ANSWERS

1.(a) The Course and Distance From: ANAMBA ISLAND to: BASHI CHANNEL

LATITUDE MERIDIAN PARTS LONGITUDE

ANAMBA ISLAND 03°30’N 208.70 105°30’E
BASHI CHANNEL 21°30’N 1312.81 120°50’E
D’lat 18°00’N D’MP 1104.11‘ D’long015°20‘E
1080‘N 920‘E
D‘long Dep

D‘MP Distance D‘Lat. Distance

θ Fig.1 θ Fig.2

Course

Fig.1 ≡ Fig.2

Tan Course (θ) = D’long. ÷ D’MP

Course = Tan-1(D’long ÷D’MP) = 920’÷1104.11’ = 39.80°

The rhumb line Course from Anamba Island to Bashi Channel = N40°E = 040°T

Cos Course(θ) =D’lat. ÷ Distance

Distance = D’lat ÷ Cos θ = 1080’ ÷ Cos 39.80° = 1405.73’

Distance from Anamba Island to Bashi Channel = 1405.7Miles

1.(b) find initial course & distance Bashi Ch. To Vancouver.

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 POSITION LATITUDE LONGITUDE
BASHI CHANNEL (A) 21°30’N 120°50’E
VANCOUVER (B) 49°17’N 123°07’W
D’long. 116°03’E

Lat. 21°30 Fig.3

Initial course(I/C)

Long. 120°50’E Long. 123°07’W

Cos Total Distance = Cos D’long × Cos latA × Cos latB ± Sin LatA × Sin LatB
Since latitude are the same, the plus(+) sign will be used.

∴ Total Distance = Cos-1(Cos D’long × Cos latA × Cos latB ± Sin latA × Sin latB

= Cos-1(Cos116°03’ × Cos21°30’ × Cos49°17’ + Sin21°30’ × Sin49°17’)

=89.35532° × 60 = 5361.32’

The distance from Bashi ch. to Vancouver. = 5361.3Miles.

Tan I/C = (1 ÷ C ÷ Cos lat. A)

I/C = Tan-1(1 ÷ C ÷ Cos latA)

A = Tan latA ÷ Tan D’long = Tan 21°30’ ÷ Tan 116°03’ = 0.1925486817N

B = Tan latB ÷ Sin D’long = Tan 49°17’ ÷ Sin 116°03’ = 1.29330921N

C = A + B = 0.1925486817 + 1.29330921 =1.485857892N

Thus;

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 I/C = Tan-1(1 ÷ 1.485857892 ÷ Cos 21°30’)

= 35.879867°

∴ Initial Course from Bashi ch. To Vancouver = N36°E = 036°T

1.(c) Find the Latitude and Longitude of the Vertex of the Great Circle.

Fig.4 V Fig.5

B PV VA

90°- P 90°- A

Longt.V 90°- AP

Longt. A longt. B

Napier’s cartwheel

Napier’s rule states ;

1. Sine middle part = Cos Opposite × Cos Opposite

2. Sine middle part = tan adjacent × tan adjacent

Where V = Position of the Vertex

AP = Co-latitude of position A = 90°- lat A = 90°- 21°30’N = 68°30’N

PB = Co-latitude of position B = 90°- lat B

PV = Co-latitude of Position V = 90°- lat V

 = Initial Course (I/C) = N35.879867°E

Angle P = The D’long. Between position A and position.

Considering fig.5, (90°- AP) is the middle part. So rule 2. Implies

Sine (90°- AP) = Tan (90°- P) × (90°- A)

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Sine (90°- 68°30’) = Tan (90°- P) × Tan (90°- 35.879867°).

Sine 21°30’ = Tan (90°- P) × Tan 54.120133°

Tan (90°- P) = Sine 21°30’ ÷ Tan 54.120133° =0.2651064261

90°- P = Tan-1(0.2651064261) = 14.84792456°

P = 90°- 14.84792456° = 75.15207544°

∴ D’long A→V = 75°09.1’E

Thus, Longitude V = 120°50’E + 75°09.1’E = 195°59.1’ = 164°0.9’W

PV VA Fig.6

90°- P 90°- A

90°- AP

Considering fig.6 PV is the middle Part, so rule 2. Implies;

Sine PV = Cos (90°- A) × Cos (90°- AP) = Cos(90°- 35.879867°)× Cos(90°- 68°30’)

PV = Sin-1(Cos 54.120133° × Cos 21°30’) = 33.045596°

∴Co-latitude of the Vertex = 33°2.7’N

Thus latitude of the vertex = 90°- 33°2.7’= 56°57.3’N

Therefore the position of the vertex is at 56°57.3’N 164°0.9’W.

Question 2.

2.(a)

Block Coefficient(CB) = 0.816

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 Summer Draught = 14.50 metres(m)

Summer Displacement = 212897 tonnes(t)

Density in sea water(ρ)= 1.025t/m3

Amidships area coefficient(Cm) = 0.995

Amidships area = 781.70m2

Waterline length(LWL) = ?

∇
But CB = (Equation 1).
L wL× BwL × D

where; CB = Block Coefficient

∇ = Underwater Volume of the Vessel

LWL= Length of Waterline of the Vessel

BWL= Beam of Waterline

D = Draught of the vessel

From equation 1, LWL = ? and BWL = ?

But ∆ = ρ × ∇ (Equation 2).

Δ÷ρ = ∇, ∇=212897 ÷ 1.025=207704.39 t

Amidshps Area
Also, Cm = (Equation 3).
Bw L× D

781.70
0.995 =
Bw L× 14.50

781.70
BWL = = 54.18m
0.995× 14.50

∇
Putting BWL = 54.18m into equation 1 CB = we have;
L wL× BwL × D

207704.39
0.816 =
L wL×54.18 ×14.50

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 207704.39
LWL= = 324.003
0.816 ×54.18 ×14.50

∴ The Waterline length = 324.00metres

2.(b) For the same vessel;

Waterplane area coefficient(CW) = 0.882

Summer displacement (Δsummer) = 212897tonnes

Draught at Summer mark = 14.50m

Dock water density(ρ Dw) = 1.015t/m3

Fresh water density(ρ fw) = 1.000t/m3

Sea water density(ρ sw) = 1.025t/m3

Draught at berth(Dock) = ?

But;

Summer Draught + DWA = Draught at Dock Equation 4.

( ρ sw )−( ρ Dw )
DWA = FWA × ( ) Equation 5.
( ρ sw ) −( ρ fw )

∆
FWA = Equation 6.
4 × TPC sw at the summer mark

Also, TPCsw = Cw × L × B × 0.01 × (ρ sw) Equation 7.

Where DWA = Dock water allowance

FWA = Fresh water allowance

TPC = Tonnes per cm immersion

L = Length of the ship

B = Beam of the ship

Since she is wall sided, then LWL=L and BWL=B

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TPCsw= 0.882 × 54.18 × 324.0 × 0.01 × 1.025 = 158.70t/cm

212897
FWA = = 335.38mm
4 × 158.70

1.025−1.015
DWA = 335.38 × ( ¿ = 134.152mm = 0.134m
1.025−1.000

∴Draught at dock = 14.50 + 0.134 = 14.634

= 14.63metres

2.(c) waterline length of the VLCC = 314.23m

Displacement (∆ ¿ = ρ × ∇ (equation 2)

Dock water density (ρ) = 1.015t/m3

Using Simpson’s first rule (1 4 1)

Ordinate spacing(common interval) = 314.23 ÷ 10 = 31.423m

Station no. Immersed Area(m2) Simpson’s multiplier Volume product

0 0 1 0

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 1 284
2 490
3 558
4 563
5 563
6 563
7 563
8 549
9 450
10 0 1
4 1136
2 980
4 2232
2 1126
4 2252
2 1126
4 2252
2 1098
4 1800
0
Σv = 14002

ordinate spacing
Since: Area = ( )×Total area product
3

ordinate spacing
∴ volume = ( )×Total volume product
3

But the volume here, is the volume of immersed cross section area = ∇

ordinate spacing
Thus; displacement (Δ) = ( )×Total volume product ×ρ DW
3

1
= × CI × Σv × ρ DW (BARRASS,2001)
3

1
= × 31.423 × 14002 × 1.015 = 148861.54t
3

The displacement of the ship after discharging cargo

= 148861.54 tonnes at dock water

3.(a) NARRATIVE ON THE SOLUTION OF QUESTION1.(C)

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The question asked for the latitude and longitude of the vertex of the great circle
route. This is in other words asking for the position of the vertex along the great
circle path.

A vertex of a great circle path is that point that is nearest to the north or south
poles of the earth. It is also the point of maximum latitude during a voyage where
the direction is exactly east and west. (i.e. 090° or 270°)

This means that, the angle subtended by the position of the vertex on a great
circle path must be equal to 90° (see fig. 7)

Fig. 7

V B

“V” is the position of the vertex

This will form a right-angled spherical triangle. This right-angled spherical triangle
can be solved using Napier’s rule of circular path.

Considering the figure above; A - is the latitude of position “A” the starting
position and B - is the latitude of position “B”, therefore V - being point of the
vertex, is the latitude of the vertex “V”

Also, PA is the co-latitude of position “A” (i.e. 90- lat.A)

PB is the co-latitude of position “B” (i.e. 90- lat.B)

PV is the co-latitude of position “V” (i.e. 90- lat V)

AV is the distance between position “A” and the vertex “V”

Angle A is the initial course

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 Angle APV(P) is the D’long. between position “A” and the position of the
vertex “V”.

If these parts of the right-angled spherical triangle are arranged in the order which
they occur in the Napier’s cartwheel, following a clockwise direction and noting
that, It is conventional when using Napier’s cartwheel, to start from whichever
angle is 90° in this case the vertex. Remembering also that all parts below the
horizontal are a complement (see fig. 8)

P AV

90 – P 90 – A

90 – AP

Fig.8 Napier’s Cartwheel

Considering any part as the middle part, then the two parts next to it are called
adjacent parts, and the other two parts farthest from it are called opposite parts

Napier’s rule states that;

1. Sine middle part = cos opposite × cos opposite

2. Sine middle part = tan adjacent × tan adjacent

Therefore to find the latitude and longitude of the vertex which is the position of
the vertex “V”, I used this procedure and rule to find;

I. D’long. Between position “A” and the “V” which is angle APV (P). This I
added to the longitude of the starting position “A” (since the vertex is
ahead of it) to get the longitude of the vertex “V”

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 II. The co-latitude of the vertex “V” which is PV(in the cartwheel) and
subtracted it from 90°( since it is the co-latitude of the vertex “V” i.e. 90°-
lat .V) to get the latitude of the vertex

3.(b) A NARRATIVE ACCOMPANYING THE SOLUTION OF

QUESTION 2.(C)

Question 2.(c) asked for a method to use the immersed cross-section areas which
was given after the VLCC discharged cargo at the berth, to determine the
displacement of the vessel after the discharge.

Knowing that the displacement of a vessel(Δ)

= density of water( ρ) × underwater volume of the ship(∇)

With the immersed cross-section areas after discharge given, using Simpson’s rule,
I used these immersed cross-section areas given to find the immersed volume of
the ship after discharge(This is also the underwater volume of the ship after
discharge).

To achieve this, I used Simpson’s first rule (since the number of intervals are
divisible by 2 see fig.9) with multiplier 1 4 1, which become 1 4 2 4 2......4 1 when
the intervals are more than 2.

0 10 WL

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Fig. 9

Intervals = 10

X = common interval(CI) or ordinate spacing

WL = Water Line

Just in the same way when using ordinates to find areas, here since areas and not
ordinates were given, multiplying the immersed area of each station by the
appropriate multiplier will give a product function for volume for the respective
stations.

I put all these in a tabular form where I easily calculated the summation of all the
product function for volume, which I inserted in the formula;

ordinate spacing
Volume = ( )×Total volume product
3

Where; ordinate spacing or common interval(CI) can be found using the formula;

water line length

CI =
interval

To get the volume of the immersed cross section areas of the VLCC after
discharging cargo which is equal to the underwater volume of the vessel (∇ ¿ after
discharging.

This(∇), I multiplied with the density of the dock water which was given earlier
(following; ∆ = ρ × ∇ ); to determine the displacement of VLCC after discharging
the cargo using the formula;

1
Δ= × CI × Σv × ρ DW (BARRASS,2001)
3

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Where;

1 ordinate spacing
× CI × Σv = ( )×Total volume Product = ∇
3 3

ρ DW = density of dock water

Σv = total volume Product (summation of volume product)

In summary, I used the Simpson’s first rule to find the volume of the immersed
cross section areas after discharging cargo; which is the underwater volume of the
VLCC after discharging cargo. And then multiplied it with the density of the dock
water since ∆ = ρ × ∇ to determine the displacement of the VLCC at the port after
discharging cargo.

REFERENCES

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