MANGATAREM NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

MANGATAREM, PANGASINAN

REQUIREMENTS
IN
BASIC ARTS
RESEARCH
PREPARED BY: DHEYANN KLEIR B. CAMPIT
SPA 10-B

SUBMITTED TO: MRS LILET G. GALISIM

SUBJECT TEACHER
 CITATION

A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source.[2] More precisely, a citation is an

abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes
an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the
relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes
what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as
nanopublications, a form of microattribution.
Citations have several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or
avoiding plagiarism),[3] to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to
allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the
author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of
the material the author has used.[4] As Roark and Emerson have argued, citations relate to the
way authors perceive the substance of their work, their position in the academic system, and the
moral equivalency of their place, substance, and words.[5] Despite these attributes, many
drawbacks and shortcoming of citation practices have been reported, including for example
honorary citations, circumstantial citations, discriminatory citations, selective and arbitrary
citations.[6]
The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems,
such as the Oxford,[7] Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association(ASA), American
Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems, because their syntactic
conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems
has its advantages and disadvantages. Editors often specify the citation system to use.
Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered
citations because they do not fulfill the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by
other authors of the priority of one's ideas.
a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work.

EXAMPLES OF CITATION

MLA Citation
Legal writing is not the only type of writing that requires citation of sources. Citation is
necessary when referring to, or quoting from, the works of other people or entities. Many people
publishing articles, academic journals, book and film reviews, technical and research papers, and
a host of other writings rely on the Modern Language Association (“MLA”) style of citation.
MLA citation makes use of “parenthetical citation,” which places source information in
parentheses directly after the quote or reference to which it applies. Specific information on the
format of MLA citation can be found on the MLA website.
APA Citation
The American Psychological Association (“APA”) style of formatting and citation is most
commonly used in the publication of papers and reports in the social sciences. APA citation
makes use of in-text citation, as well as endnotes and footnotes. Specific information on the APA
style, and APA citation can be found on the APA website.

AMA Citation
Citation of sources in medical papers and journals follows the style set by the American Medical
Association (“AMA”). AMA citation is used in many disciplines, including health, medicine,
and the biological sciences. AMA citation makes use of footnotes, marking the text with
superscript numerals to guide the reader to the proper reference at the bottom of the page. The
AMA Manual of Style can be found at their website.

Chicago Style Citation

The Chicago Manual of Style offers two citation systems, one of which makes use of notes and a
bibliography, and the other citing only the author and date of publication. Chicago style citation
is popular in many types of writing, including business writing, legal writing, educational
reports, and others.
The Chicago notes and bibliography style is most commonly used by those writing in the areas
of humanities, literature, the arts, and history. This is possibly because it allows for notes and
esoteric information that does not work well with the author-date system. The Chicago author-
date system makes use of brief parenthetical citations within the text, which is favored by those
in the natural, physical, and social science professions.

Citation Generator
Writers in any specific field generally use one type of citation consistently in their writings.
Students writing papers as assignments in various classes may receive instructions to use
different styles, making it more difficult to properly format their citations. There are a number of
websites providing automated citation creation, referred to as “citation generators.”
When using a citation generator, the user first chooses a style, such as MLA or Chicago citation.
The user then selects the book, journal, or other work used as reference, then enters more
specific information as to just where the referenced material is located. The citation generator
then displays the citation in the proper format, allowing the user to simply copy and paste the
reference into their text. Citation generator services are usually free, providing a valuable service
to students, teachers, and independent researchers.

Judicial Citation
Many people are issued citations every day in the form of traffic tickets. These citations are
issued when someone violates a traffic law, and each specifies a date and time for that person to
appear at court to face the charges. Citations may be issued for circumstances other than traffic
violations. They may be issued directly by the court, or by a police officer, or other individual
with authority to summon someone to court.
For example:
Jody is distracted as she travels through a school zone at a high rate of speed. A police officer
stops her and issues a citation for speeding through a school zone. On the back of the citation
there are instructions for obtaining a date and time to appear in court regarding the charge.
In this example of citation, Jody is not required to appear in court, but it might be advantageous
to her to do so. For instance, many people who appear in court on a traffic citation are able to
have their fine lowered. Alternatively, Jody may simply pay the fine listed on the front of the
ticket, and not have to worry about making time to go to court.
MLA BIBLIOGRAPHY
 MLA (Modern Language Association)MLA format is typically used by those writing in
the liberal arts or humanities community. It focuses on the author of the cited source
material, in order to help the reader place him or her in the appropriate historical and
philosophical context.

APA BIBLIOGRAPHY

 APA (American Psychological Association)APA format, on the other hand, is used more
often in the social sciences and is useful for citing from journals and other such publications.
Its focus is more on the research presented in the source and when it was released, rather
than the individuals who conducted it.
The differences between the two styles become even more apparent when one is creating
text citations. MLA Style includes the author’s last name and the page number, whether
citing a direct quotation or not. However, APA Style text citations also include the
publication date, because the timeliness of research is important in science writing, and
the page number is required only for direct quotations. Below are some hypothetical
examples of parenthetical citations in both styles:

MLA
(Adams 42)
(Lennon and McCartney 999)
(Hexum, Martinez, and Sexton 123)
APA
(Adams, 1979) or (Adams, 1979, p. 42)
(Lennon & McCartney, 1968) or (Lennon & McCartney, 1968, p. 999)
(Hexum, Martinez, & Sexton, 1994) or (Hexum, Martinez, & Sexton, 1994, p.
123)

 These citations lead readers to the reference list, which is where the differences between
the two styles are most apparent, a topic I cover in my next post. In the meantime, I hope
this overview has been helpful to those of you transitioning from MLA Style to APA
 Style. If you’re new to APA Style, the Publication Manual and this blog are your go-to
resources. I also recommend that you try our free tutorial on the basics of APA Style and
visit our FAQ page, as well as our pages that provide quick answers for citing
sources and formatting your research paper.

WHEN TO USE APA?

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for
example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of
the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or
making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the
author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that
are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

WHEN TO USE MLA?

In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known
as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in
parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
EXAMPLES OF APA BOOKS

Basic book

Jans, N. (1993). The last light breaking: Life among Alaska's Inupiat Eskimos. Anchorage, AK:

Alaska Northwest Books.

Edited book

Miller, J., & Smith, T. (Eds.). (1996). Cape Cod stories: Tales from Cape Cod, Nantucket, and

Martha's Vineyard. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.

For a single editor, use "(Ed.)".

Books where the author and publisher are the same

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Numbered edition other than the first

Arking, R. (2006). The biology of aging: Observations and principles (3rd ed.). New York, NY:

Oxford University Press.

Revised edition

Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of nature in Hawai'i (Rev. ed.). Honolulu,

HI: University of Hawai'i Press.

Multi-volume set

Green, C. M. (1962-1963). Washington (Vols. 1-2). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

If volumes in a work or set are published in different years, give the range of years separated by
a dash as above.

Chapter or article in an anthology

Eliot, T. S. (2001). Tradition and the individual talent. In V. B. Leitch (Ed.), The Norton

anthology of theory and criticism(pp. 1092-1097). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original

work published 1920)

Note that the page numbers of an article or chapter are preceded by "pp." when citing it (for
example, "pp. 25-50"). In cases where an article/chapter occupies a single page, the page is
preceded by "p." (ex. "p. 4").
If an article has been reprinted from a source published earlier, give the original date of
publication in the "original work" element of the citation as shown above (when using this
element, the final period in a citation is omitted).
EXAMPLES OF APA JOURNAL

Library database Dumais, S. A., Rizzuto, T. E., Cleary, J., & Dowden, L. (2013).
with DOI Stressors and supports for adult online learners: Comparing

first- and continuing-generation college students. American

Journal of Distance Education, 27(2), 100-110.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2013.783265

What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO,
list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A
DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the database
record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this,
which you should include at the end of your APA reference,
preceded by "https://doi.org/":

This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more

information about the article.
However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p.
5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI
format in a citation, for example:

Amidzic, O., Riehle, H. J., & Elbert, T. (2006). Toward a

psychophysiology of expertise: Focal magnetic gamma bursts

as a signature of memory chunks and the aptitude of chess

players. Journal of Psychophysiology, 20(4), 253-258.

doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.253
Library database Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (2004). The transition to
without DOI retirement: Stages and factors that influence retirement

adjustment. International Journal of Aging and Human

Development, 59(1), 63-84. Retrieved from

http://www.baywood.com/journals/PreviewJournals.asp?Id=00

91-4150

No DOI? Find the journal's homepage.

Do a Web search to find the address of the homepage of the
journal that published the article and include it in your citation.
Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not
actually be available at the journal homepage.

Cannot find the journal's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search for the name of the database you are
using (for example, "JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete")
and use the address of its homepage.

Free Web Giancola, P. R. (2004). Executive functioning and alcohol-related

aggression. American Psychologist, 59(2), 5-7. Retrieved from

http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/

In print Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004). Problem-

solving interactions between mothers and children. Child and

Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16.

 EXAMPLES OF APA ONLINE RETRIEVED

A document in a Whitford, D. (2006). Cross-curricular initiatives in NSCI170.

UMUC online Document posted in University of Maryland University
classroom College NSCI 170 6981 online classroom, archived at:

http://campus.umuc.edu

No official APA format for citing online classroom materials

exists - this is merely a recommended format to use in citing such
documents.

EXAMPLES OF MLA BOOKS

Basic

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition used. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication. Medium of publication

Book with one author

Aprilson, Andy. The Emergency Budget Task Force Handbook. Mississippi: Haberdasher, 2001.
Print

Book with two authors

Bringham, Darrin E., and Sally Knope. Resting Heartbeat Science. 12th ed. Alahandro: Spaghetti,
2001. Print.

Book with three authors

Christopherson, Charles, Ronald Swanson, and Roger Koltz. Fog Pirates: On Board the USS
Hammerhead. Pickleton: Putters, 2001. Print.

Book with more than three authors

Niderbacher, Leslie A., et al. Penne and the Jets: A Love Story. Albuquerque: Partridge, 2003. Print.
 Books with no author

Encyclopedia of Football. New York: Sporting Publishers Inc., 2002. Print.

Books by a corporate author or organization

Canadian Pumpkinology Association. The Truth about Rats and Skunks: Nature's Worst Enemies.
Toronto: La Fraude Publishers, 2009. Print

EXAMPLES OF MLA JOURNAL

Journal articles
Boyd, Fenice B., and Chinwe H. Ikpeze. "Navigating a Literacy Landscape: Teaching Conceptual
Understanding With Multiple Text Types." Journal of Literacy Research, vol. 39, no. 2, 2007,
pp. 217-248.
Hallin, Daniel C. "Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988." Journal of
Communication, vol. 42, no.2, 1992, pp. 5-24.
Kyratsis, A. "Talk and Interaction Among Children and the Co-construction of Peer Groups and Peer
Culture." Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 33, 2004, pp. 231-247.
Yeh, Michelle. "The 'Cult of Poetry' in Contemporary China." Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 55, no. 1,
1996, pp. 51-80.
Journal article: No author
"The Pain of Being a Caffeine Freak." New Scientist, vol. 172, no. 2311, 6 Oct. 2001, p.27.

EXAMPLES OF MLA ONLINE RETRIEVED

Mitchell, James A., and Martha Thomson. How and When to Reference. 25 Jan.
2017:https://www.howandwhentoreference.com/APAcitation.

Thomson, Martha. “APA Citation”. How and When to Reference. 2 Feb.

2017: https://www.howandwhentoreference.com/APAcitation.
Dheyann kleir B. Campit
Spa 10-B JOYA
Art Research

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Theater arts students in Mangatarem National High School have concern
that we don’t have a permanent room. The school seeks to provide a
comfortable and appropriate room. Theater arts room is very important to the
students because they need a room for their practices and specially in their
workshops.
The problem is we don’t have a permanent and appropriate room. Sometimes
were lacking out of time just because we need to find a room for we to use when
we have a practice and workshops. Finding a room for we to use in our every
theater class is difficult to us because it consuming a lot of time.
We’re believe that this problem has a solution. This solution is to say to the
authority that we need a permanent and appropriate room for us and they must
build it so that we will use it immediately so that were not consume a lot time to
find a room and we will focus on our specialization and we will improved our
skills or talent.