WDM Principle Issue1

WDM Principle
WDM Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
z1 WDM Overview......................................................................................Page4
z2 WDM Transmission Media....................................................................Page17
z3 WDM Key Technologies......................................................................Page 25
z4 Technology Specifications for WDM System........................................Page 49
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WDM Principle
Foreword
z With the development of telecommunication, the requirements
of the transmission capacity and service categories are
becoming bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM
technology emerged.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
z About this course:
This course mainly introduces the basic knowledge of WDM technologies,

expounds key technologies and optical transmission specification of WDM.
Through this course, you will have a relatively complete understanding of
the WDM knowledge and the development orientation of optical
transmission networks.

WDM Principle
Objectives
z Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;
Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;
Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
List the technical specifications for WDM system.
z Reference:
OTC000003 WDM principle
ITU-T G.694.1 and G.694.2 (about the wavelength distribution)
ITU-T G.671 (about the optical passive components)
ITU-T G.652 , G.653 and G.655 (about the fiber)

WDM Principle
Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications
z Objectives for this chapter:
To explain the basic concepts of WDM;
To list the components of WDM and their functions;
To outline the WDM background and technical features;
To make comparison between CWDM and DWDM.

WDM Principle
How to increase network capacity？
WDM
Economical &
TDM Mature & Quick
STM-16→ STM-64
SDM
Cost & Complication
Add fiber &
equipment
Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion
z SDM increases the transmission capacity linearly by adding the number of

optical fibers, and the transmission equipment will be increased linearly, too.
z TDM keeps the same transmission medium but increases the bit rate. The
equipment is getting more and more complicated and expensive. Additionally,
the maximum transported capability over a fiber pair is in the range of a few
10Gbps.
z Theway to scale to higher transported capacity is WDM. This technology keeps

the same fiber, the same bit rate, but uses multiple colours to multiply
transported capacity.
z WDM is widely used in the national and metro backbone transmission systems.

WDM Principle
What's WDM？
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
z Legend:
Freeway: Fiber
Patrol Car: Supervisory Signal
Gas Station: Optical Relay
Gray Car: Client Service
Colored Car: Service in different channels (wavelength)
Driveway: Optical Wavelength
z Wave Division Multiplexing is a technology that utilizes the properties of
refracted light to both combine and separate optical signals based on their
wavelengths within the optical spectrum.

WDM Principle
WDM Concept
z Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

fiber for transmission.
λ1 λ1 λ2 λn
SDH signal
IP package λ2
λ ┉
ATM cells
┋
λn
z The Greek letter lambda ( λ ) , is often used to designate individual wavelengths.
z Keyword in the content is specific wavelength. How specific ? Please refer to

ITU-T series recommendations in chapter 4.
z WDM allows for a more efficient use of existing fiber by providing multiple
optical paths along a single (pair of) fiber (s).
z WDM allows for a greater range of protocol transmission better suited than
legacy network for data centric applications. (E.g.. GE, ESCON, Fiber Channel,
D1 video)

WDM Principle
System Structure
z The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:

Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
Optical Amplifier (OA)
Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU OTU
O O
M A
OTU / OLA / OTU
O O
A D
OTU OTU
OSC OSC OSC
z OTU:Access the client service and convent the wavelength complied with ITU
standards.
z OMU: Multiplex several services with different wavelength into one main path
signal.
z ODU: Demultiplex one main path signal into several individual signals.
z OA: Amplifies the optical signal.
z OLA: Optical Line Amplifier
z OSC: Optical Supervisory Channel
z ESC: Electrical Supervisory Channel

WDM Principle
Transmission Modes
z Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M
z Unidirectional
WDM system adopts two optical fibers. One only implements the
transmission of signals in one direction while the other implements the
transmission of the signals in the opposite direction.
z This tansmission mode is widely used in the worldwide.

WDM Principle
Transmission Modes
z Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M
z Bi-directionalwave WDM system utilizes only one optical fiber. The single fiber
transmits optical signals in both directions simultaneously, and the signals in the
different directions should be assigned on different wavelengths.
Note:
To MUX/DEMUX the signals in one fiber, circulator is recommended.
This mode is usually used in the CWDM system to reduce the cost.

WDM Principle
Application Modes
z Open System
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M
Client Client
z Open system has no special requirements for multiplex terminal optical

interfaces, the only requirement is that these interfaces meet the optical
interface standards defined in ITU-T.

WDM Principle
Application Modes
z Integrated System
MUX DMUX
M
4
0 0
4
M
Client Client
z Integrated system does not adopt the wavelength conversion technology,

instead, it requires that the wavelength of the optical signals at the multiplex
terminal conforms to the specifications for the WDM system.
z Theoptical interface in the client equipment that could provide standard

wavelength is called colored interface. Huawei series OSN products could
support this function.
Thought:
Can some channels use OTU and some channels use colored interface?

WDM Principle
Advantages of WDM
z Ultra high capacity
z Data transparency transmission
z Long haul transmission
z Compatible with existing optical fibers
z High performance-to-cost ratio
z High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
z Smooth expansion
z Up to know the capacity is 1920Gbps at most.
z Data Transparency Transmission:
WDM doesn’t change the structure or any byte in the frame for the client
signal.
z Long Haul transmission: 5000km without REG / 230km long hop.
z Smooth expansion: modularization and no affect the existing services.

WDM Principle
CWDM Vs DWDM
z CWDM:
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex
z DWDM:
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
ITU-T G.694.1
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing
C band 160chs Extended
32chs
196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz
z CWDM greatly reduces the system cost while providing certain amount of
wavelengths and transmission distance within 100 km.
Fewer channels=cheaper hardware

No amplification=a lower-cost system and distance-limited system
z Comparison between CWDM and DWDM
Types CWDM DWDM

Channel Spacing 20nm 100GHz/50GHz/25GHz
C-band: 1529nm~1561nm
Band 1311~1611nm
L-band: 1570nm~1603nm
Capacity 16 x 2.5Gb/s = 40G 192 x 10Gb/s = 1920G
Laser Un-cooled Laser Cooled Laser
Cost 70% 100%
Application 100km 5000km

WDM Principle
Questions
z What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
z Difference between the two transmission modes
z Difference between the two application modes
z List the structure of the WDM system.
z Fill in the blanks:
1.WDM System includes:________, _________, _________ and

__________;
2.CWDM system could use optical amplifiers (True or False) __________;
3.ESC means____________________________________. Need additional

wavelength to transmit in the fiber (True or False) _________.
4.Single fiber bidirectional transmission (can or can not )_________ use the
same wavelength for transmitting and receiving.

WDM Principle
Summary
z Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;
z WDM system structure ;
z Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
z OTU, MUX/DeMUX, OA,OSC
z False
z Electrical Supervisory Channel,False
z Can not

WDM Principle
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
z Objectives for this chapter:
List the characteristics of the fiber;
Classify different types of the fiber;
Outline the methods to against the factors.

WDM Principle
Structure of Optical Fiber
z Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a plastic

wear-resisting coating.
Refraction
n2 Cladding
θ
Reflection n1 Core
Coating
z An optical fiber consists of two different types of solid glass —the core and
cladding—that are mixed with specific elements to adjust their refractive
indices. The difference between the refractive indices of the two materials
causes most of the transmitted light to bounce off the cladding and stay within
the core. The critical angle requirement is met by controlling the angle at which
the light is injected into the fiber. Two or more layers of protective coating
around the cladding ensure that the glass can be handled without damage.
z N1 and N2, which one is larger ?

WDM Principle
Attenuation
dB/km
Multi-mode （
5
O E S C L U
4 band
3
-
OH
850~900nm
1
）
nm
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
z Band Wavelength Bandwidth (nm)
z Original 1260~1360 100
z Extended 1360~1460 100
z Short 1460~1525 65
z Conventional 1525~1565 40
z Long 1565~1625 60
z Ultra long 1625~1675 50
z Combining the above losses, the attenuation constant of single mode fiber at
1310nm and 1550nm wavelength areas is 0.3~0.4dB/km (1310nm) and
0.17~0.25dB/km (1550nm), respectively. As defined in ITU-T Recommendation
G.652, the attenuation constant at 1310nm and 1550nm should be less than
0.5dB/km and 0.4dB/km, respectively.

WDM Principle
Dispersion
z Chromatic dispersion:
Power
Optical pulses
Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)
Time
z Dispersionin fiber refers to a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused

when various modes carrying signal energy or different frequencies of the signal
have different group velocity and disperse from each other during propagation.

WDM Principle
Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation at 1550nm window.
for high rate transmission
Dispersion
coefficient
17ps/nm.km G.655
λ
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.
z G.652fiber is currently a single mode fiber for widely use, called 1310nm
property optimal single mode fiber and also called dispersion unshifted fiber.
z G.653 fiber is called dispersion shifted fiber or 1550nm property optimal fiber.
By designing the refractive index cross section, the zero dispersion point of this
kind of fiber is shifted to the 1550nm window to match the minimum
attenuation window. This makes it possible to implement ultrahigh speed and
ultra long distance optical transmission.
z G.655 fiber, a nonzero dispersion shifted single mode optical fiber, is similar to
G.653 fiber and preserves certain dispersion near 1550nm to avoid four-wave
mixing phenomenon in DWDM transmission. It is suitable for DWDM system
applications.

WDM Principle
Dispersion Compensation
z The pulse will be broadened because of
Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window
z DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract

positive dispersion in transmission.
Dispersion
Coefficient G.652
wavelength
Normal DCF
DSCF: Dispersion Slope

Compensation Fiber
z DCFis one special kind of optical fiber, with the negative dispersion at 1550nm
window.
z The dispersion coefficient is -90~-120ps/nm.km
z DCF can counter act positive dispersion while bring new insertion loss and
increasing of PMD.

WDM Principle
Questions
z What’s difference between the refractive index of the cladding
and core?
z What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?
z How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?
1. The attenuation coefficient of G.652 fiber is __________; approximately

________ for engineering planning;
2. The dispersion coefficient of G.655 at 1550nm window

is_______________;
3. The dispersion coefficient of G.652 at 1310nm window is__________;

at 1550nm window is___________;

WDM Principle
Summary
z Structure of optical fiber
z Types of optical fiber
z Characteristics of optical fiber
z Coating, Cladding, Core
z G.652, G.653, G.655
z Attenuation, Dispersion, Nonlinear effect

WDM Principle
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies

WDM Principle
WDM System Key Technologies
z Optical Source z Optical Multiplexer

and Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in WDM
z Optical Amplifier z Supervisory

Technologies

WDM Principle
Requirements of Optical Source
1 Larger dispersion tolerance value
2 Standard and stable wavelength

WDM Principle
Direct modulator
LD
Modulation current
z Output laser is controlled by input current. The variation of the modulation

current causes the variation of output wavelength.
z Thisvariation, called modulation chirp, is actually a kind of wavelength

(frequency) jitter inevitable for direct modulation of the sources. The chirp
broadens the bandwidth of the emitting spectrum of the laser, deteriorates its
spectrum characteristics and limits the transmission rate and distance of the
system.
z Transmission rate is limited to 2.5Gbit/s, and transmission distance is less than

100km.
z Similar Specification –This kind of modulator is Widely used in CWDM system.

WDM Principle
Electro-Absorption (EA) external modulator
LD EA
DC
current drive ITU λ
Modulation current
z EA modulator adopts different structure, use stable DC current to let LD output

a standard wavelength (complied with ITU-T). EA module act as a door that
open only happens to the current change. In this way, the information is
modulated into the wavelength.
z Less chirp = Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s > 600km)
z High Dispersion tolerance (2.5Gb/s: 7200~12800ps/nm)
z Most widely used in DWDM

WDM Principle
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator
Modulation current
LD
DC current ITU λ
drive
z Thismodulator separates the light input into two equal signals which enter the
two optical branches of the modulator respectively. These two optical branches
employ an electro-optical material whose refractive index changes with the
magnitude of the external electrical signal applied to it. Changes of the
refractive index of the optical branches will result in the change variation of the
signal phases. Hence, when the signals from the two branches recombine at the
output end, the combined optical signal is an interference signal with varying
intensity. With this method, the frequency chirp of the separated external
modulated laser can be equal to zero.
z Long dispersion limited distance
z High cost with good performance
z Negligible chirp
z Not widely used.

WDM Principle
Comparison of Modulators
Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Max. dispersion >12800

1200~4000 7200~12800
toleration (ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive very expensive
Wavelength Stability good better best
z Asa maturing technology, direct modulator and indirector modulator are

widely used in WDM system.

WDM Principle
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier
OA
z The EDFA amplifier is widely used in WDM system.

WDM Principle
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm E2 meta-stable state

signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
z Er3+ energy level diagram
z Principle:
The outer electrons of Er ions have 3 energy levels, where E1 is the basic
state energy level, E2 is the metastable state energy level and E3 is the
high energy level.
When high-energy pump lasers are used to excite the EDF, lots of bound
electrons of the erbium ions are excited from E1 to E3 level, then soon
dropped to the E2 level via a non-radiation decay process (i.e. no photon
but heat is released).
When a signal with the wavelength of 1550nm passes through this

erbium-doped fiber, particles in the metastable state are transited to the
basic state via stimulated radiation and generate photons identical to
those in the incident signal light.

WDM Principle
Structure of EDFA
Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF
Pumping laser
PD PD
ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector
z TAP is used to spilt out a little part of energy and send it to the PD to detection.
z ISO is used to make sure the signal transmit in one direction.
z Pump laser has two type: with 980nm and with 1480nm.
z If we want to get a high gain, we could cascade EDF and pumping laser

WDM Principle
Features of EDFA
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
Consistent with the low Fixed gain range
attenuation window Gain un-flatness
High energy conversion efficiency Optical surge problem
High gain with little cross-talk
Good gain stability
z Advantage:
Fortunately, 1550nm is in the low attenuation window, the emergence of

EDFA greatly activate the development of WDM.
z Disadvantage:
Gain un-flatness

WDM Principle
Automatic Gain Control

λ1~ λn
λ1~ λn Gain
EDFA
Pin Pout
Gain no change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout
splitter pump splitter

PIN PIN
DSP
z If we cannot control the gain, optical surge generates.
z With AGC function:
When add wavelengths from 1 to 40, the gain will be not changed.
When drop wavelengths from 40 to 1, the gain will be not changed also
z Key Component is the DSP that makes the nonlinear calculation.

WDM Principle
Raman Fiber Amplifier

z Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz
Gain
Pump1Pump2Pump3
30nm
70~100nm
z Principle:
Fiber has wide SRS gain spectrum and a wide gain peak around a frequency
13THz lower than that of the pumping light. If a weak signal and a strong
pumping light wave are transmitted through the fiber at the same time, and the
wavelength of the weak signal is set within the Raman gain bandwidth of the
strong pumping light, the weak signal can be amplified. Such SRS-based OA is
call Raman optical amplifier. Raman optical amplifier’s gain is the switch gain,
that is, the difference between the output power when the amplifier is on and
that when the amplifier is off.

WDM Principle
Features of Raman
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
Flexible gain wavelength High pump power, low

efficiency and high cost;
Simple structure
Components & fiber
Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
undertake the high power;
Low noise
z Advantage:
The gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength.
The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself, low noise.
As the amplification is distributed along the fiber with the comparatively

low signal power, it reduces the interference from non-linear effect,
especially FWM effect.
z Disadvantage:
High power is harmful for body.
Be careful when put operation on Raman.

WDM Principle
Application of OA
OTU OTU
M M M MD
4
U OA OA4 OA4 4M
0
X 0 0 0U
OTU X OTU
Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier
z According to its application:

BA: Booster amplifier, mainly used in the transmit end. For the hardware
description, you will see OBU card.
LA: Line amplifier, mainly used in the amplifier station, could be
recognized as BA+PA. For the hardware description, you will see OAU
card.
PA: Pre-amplifier, mainly used in the receive end. For the hardware
description, you will see OPU card.

WDM Principle
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
TFF Thin Film Filter
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating
λ1 λ1 λ2 λn λ1 λ2 λn λ1
λ2
λ2
λn
λn
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
z For all the optical lights are bidirectional, the mechanisms of multiplexer and
demultiplexer are the same. Here in after we just discuss about the multiplexer,
if you reverse the direction, it could also be considered as a demultiplexer.

WDM Principle
Thin Film Filter
λ 1- λ 4 λ 1 filter
Self-focusing lens
λ1
λ 3 filter
λ2
λ3
λ4 Glass
z Film
Filter offers good stability and isolation between channels at moderate cost,
but with a high insertion loss.
z So the number of dropping wavelength is limited.

WDM Principle
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Arrayed of waveguides 1…n
λ1
λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers
z The waveguides are connected to cavities at the input and output. When the
light enters the input cavity, it is diffracted and enters the waveguide array.
There the optical length difference of each waveguide introduces phase delays
in the output cavity, where an array of fibers is coupled. The process results in
different wavelengths having maximal interference at different locations, which
correspond to the output ports.

WDM Principle
Supervisory Technologies
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology
ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology
z OSCis often used in the backbone wavelength system,and ESC is normally used
in metropolitan system.

WDM Principle
Optical Supervisory Channel

z Requirements:
Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping
wavelength of OA.
Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
Available when OA fails;
Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC OSC
F F
OTU1 I I OTU1
S M
0 S
C OTU2 U U 4 OTU2 C
4 C
C OTU3 M OTU3
0
OTU4 OTU4
z Pumping wavelength of OA: 980nm or 1480nm.
z 1310nm already defined by ITU-T for future use.
z OA fails, all signal lost, requires the supervisory signal continue to transmit
alarms and other indications.
z The receive sensitivity of the OSC unit is very good, up to -48dBm.

WDM Principle
Typical frame structure of OSC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS14 TS15 TS16 …… TS31
TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte
TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes
z FA: Frame alignment.
z E1 E2 : Orderwire.
z ALC: Automatic Level Control.
z F1 F2 F3 : transparent serials data.
z D1-D12: DCC bytes, data communication channel.

WDM Principle
Electrical Supervisory Channel

z Features:
Simple structure & cost saving
Redundancy supported
Improve power budget
Reduce system complexity
S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2
M
C 4 OTU2 C
4
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4
z Theoptical transponder unit (OTU) multiplexes the supervisory information into

the service channel for transmission.
z TheESC reduces the investment of the OSC. It also deletes the insertion loss of
the FIU. This lowers the cost and the power budget of optical channels.

WDM Principle
Questions
z What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?
z How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
z What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?
z What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?
1.EDFA means:______________________; its pumping wavelength

is___________; We can calculate noise figure by _________。
2.AWG means:______________________; TFF

means:________________________;
3.OSC signal’s frame structure is_____________, (can, can not) by

amplified by OA.
4.ESC support OLA station ?_______(True, False)

WDM Principle
Summary
z Optical source
z Optical amplifier
z Optical multiplexer
z Supervisory technologies
z LD, EA, M-Z
z EDFA, Raman
z TFF, AWG
z OSC, ESC

WDM Principle
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies

WDM Principle
Related ITU-T recommendations
z G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
z G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
z G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
z G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
z G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
z G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
and other SDH systems with OA
z G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
z G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
z G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
z ITU-G.692 – Optical Interfaces for Multi-Channel Systems with Optical

Amplifiers
This recommendation specifies multi-channel optical line system

interfaces for the purpose of providing future transverse compatibility
among such systems. The current recommendation defines interface
parameters for systems of four, eight, and sixteen channels operating at
bit rates of up to STM-16 on fibers, as described in Recommendations
G.652, G.653, and G.655 with nominal span lengths of 80 km, 120 km,
and 160 km and target distances between regenerators of up to 640 km.
A frequency grid anchored at 193.1 THz with inter-channel spacing at
integer multiples of 50 GHz and 100 GHz is specified as the basis for
selecting channel central frequencies.

WDM Principle
Transmission Channel Reference Points
z The WDM system in the above figure has the following reference points:
S1…Sn: The reference points on the fiber at transmitter optical output

connector in channels 1…n;
RM1 RMn: The reference points on the fiber at OM/OA optical input
connector in channels 1…n;
MPI-S: A reference point on the optical fiber just behind the OM/OA
optical output connector;
S': A reference point on the optical fiber behind the optical output
connector of the optical line amplifier;
R': A reference point on the optical fiber in front of the optical input
connector of the optical line amplifier;
MPI-R: A reference point on the optical fiber in front of the OA/OD input
optical connector;
SD1…SDn: The reference points at the OA/OD optical output connector;
R1…Rn: The reference points at receiver optical transmitter input

connector.

WDM Principle
Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas
z Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength

corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel frequency
allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and spacing series of
reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum spacing 100GHz , 50GHz
or 25GHz.

WDM Principle
Questions
z Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?
z What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems?

WDM Principle
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Copyright © 2008Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

z2 WDM Transmission Media....................................................................Page17

z3 WDM Key Technologies......................................................................Page 25

z4 Technology Specifications for WDM System........................................Page 49

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

z With the development of telecommunication, the requirements

of the transmission capacity and service categories are

becoming bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM

z About this course:

 This course mainly introduces the basic knowledge of WDM technologies,

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

z Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;

 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;

 List the technical specifications for WDM system.

 OTC000003 WDM principle

 ITU-T G.694.1 and G.694.2 (about the wavelength distribution)

 ITU-T G.671 (about the optical passive components)

 ITU-T G.652 , G.653 and G.655 (about the fiber)

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

z Objectives for this chapter:

 To explain the basic concepts of WDM;

 To list the components of WDM and their functions;

 To outline the WDM background and technical features;

 To make comparison between CWDM and DWDM.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

How to increase network capacity？

 Time & cost

Solution of capacity expansion

z SDM increases the transmission capacity linearly by adding the number of

z Theway to scale to higher transported capacity is WDM. This technology keeps

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

z Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

z The Greek letter lambda ( λ ) , is often used to designate individual wavelengths.

z Keyword in the content is specific wavelength. How specific ? Please refer to

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z The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:

OSC OSC OSC

z OA: Amplifies the optical signal.

z OLA: Optical Line Amplifier

z OSC: Optical Supervisory Channel

z ESC: Electrical Supervisory Channel

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z Single fiber unidirectional transmission

z This tansmission mode is widely used in the worldwide.

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z Single fiber bidirectional transmission

 To MUX/DEMUX the signals in one fiber, circulator is recommended.

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z Open system has no special requirements for multiplex terminal optical

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z Integrated system does not adopt the wavelength conversion technology,

z Theoptical interface in the client equipment that could provide standard

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z Ultra high capacity

z Data transparency transmission

z Long haul transmission

z Compatible with existing optical fibers

z High performance-to-cost ratio

z High networking flexibility, economy and reliability

z Up to know the capacity is 1920Gbps at most.

z Data Transparency Transmission:

z Long Haul transmission: 5000km without REG / 230km long hop.

z Smooth expansion: modularization and no affect the existing services.

This course mainly introduces the basic knowledge of WDM technologies,

Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;

Outline the key technologies of WDM system;

List the technical specifications for WDM system.

OTC000003 WDM principle

ITU-T G.694.1 and G.694.2 (about the wavelength distribution)

ITU-T G.671 (about the optical passive components)

ITU-T G.652 , G.653 and G.655 (about the fiber)

To explain the basic concepts of WDM;

To list the components of WDM and their functions;

To outline the WDM background and technical features;

To make comparison between CWDM and DWDM.

Time & cost

To MUX/DEMUX the signals in one fiber, circulator is recommended.

Fewer channels=cheaper hardware

1.WDM System includes:____, _, _____ and

List the characteristics of the fiber;

Classify different types of the fiber;

Outline the methods to against the factors.