrum-new.ppt
ETS 300 608. Digital Cellular Telecommunication System (Phase 2);
Specification of the Subscriber Identity Module-Mobile Equipment
(SIM-ME) Interface. European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
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May 1998.
ETR 100. European Digital Cellular Telecommunication System (Phase 2);
Abbreviations and
Jorg Eberspacher and Hans-Jörg Vögel. GSM Switching, services and
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Klaus Vedder GSM: Security, Services, and SIM. State of the art in Applied
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Leuven, Belgium, June 3-6, 1997.
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