CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO ROAD ACCIDENTS

Road accidents constitute the major part of the accident deaths all over
the world. The high demand of automobiles has also increased the traffic
hazards and the road accidents.
The main objective of the system is to provide security for the vehicle
user and also detects the accident if occurred and informs the respective
authority through wireless technologies such as GSM and GPS. Accident
detection system is used to recognize the location of the accident and easily to
reach the location. Every second is valuable for the ambulance. The accident
information system will get activated and message will be transmitted to
respective authority.
There is no loss of life due to the delay in the arrival of the ambulance.
The purpose of the project is to find the vehicle where it is and locate the
vehicle by means of sending a message using a system which is placed inside of
vehicle system Most of the times we may not be able to find accident location
because we don’t know where accident will happen. In order to give treatment
for injured people, first we need to know where the accident happened through
location tracking and sending a message to an authorized mobile number.

1.1 ACCIDENT ALERT SYSTEM

When an auto crash occurs suddenly, the reaction of the emergency

services now becomes a race between life and death. Today, wireless innovation
has tilted the odds in favor of success like never before. Before, the people in
the emergency services had little more to rely upon than raw courage. Now the
world of wireless has inspired an entirely new way of managing and minimizing
the death rate due to auto crash.
1
 The scene of a fatal accident is always a theater where man and
technology face the ultimate test. Whether the emergency is fire, earthquake or
flood, relief or needed medical attention in this case, the stakes are always high.
Indeed, wireless communications has become extremely important in
emergency response. Obviously the most important tool in any situation is
people. But better information with the aid of machine-to-machine (M2M)
network means better decision making and that means technology is helping to
save property and lives.
Accident Alert System (AAS) is quite a novel research area, on the 15th
of January, 2007; the European Commission (EC) proposed an auto crash alert
system called the e-call. The e-call system is intended to automatically initiate
an emergency call to 112 from the vehicle and transmits satellite positioning
data to the operator in case of a road accident. It has been estimated by a new
research report from the analyst firm; Berg Insight that e-call could save
thousands of live and that it’s long term saving would be in the range of €5-10
billion, whereas the long term cost is projected at €4 billion.

1.2 VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

Vehicle tracking systems have been deployed by private companies to

clients that desire such services across the globe and its recent surge in Africa
and most especially in Nigeria is not news. However, Emergency Alert System
(EAS) is a novel research and development area even in advanced countries.
Some experiences of the development in this interesting life saving
research area are illustrated as follows:
 There are variants of location based systems with various advantages and
disadvantages.
 E-OTD uses a mobile signal from base-station to call special chip and
then to fixed location known to operators. This is triangulated among
2
 three points, it has an accuracy of 5 to 50m but it involves high network
investment cost for the operator and also requires new handset.
 GPS method uses satellite sent positioning signal to handsets equipped
with GPS chip, which calculates its own location to approximately 1-
10m. It has a high accuracy but could be used only outdoor.

1.3 ACCIDENT ALERT SYSTEM IN INDIA

Another good example of emergency alert system is the Trako System
from India; it uses the GPS coupled with geo-referenced GIS (Geographical
Information System) maps to communicate real-time information to the control
station. A handset provided allows the driver to speak to the control station
anytime and send an alert in case of emergency through the hotline buttons
provided on it. The trip reports and maps generated by the system can also be
conveniently viewed through a web interface.
However, the approach adopted for our research work on VAAL uses the
GPS for position detection and the GSM or CDMA platform for onward
transmission of the pinpointed position to the nearest federal or state rescue
agencies. We adopted the use of SMS messaging because in the third world
(Nigeria in particular), the attention being paid to emergency calls is grossly
inadequate and this has wrecked a lot of havocs on lives and properties.

CHAPTER-2
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Our project consist of,

3
  GPS (Global Positioning System)
 GSM (Global system for mobile communication)
 Vibration sensor accelerometers (Piezoelectric)
 SMS (Short Message Service)
 Microcontroller
 Relay
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

CHAPTER-3
INTRODUCTION TO GPS

Satellite based navigation uses Global Positioning System (GPS) to send

and receive the radio signals that serves the user with the required information.
4
GPS posse’s twenty-four satellites that revolve orbit of earth in twelve hours,
the ground stations and the receivers. The GPS receiver in the ground station
determines the location and distance accurately in all sough’s weather without
distortions are made easy with the satellite in orbit as a reference. GPS is used
in laptop, mobile, airplane etc. The receiver uses the messages it receives to
determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each
satellite using the speed of light. Each of these distances and satellites' locations
defines a sphere. The receiver is on the surface of each of these spheres when
the distances and the satellites' locations are correct. These distances and
satellites' locations are used to compute the location of the receiver using the
navigation equations. This location is then displayed, perhaps with a moving
Map display or latitude and longitude.

Fig.3.1 Global Positioning System

3.1. WORKING OF GPS

The actual principle of GPS is very easy to appreciate, since it is exactly

the same as traditional “triangulation” (although this is not quite correct, as GPS
does not use angles). If one imagines an orienteer needing to locate them on a

5
map, they first need to be able to find at least three points that they recognize in
the real world, which allows them to pinpoint their location on the map.
They can then measure, using a compass, the azimuth that would be
needed to take them from the point on the map to their current position. A line is
then drawn from each of the three points, and where the three lines meet is
where they are on the map.

GPS Module
Translating this into the GPS world, we can replace the known points
with satellites, and the azimuth with time taken for a signal to travel from each
of the known points to the GPS receiver. This enables the system to work out
roughly where it is located - it is where the circles representing the distance
from the satellite, calculated on the basis of the travel time of the signal,
intersect.
Of course, this requires that the GPS locator has the same coordinated
time as the satellites, which have atomic clocks on board. To do this, it cross
checks the intersection of the three circles with a fourth circle, which it acquires
from another satellite.

3.2 GPS APPLICATIONS

3.2.1 MILITARY USES
PLGR GPS Receiver The Man pack was replaced in 1993 by the hand-
held Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR), popularly known as the

6
"Plugger." These units are similar to civilian receivers, but they can use higher-
precision GPS signals.

3.2.2 TRANSPORTATION RELATED BUSINESS

This technology tracks where your vehicles are on a detailed map, where
they have been, where they are going, what speed they are traveling, as well as
ignition on/off. In the right hands, this data can become very useful information
when managing your business.

3.2.3 PILOTS USE OF GPS

Pilots on long distance flights without GPS rely on navigational beacons
located across the country. Using GPS, aircraft can fly the most direct routes
between airports. Pilots often rely on GPS to navigate to their destinations. A
GPS receiver in the cockpit provides the pilot with accurate position data and
helps him or her keep the airplane on course

7
3.2.4 MAPPING THE EARTH WITH GPS
Surveyors and map makers use GPS for precision positioning. GPS is
often used to map the location of such facilities as telephone poles, sewer lines,
and fire hydrants. Surveyors use GPS to map construction sites and property
lines. Forestry, mineral exploration, and wildlife habitat management all use
GPS to precisely define positions of important assets and to identify changes.

3.2.5 MARINE NAVIGATION

GPS provides reliable, accurate and consistent navigation data that has
significantly increased marine safety. Systems that combine GPS and wireless
communications deliver precise position information over wireless satellite
links for emergency reports, navigation and tracking.

The Coast Guard uses DGPS systems to place and maintain buoys, lights,
and day markers that direct traffic in harbors’, and on coastlines, rivers and
lakes. Sailors rely on GPS to enhance competitiveness, set courses and track
performance. In competitive racing for example, DGPS systems are used aboard
competitors and committee boats, and provide precision placement for race
course marks.

8
3.2.6 GPS FOR HUNTERS
GPS navigation can be the difference between successful hunting and
wandering aimlessly around in the woods. Mark the location of your deer blind,
or find your way back to that great duck-hunting spot.

GPS as a planning and analysis tool Use your GPS with topographical
maps to make your scouting time more efficient. If you look on a map and
notice possible deer funnel areas where ridges come together or a creek or river
abuts a bluff you can mark the latitude and longitude as a waypoint and so you
can find the spot quickly. Build a database with a GPS receiver by making a
waypoint for each, and naming them with a code you can understand
Safety GPS is useful too because it allows you to safely and easily navigate
your way back even if you get caught in bad weather and visibility is
compromised. Easily navigate back to base camp if you get separated from the
rest of the group. If you get in serious trouble, you can use a GPS unit to
communicate your exact position to rescue teams
3.2.7 FORESTRY & GPS/GIS

9
 As a forester, Sawchuck finds that GPS and GIS technologies enable him
to more rapidly collect and geo code data and then present it in numerous
formats ranging from text-based tables to detailed color maps. But the most
valuable asset that the GPS/GIS combination brings to this forester’s job is its
analytical power. "A lot of people view GIS as a great mapmaking tool,"
Sawchuck notes. "It does that really well, but the real power behind GIS is the
ability to do analysis of your information.

CHAPTER-4
INTRODUCTION TO GSM

10
 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe
Spécial Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G)
digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. It is the default global standard
for mobile communications with over 90% market share, and is available in
over 219 countries and territories.

The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation

(1G) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit-
switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This was expanded
over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport,
then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS).

Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third generation (3G) UMTS

standards followed by fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which
are not part of the ETSI GSM standard.

’
Fig 1. GSM Modem

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted

standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a
standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile
telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European
mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz, It is estimated that many
countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. Cellular is one of the
fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications.
11
 Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various
systems have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications.
This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with
the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to
address these problems. From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide
between building an analog or digital system. After multiple field tests, a digital
system was adopted for GSM. The next task was to decide between a narrow or
broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple access
(TDMA) solution was chosen. GSM provides recommendations, not
requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface
requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The GSM network is
divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station
system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS).

4.1 HISTORY OF GSM

1992-1985 Conference European des Postes ET Telecommunication (CEPT)

begin specifying a European digital telecommunications standard in the
900 MHz frequency band.
This standard later became known as Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM)

1986 Field tests held in Paris to select which digital transmission technology
to use either Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency
Division Multiple access.

1987 A combination of TDMA and FDMA selected as the transmission

technology for GSM.

12
 Operators from 12 countries sign a Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) committing to introduce GSM by 1991.

1988  CEPT begins producing GSM specifications for a phased

implementation.
 Another five countries sign the MoU.1989
 European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) takes over
responsibility for GSM specification.
1990  Phase 1 specification frozen to allow manufacturers to develop network
equipment.
1991  The GSM 1800 standard was released.
 An addendum was added to the MoU allowing countries outside CEPT
to sign.
1992 Phase 1 specifications are completed.
 First commercial Phase 1 GSM networks launched.
 First international roaming agreement between Telecom Finland and
Vodaphone in UK.
1993Australia becomes the first non-European country to sign the MoU.
 The MoU now had a total of 70 signatories. The GSM networks
launched in Norway, Austria, Ireland, Hong Kong and Australia.
 The number of GSM subscribers reaches one million.

CHAPTER-5
VIBRATION SENSOR VEHICLE UNIT

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Despite the advances made in vibration monitoring and analysis
equipment, the selection of sensors and the way they are mounted on a machine

13
remain critical factors in determining the success of any monitoring program.
Money saved by installing inferior sensors is not a prudent investment since the
information provided about the machine of interest often is not accurate or
reliable. Poor quality sensors can easily give misleading data or, in some cases,
cause a critical machine condition to be completely overlooked.

5.2 SELECTION OF VIBRATION SENSORS

Vibration monitors are displacement, velocity, and acceleration. These
parameters can be measured by a variety of motion sensors and are
mathematically related (displacement is the first derivative of velocity and
velocity is the first derivative of acceleration). Selection of a sensor proportional
to displacement, velocity or acceleration depends on the frequencies of interest
and the signal levels involved.

5.3 DISPLACEMENT SENSORS

Eddy current probes are non-contact sensors primarily used to measure shaft
vibration, shaft/rotor position and clearance. Also referred to as displacement
probes, eddy current probes are typically applied on machines utilizing
sleeve/journal bearings. They have excellent frequency response with no lower
frequency limit and can also be used to provide a trigger input for phase-related
measurements. SKF monitors also have the ability to take the output of an
accelerometer and double integrate to obtain a relative displacement; however,
except in very special cases, it is inadvisable because of significant low
frequency instability associated with the integration process. Eddy current probe
systems remain the best solution for shaft position measurements.

5.4 VELOCITY SENSORS

14
 Velocity sensors are used for low to medium frequency measurements.
They are useful for vibration monitoring and balancing operations on rotating
machinery. As compared to accelerometers, velocity sensors have lower
sensitivity to high frequency vibrations. The mechanical design of the velocity
sensor; an iron core moving within a coil in a limited magnetic field, no
clipping of the generated signal occurs, but smooth saturation. In an
accelerometer with ICP electronics, sensor resonance excitation can cause
saturation and clipping of the electronic circuit generating false low frequency
components. Integrating to velocity from the acceleration signal leads to large
low frequency components. Resonance damping circuits between sensor
element and amplifier can minimize that effect. Traditional velocity sensors are
of a mechanical design that uses an electromagnetic (coil and magnet) system to
generate the velocity signal. Recently, hardier piezoelectric velocity sensors
(internally integrated accelerometers) have gained in popularity due to their
improved capabilities and more rugged and smaller size design.

5.5 THE SENSITIVITY RANGE

The sensitivity of industrial accelerometers typically ranges between 10
and 100 mV/g; higher and lower Sensitivities are also available. To choose the
correct sensitivity for an application, it is necessary to understand the range of
vibration amplitude levels to which the sensor will be exposed during
measurements. As a rule of thumb, if the machine produces high amplitude
vibrations (greater than 10 g RMS) at the Measurement point, a low sensitivity
(10 mV/g) sensor is preferable. If the vibration is less than 10 g RMS, higher
than 10 mV/g up to 100 mV/g should be used. In no case should the peak g
level exceed the acceleration range of the sensor. Be aware that signals
generated by sensor resonance frequency can be 10 to 20 dB higher. This would
result in amplifier overload and signal distortion; therefore generating erroneous
data.
15
 Higher sensitivity accelerometers are available for special applications,
such as low frequency/low amplitude measurements. In general, higher
sensitivity accelerometers have limited high frequency operating ranges. One of
the excellent properties of the piezoelectric sensor is its wide operating range. It
is important that anticipated amplitudes of the application fall reasonably within
the operating range of the sensor. Velocity sensors with sensitivities ranging
from 20 mV/ in/sec to 500 mV/in/sec (0.8 mV/mm/sec to 20 mV/mm/sec) are
available.

Every vehicle should have vehicle unit. The vehicle unit consists of a
vibration, controller, MEMS sensor, GPS system, GSM module. The vehicle
unit installed in the vehicle every vehicle should have a vehicle unit. The
vehicle unit consists of a vibration sensor, controller, MEMS sensor, GPS
system and a GSM module. The vehicle unit installed in the vehicle senses the
accident and sends the location of the accident the main server. The vibration
sensor used in the vehicle will continuously sense for any large scale vibration
in the vehicle. The sensed data is given to the controller. GPS module finds out
16
the current position of the vehicle which is the location of the accident and gives
that data to the GSM module. The GSM module sends this data to the control
unit whose GSM number is already there in the module as an emergency
number.

CHAPTER-6
INTRODUCTIONS TO SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS)

The Short Message Service (SMS) allows the exchange of short messages
between a mobile station and the wireless system, and between the wireless
system and an external device capable of transmitting and optionally receiving
short messages. The external device may be a voice telephone, a data terminal
or a short message entry system.

17
 The Short Message Service consists of message entry features,
administration features and message transmission capabilities. These features
are distributed between a wireless system and the SMS message center (MC)
that together make up the SMS system. The MCB may be either separate from
or physically integrated into the wireless system.

Short message entry features are provided through interfaces to the MC

and the mobile station. Senders use these interfaces to enter short messages,
intended destination addresses, and various delivery options. MC interfaces may
include features such as audio response prompts and DTMF reception for dial-
in access from voice telephones, as well as appropriate menus and message
entry protocols for dial-in or dedicated data terminal access. Mobile station
interfaces may include keyboard and display features to support message entry.
Additionally, a wireless voice service subscriber can use normal voice or data
features of the mobile station to call an SMS system to enter a message.

An SMS Tele service can provide the option of specifying priority level,
future delivery time, message expiration interval, or one or more of a series of
short, pre-defined messages. If supported by the Tele service, the sender can
request acknowledgment that the message was received by the mobile station.
An SMS recipient, after receiving a short message, can manually acknowledge
the message. Optionally, the recipient can specify one of a number of pre-
defined messages to be returned with the acknowledgment to the sender. SMS
administration features include message storage, profile editing, verification of
receipt, and status inquiry capabilities. SMS administration is not within the
scope of this standard.

The SMS transmission capabilities provide for the transmission of short

messages to or from an intended mobile station, and the return of
18
acknowledgments and error messages. These messages and acknowledgments
are transmitted to or from the mobile station whether it is idle or engaged in a
voice or data call. The wireless service provider may offer SMS transmission to
its wireless voice and data customers only, or may provide an SMS-only service
without additional voice or data transmission capabilities. This standard also
provides for the broadcast of messages. All available mobile stations on a
CDMA Paging Channel can receive a broadcast message. A broadcast message
is not acknowledged by the mobile station. Broadcast Messaging Services may
be made available to mobile stations on a CDMA Paging Channel as well as
mobile stations in a call on a CDMA Traffic Channel.

6.1 TERMS OF THE SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE

6.1.1 BASE STATION: A fixed station that is used for communicating with
mobile stations. Depending upon the context, the term base station may refer to
a cell, a sector, an MSC, or another part of the wireless system. See also MSC.
6.1.2 BEARER SERVICE: The portion of the SMS system responsible for
delivery of messages between the MC and mobile user equipment. In this
standard, the bearer service protocol is divided into a Transport Layer and a
Relay Layer.

6.1.3 BROADCAST: The bearer layer mechanism that is used to deliver SMS
messages on the CDMA Paging Channel or on the CDMA Forward Traffic
Channel to all available mobile stations.

6.1.4 BROADCAST MESSAGING SERVICE: A Tele service that allows an

SMS message to be sent to all mobile stations.

6.1.5 CMT: Cellular Messaging Tele service. See also Wireless Messaging Tele
service.

19
6.1.6CPT: Cellular Paging Tele service. See also Wireless Paging Tele service.

6.1.7 END POINT: An element of the SMS delivery system that can originate
or terminate SMS messages.
6.1.8 IWF: An interworking function provides information conversion. A data
service IWF provides functions needed for a mobile station to communicate
with data terminal equipment connected to the network.

6.1.9 MC: SMS Message Center.

6.1.10 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC): A configuration of

equipment that provides wireless radio telephone service. Also called Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).

6.1.11 MOBILE-ORIGINATED: Submitted to an SMS service provider by a

mobile station.

6.1.12 MOBILE STATION: A station, fixed or mobile, which serves as the

end user’s wireless communication link with the base station. Mobile stations
include portable units (e.g., hand-held mobile units) and units installed in
vehicles.

6.1.13 MOBILE-TERMINATED: Delivered to a mobile station by an SMS

service provider.

6.1.14 RELAY LAYER: The layer of the bearer service protocol responsible
for the inter -face between the Transport Layer and the Link Layer used for
message transmission.

20
6.1.15 RELAY POINT: An element of the SMS delivery system that forwards
SMS messages.

6.1.16 SMS: Short Message Service.

6.1.17 STX: One of several allowable character sets allowed in IS-91 for
CHAR. An STX (‘111100’) may be placed in the message to link this message
to the previous message sent. All values other than STX in the 15th character
position indicate end of message and are not displayed. The STX character is
only valid for Short Messages.

6.1.18 TE: Terminal Equipment.

6.1.19 TELE SERVICE LAYER: The protocol layer providing the end-to-end
SMS application

6.1.20 TRANSPORT LAYER: The layer of the bearer service protocol 1

responsible for the end-to-end delivery of messages.
6.1.21 UNIVERSAL COORDINATED TIME (UTC): An internationally
agreed-upon time scale maintained by the Bureau International de l’Heure
(BIH) used as the time reference by nearly all commonly available time and
frequency distribution systems (i.e., WWV, WWVH, LORAN-C, Transit,
Omega, and GPS).
6.1.22 VMN: Voice Mail Notification. VMN is a tele service supported by
TIA/EIA-41-D. This tele service is an extension of the TIA/EIA/IS-91 Voice
Mail Status capability. For details

6.1.23 WAP: Wireless Application Protocol.

WMT: Wireless Messaging Teleservice. This teleservice is further described in

6.3 of TIA/EIA-664. WMT is a point-to-point service only.

21
6.1.24 WPT: Wireless Paging Teleservice. This teleservice is further described
in 6.2 of TIA/EIA- 664. WPT is a point-to-point service only.

CHAPTER-7
INTRODUCTION TO MICRO CONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a kind of miniature computer that you can find in all

kinds of devices. Some examples of common, every-day products that have
microcontroller’s built-in are shown in Figure 1-1. If it has buttons and a digital
display, chances are it also has a programmable microcontroller brain.

22
 With the help of microcontrollers, robots can also take on day-to-day
tasks, such as mowing the lawn. The BASIC Stamp module inside the robotic
lawn mower shown in Figure 1-6 helps it stay inside the boundaries of the lawn,
and it also reads sensors that detect obstacles and controls the motors that make
it move.

Microcontrollers are also used in scientific, high technology, and

aerospace projects. The weather station is used to collect environmental data
related to coral reef decay. The BASIC Stamp module inside it gathers this data
from a variety of sensors and stores it for later retrieval by scientists. The
submarine in the center is an undersea exploration vehicle, and its thrusters,
cameras and lights are all controlled by BASIC Stamp microcontrollers. The
rocket shown on the right was part of a competition to launch a privately owned
rocket into space. Nobody won the competition, but this rocket almost made it!
The BASIC Stamp controlled just about every aspect of the launch sequence.

From common household appliances all the way through scientific and
aerospace applications, the microcontroller basics you will need to get started
on projects like these are introduced here. By working through the activities in
this book, you will get to experiment with and learn how to use a variety of
building blocks found in all these high-tech inventions. You will build circuits
for displays, sensors, and motion controllers. You will learn how to connect
these circuits to the BASIC Stamp 2 module, and then write computer programs
23
that make it control displays, collect data from the sensors, and control motion.
Along the way, you will learn many important electronic and computer
programming concepts and techniques. By the time you’re done, you might find
yourself well on the way to inventing a device of your own design.

Functional Block Diagram of the System.

CHAPTER-8
INTRODUCTION TO RELAYS
A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an
electrical current. The current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or
closing of another circuit. Relays are like remote control switches and are used
in many applications because of their relative simplicity, long life, and proven
high reliability. Relays are used in a wide variety of applications throughout
industry, such as in telephone exchanges, digital computers and automation
24
systems. Highly sophisticated relays are utilized to protect electric power
systems against trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and control
the generation and distribution of power. In the home, relays are used in
refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers, and heating and air-
conditioning controls. Although relays are generally associated with electrical
circuitry, there are many other types, such as pneumatic and hydraulic. Input
may be electrical and output directly mechanical, or vice versa.
8.1 WORKING OF RELAY
All relays contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, which is powered by
AC or DC current. When the applied current or voltage exceeds a threshold
value, the coil activates the armature, which operates either to close the open
contacts or to open the closed contacts. When a power is supplied to the coil, it
generates a magnetic force that actuates the switch mechanism. The magnetic
force is, in effect, relaying the action from one circuit to another. The first
circuit is called the control circuit; the second is called the load circuit.

25
Combined circuit diagram

CHAPTER-9

26
 WORKING DIAGRAM AND PRINCIPLE

Our project consist of vibration sensor, GSM modem, GPS modem, relay,
microcontroller. In this the vibration sensor senses when the accident occurs and
it actuates the relay. In this, the common is given by supply and when the sensor
is sensed the signal from the sensor is given to the op-amp in which its
amplified and then it’s given to the ULN driver and from it is given to the relay
as a ground , if the sensor senses then the signal is send to the controller through
the relay and the latitude & longitude from the GPS modem is received to the
controller and if the controller gets the signal from the vibration sensor then it
sends the latitude and longitude to the operating center through the GSM
27
modem and the operating center consist of GIS in which if type the latitude and
longitude it will give the correct location and then call to the nearer ambulance
and they can reach the accident spot fastly and so can save the human life.

CHAPTER-10
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

28
10.1. APPLICATIONS
 Stolen vehicle recovery.
 Field service management.
 It is used for food delivery and car rental
 Companies.
 This system is very useful and secure for car owners.

10.2 ADVANTAGES
 It provides more security than other system.
 From the remote place we can access the system.
 By this we can position the vehicle in exact place.

CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION
Thus the proposed system provides a solution for the vehicle accident
information, if a vehicle gets accident, then the global positioning system (GPS)

29
modem gathers the latitude, longitude of the accident zone and sends to the
operating center through global system for mobile communication (GSM)
modem. So the operating center will receive the SMS within few seconds after
the accident occurs and the operating center consists of geographical
information system (GIS) which gives current position of the accident and then
the operating center will call to the nearby ambulance and gives the intimation
and so the human life can be saved.

REFERENCES
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, and Rolin D. McKinley
(2008) ‘The 8051 Micro Controller and Embedded Systems’, 2nd
Edition, Pearson Education Inc.

30
2. Petruzella, frank d., “Programmable logic controllers”, second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
3. Sawhney, A.K., “A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurement and
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