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Law Index
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2018-2019
2019
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The World Justice Project Rule The World Justice Project
of Law Index 2019®
Board of Directors: Shaikha Abdulla Al-Misnad, Kamel
The WJP Rule of Law Index 2019 report was Ayadi, William C. Hubbard, Hassan Bubacar Jallow,
prepared by the World Justice Project’s research Suet-Fern Lee, Mondli Makhanya, William H. Neukom,
team. The Index’s conceptual framework and John Nery, Ellen Gracie Northfleet, James R. Silkenat,
methodology were developed by Juan Carlos Botero, and Petar Stoyanov.
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Mark David Agrast, and Alejandro Ponce. Data
collection and analysis for the 2019 report was Directors Emeritus: President Dr. Ashraf Ghani
performed by Kate Adams, Alicia Evangelides, Emily Ahmadzai
Gray, Amy Gryskiewicz, Camilo Gutiérrez Patiño,
Matthew Harman, Alexa Hopkins, Ayyub Ibrahim, Officers: Mark D. Agrast, Vice President; Deborah
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Sarah Chamness Long, Rachel Martin, Jorge Morales, Enix-Ross, Vice President; William C. Hubbard,
Alejandro Ponce, Christine S. Pratt, Leslie Solís Chairman of the Board; Gerold W. Libby, General
Saravia, Rebecca Silvas, and Adriana Stephan, with Counsel and Secretary; J Vice President; William H.
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the assistance of Erin Campbell, Benjamin Carleton, Neukom, Founder and CEO; James R. Silkenat,
Aoife Croucher, Yearim de Leon, Patrick McDonell, Director and Treasurer.
David Alex Mejia, Monica Oves, Emma Poplack,
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Jessica Sawadogo, Alexander Trivella, Jennifer Executive Director: Elizabeth Andersen
VanRiper, Raven Venegas, and Melissa Wanyoike.
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Law Index
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2019
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Table of
Contents
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Section One About the WJP Rule of Law Index
05 Introduction
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06 Overview of Scores & Rankings
07 Features of the WJP Rule of Law Index
07 Defining the Rule of Law
G 10 Conceptual Framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index
11 Indicators of the WJP Rule of Law Index
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Section Two Scores & Rankings
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About the
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WJP Rule of
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Law Index
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Introduction
The World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index® 2019 is the latest report
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in an annual series measuring the rule on law based on the experiences
and perceptions of the general public and in-country experts worldwide.
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To be effective, rule of law development requires clarity about the
fundamental features that define the rule of law, as well as an adequate
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basis for its evaluation and measurement.
The WJP Rule of Law Index 2019 presents a portrait of the rule of law
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in 126 countries by providing scores and rankings based on eight
factors: constraints on government powers, absence of corruption,
open government, fundamental rights, order and security, regulatory
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The country scores and rankings for the WJP Rule of Law Index 2019
are derived from more than 120,000 household surveys and 3,800
expert surveys in 126 countries and jurisdictions. The Index is the
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world’s most comprehensive dataset of its kind and the only to rely
principally on primary data, measuring countries’ adherence to the rule
of law from the perspective of ordinary people and their experiences.
The Index is intended for a broad audience that includes policy makers,
civil society organizations, academics, citizens, and legal professionals,
among others. It is our hope that this diagnostic tool will help identify
countries’ strengths and weaknesses and encourage policy choices that
strengthen the rule of law within and across countries.
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Barbados 0.65 0.00 29 1 Macedonia, FYR 0.54 0.01 56 4
Belarus 0.52 0.00 66 2 Madagascar 0.43 -0.01 107 0
Belgium 0.79 0.02 14 1 Malawi 0.51 0.00 67 2
Belize 0.48 0.00 86 0 Malaysia 0.55 0.02 51 5
Benin 0.50 79 Mali 0.45 103
Bolivia 0.38 0.00 119 2 Mauritania 0.35 122
Bosnia & Herzegovina 0.53 0.00 60 1 Mauritius 0.61 37
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Botswana 0.59 0.01 44 4 Mexico 0.45 0.00 99 2
Brazil 0.53 -0.01 58 3 Moldova 0.49 0.00 83 0
Bulgaria 0.54 0.01 54 4 Mongolia 0.55 0.00 53 1
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
0.50
0.32
0.00
0.00
73
125
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Morocco
Mozambique
0.50
0.43
-0.01 74
108
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Global Global
Score Global Rank Score Global Rank
Country/Jurisdiction Score* Change* Rank Change† Country/Jurisdiction Score* Change* Rank Change†
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Features of the WJP Rule of Law Index Taken together, these two data sources provide current, original
The World Justice Project (WJP) developed the WJP Rule of Law information reflecting the experiences and perceptions of the
Index to serve as a quantitative tool for measuring the rule of general public in 126 countries worldwide.
law in practice. The Index’s methodology and comprehensive
Defining the Rule of Law
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definition of the rule of law are the products of intensive
consultation and vetting with academics, practitioners, and Effective rule of law reduces corruption, combats poverty and
community leaders from more than 100 countries and 17 disease, and protects people from injustices large and small. It
is the foundation for communities of justice, opportunity, and
professional disciplines. The scores and rankings of the eight
factors and 44 sub-factors of the Index draw from two sources
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of data collected by the WJP: and respect for fundamental rights. Traditionally, the rule of
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law has been viewed as the domain of lawyers and judges. But
1. A General Population Poll (GPP) conducted by everyday issues of safety, rights, justice, and governance affect
leading local polling companies, using a representative us all; everyone is a stakeholder in the rule of law.
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civil and commercial law, criminal justice, labor law, and reflects one aspect of the complex concept of the rule of law.
public health. 2 The WJP Rule of Law Index seeks to embody these outcomes
within a simple and coherent framework.
The WJP Rule of Law Index includes several features that set with the rule of law in their societies. The Index examines
it apart from other indices and make it useful for analysis practical, everyday situations, such as whether people
across a large number of countries: can access public services and whether a dispute among
neighbors can be resolved peacefully and cost-effectively by
Rule of Law in Practice an independent adjudicator.
The Index measures adherence to the rule of law by looking
at policy outcomes, such as whether people have access to New Data Anchored in Actual Experiences
courts or whether crime is effectively controlled. This stands The Index is the only comprehensive set of indicators on
in contrast to efforts that focus on the written legal code, the rule of law that is based on primary data. The Index’s
or the institutional means by which a society may seek to scores are built from the assessments of residents (1,000
achieve these policy outcomes. respondents per country) and local legal experts, which
ensure that the findings reflect the conditions experienced
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Comprehensive and Multi-Dimensional by actual people, including residents from marginalized
While other indices cover particular aspects of the rule of sectors of society.
law, such as absence of corruption or human rights, they
do not yield a full picture of the state of the rule of law. Culturally Competent
The WJP Rule of Law Index is the only global instrument that The Index has been designed to be applied in countries
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looks at the rule of law comprehensively. with vastly different social, cultural, economic, and political
systems. No society has ever attained—let alone sustained
Perspective of Ordinary People —a perfect realization of the rule of law. Every country
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The WJP Rule of Law Index puts people at its core. It looks faces the perpetual challenge of building and renewing the
at a country’s adherence to the rule of law from the structures, institutions, and norms that can support and
perspective of ordinary individuals and their experiences sustain a rule of law culture.
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The WJP Rule of Law Index captures adherence to the rule of the rule of law that focuses on formal, procedural rules, and a
law as defined by the WJP’s universal principles (see following “thick” conception that includes substantive characteristics, such
page) through a comprehensive and multi-dimensional set of as self-governance and various fundamental rights and freedoms.
outcome indicators, each of which reflects a particular aspect of Striking this balance between “thin” and “thick” conceptions of
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this complex concept. The theoretical framework linking these the rule of law enables the Index to apply to different types of
outcome indicators draws upon two main principles pertaining social and political systems, including those that lack many of the
to the relationship between the state and the governed. features that characterize democratic nations, while including
sufficient substantive characteristics to render the rule of law as
The first principle measures whether the law imposes limits more than a system of rules. The Index recognizes that a system
on the exercise of power by the state and its agents, as well of law that fails to respect core human rights guaranteed under
as individuals and private entities. This is measured in factors international law is at best “rule by law” and does not deserve to
one, two, three, and four of the Index. The second principle be called a rule of law system.
measures whether the state limits the actions of members of
society and fulfills its basic duties towards its population so that The rule of law affects all of us in our everyday lives. Although
the public interest is served, people are protected from violence, we may not be aware of it, the rule of law is profoundly
and all members of society have access to dispute settlement important—and not just for lawyers or judges. Every sector
and grievance mechanisms. This is measured in factors five, of society is a stakeholder in the rule of law. Below are a few
six, seven, and eight of the Index. Although broad in scope, this examples:
framework assumes very little about the functions of the state,
and when it does, it incorporates functions that are recognized Business Environment
by practically all societies, such as the provision of justice or the Imagine an investor seeking to commit resources abroad.
guarantee of order and security. She would probably think twice before investing in a country
where corruption is rampant, property rights are ill-defined,
The resulting set of indicators is also an effort to strike a balance and contracts are difficult to enforce. Uneven enforcement of
between what scholars call a “thin” or minimalist conception of regulations, corruption, insecure property rights, and ineffective
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means to settle disputes undermine legitimate business and Public Health & Environment
deter both domestic and foreign investment. Consider the implications of pollution, wildlife poaching, and
deforestation for public health and the environment. What
Public Works would happen if a company were pouring harmful chemicals
Consider the bridges, roads, or runways we traverse daily—or into a river in a highly populated area and the environmental
the offices and buildings in which we live, work, and play. What inspector ignored these actions in exchange for a bribe?
would happen if building codes governing design and safety were Adherence to the rule of law is essential to holding governments,
not enforced or government officials and contractors used low- businesses, civil society organizations, and communities
quality materials in order to pocket the surplus? Weak regulatory accountable for protecting public health and the environment.
enforcement and corruption decrease the security of physical
infrastructure and waste scarce resources, which are essential to
a thriving economy.
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Four Universal Principles of the Rule of Law
The rule of law is a framework of laws and institutions that embodies four universal principles:
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1. Accountability 2. Just Laws 3. Open Government 4. Accessible & Impartial
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Dispute Resolution
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The government as well The laws are clear, The processes by which Justice is delivered
as private actors are publicized, stable, and the laws are enacted, timely by competent,
accountable under the just; are applied evenly; administered, and ethical, and independent
law. and protect fundamental enforced are accessible, representatives and
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2.1 Government officials in the executive branch do not use public office for private gain
2.2 Government officials in the judicial branch do not use public office for private gain
2.3 Government officials in the police & the military do not use public office for private gain
Absence of
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Corruption 2.4 Government officials in the legislative branch do not use public office for private gain
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Government 3.4 Complaint mechanisms
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Informal Justice and the Rule of Law
The conceptual framework of the Index includes a ninth factor on informal justice that is not included in the Index’s aggregate
scores and rankings. Informal justice systems often play a large role in countries where formal legal institutions are weak,
remote, or perceived as ineffective. For this reason, the WJP has devoted significant effort to collecting data on informal
justice in a dozen countries. Nonetheless, the complexities of these systems and the difficulties of systematically measuring
their fairness and effectiveness make cross-country assessments extraordinarily challenging.
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Factor 1: Constraints on Government Powers Factor 2: Absence of Corruption
1.1 Government powers are effectively limited by the legislature 2.1 Government officials in the executive branch do not use public
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Measures whether legislative bodies have the ability in office for private gain
practice to exercise effective checks on and oversight of Measures the prevalence of bribery, informal payments,
the government. and other inducements in the delivery of public services
and the enforcement of regulations. It also measures
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1.2 Government powers are effectively limited by the judiciary whether government procurement and public works
Measures whether the judiciary has the independence contracts are awarded through an open and competitive
and the ability in practice to exercise effective checks on bidding process, and whether government officials
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the government. at various levels of the executive branch refrain from
embezzling public funds.
1.3 Government powers are effectively limited by independent
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auditing and review 2.2 Government officials in the judicial branch do not use public
Measures whether comptrollers or auditors, as well office for private gain
as national human rights ombudsman agencies, have Measures whether judges and judicial officials refrain
sufficient independence and the ability to exercise from soliciting and accepting bribes to perform duties
effective checks on and oversight of the government. or expedite processes, and whether the judiciary and
judicial rulings are free of improper influence by the
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1.4 Government officials are sanctioned for misconduct government, private interests, and criminal organizations.
Measures whether government officials in the executive,
legislature, judiciary, and the police are investigated, 2.3 Government officials in the police & the military do not use
prosecuted, and punished for official misconduct and public office for private gain
other violations. Measures whether police officers and criminal
investigators refrain from soliciting and accepting bribes
1.5 Government powers are subject to non-governmental checks to perform basic police services or to investigate crimes,
Measures whether an independent media, civil society and whether government officials in the police and
organizations, political parties, and individuals are free the military are free of improper influence by private
to report and comment on government policies without interests or criminal organizations.
fear of retaliation.
2.4 Government officials in the legislative branch do
1.6 Transition of power is subject to the law not use public office for private gain
Measures whether government officials are elected or Measures whether members of the legislature refrain
appointed in accordance with the rules and procedures from soliciting or accepting bribes or other inducements
set forth in the constitution. Where elections take in exchange for political favors or favorable votes on
place, it also measures the integrity of the electoral legislation.
process, including access to the ballot, the absence of
intimidation, and public scrutiny of election results.
3.1 Publicized laws & government data pre-trial detention. It also measures whether criminal
Measures whether basic laws and information on legal suspects are able to access and challenge evidence
rights are publicly available, presented in plain language, used against them, whether they are subject to abusive
and made accessible in all languages. It also measures treatment, and whether they are provided with adequate
the quality and accessibility of information published legal assistance. In addition, it measures whether the basic
by the government in print or online, and whether rights of prisoners are respected once they have been
administrative regulations, drafts of legislation, and high convicted of a crime.
court decisions are made accessible to the public in a
timely manner. 4.4 Freedom of opinion & expression is effectively guaranteed
Measures whether an independent media, civil society
3.2 Right to information organizations, political parties, and individuals are free
Measures whether requests for information held by a to report and comment on government policies without
government agency are granted, whether these requests fear of retaliation.
are granted within a reasonable time period, if the
information provided is pertinent and complete, and 4.5 Freedom of belief & religion is effectively guaranteed
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if requests for information are granted at a reasonable Measures whether members of religious minorities
cost and without having to pay a bribe. It also measures can worship and conduct religious practices freely and
whether people are aware of their right to information, publicly, and whether non-adherents are protected
and whether relevant records are accessible to the public from having to submit to religious laws.
upon request.
4.6 Freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy
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3.3 Civic participation is effectively guaranteed
Measures the effectiveness of civic participation Measures whether the police or other government
mechanisms, including the protection of the freedoms officials conduct physical searches without warrants,
of opinion and expression, assembly and association, or intercept electronic communications of private
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and the right to petition the government. It also individuals without judicial authorization.
measures whether people can voice concerns to various
government officers, and whether government officials 4.7 Freedom of assembly & association is
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provide sufficient information and notice about decisions effectively guaranteed
affecting the community. Measures whether people can freely attend community
meetings, join political organizations, hold peaceful
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Factor 6: Regulatory Enforcement 7.5 Civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delay
Measures whether civil justice proceedings are
6.1 Government regulations are effectively enforced conducted and judgments are produced in a timely
Measures whether government regulations, such manner without unreasonable delay.
as labor, environmental, public health, commercial,
and consumer protection regulations are effectively 7.6 Civil justice is effectively enforced
enforced. Measures the effectiveness and timeliness of the
enforcement of civil justice decisions and judgments in
6.2 Government regulations are applied & enforced without practice.
improper influence
Measures whether the enforcement of regulations is 7.7 Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms are
subject to bribery or improper influence by private accessible, impartial, & effective
interests, and whether public services, such as the Measures whether alternative dispute resolution
issuance of permits and licenses and the administration mechanisms (ADRs) are affordable, efficient, enforceable,
of public health services, are provided without bribery and free of corruption.
or other inducements.
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6.3 Administrative proceedings are conducted without Factor 8: Criminal Justice
unreasonable delay
Measures whether administrative proceedings at 8.1 Criminal investigation system is effective
the national and local levels are conducted without Measures whether perpetrators of crimes are effectively
unreasonable delay. apprehended and charged. It also measures whether
police, investigators, and prosecutors have adequate
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6.4 Due process is respected in administrative proceedings resources, are free of corruption, and perform their
Measures whether the due process of law is respected duties competently.
in administrative proceedings conducted by national
and local authorities in issue areas such as the
environment, taxes, and labor.
G 8.2 Criminal adjudication system is timely & effective
Measures whether perpetrators of crimes are effectively
prosecuted and punished. It also measures whether
6.5 The government does not expropriate without criminal judges and other judicial officers are competent
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lawful process & adequate compensation and produce speedy decisions.
Measures whether the government respects the
property rights of people and corporations, refrains 8.3 Correctional system is effective in reducing criminal behavior
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from the illegal seizure of private property, and provides Measures whether correctional institutions are secure,
adequate compensation when property is legally respect prisoners’ rights, and are effective in preventing
expropriated. recidivism.
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Scores
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Rankings
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Rule of Law
Around the World
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
Overall Global
Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank
Denmark 0.90 1
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Norway 0.89 2
Finland 0.87 3
Sweden 0.85 4
Netherlands 0.84 5
Germany 0.84 6
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Austria 0.82 7
New Zealand 0.82 8
Canada 0.81 9
Estonia
Australia
0.81
0.80
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United Kingdom 0.80 12 Overall Global
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Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank
Singapore 0.80 13
Belgium 0.79 14 Croatia 0.61 42
Japan 0.78 15 Grenada 0.60 43
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Overall Global
Overall Global Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank
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Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank
Sierra Leone 0.45 98
Peru 0.51 70
Mexico 0.45 99
Albania 0.51 71
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Ukraine 0.50 77
Nigeria 0.43 106
Serbia 0.50 78
Madagascar 0.43 107
Benin 0.50 79
Mozambique 0.43 108
Colombia 0.50 80
Turkey 0.42 109
Vietnam 0.49 81
Myanmar 0.42 110
China 0.49 82
Angola 0.41 111
Moldova 0.49 83
Bangladesh 0.41 112
El Salvador 0.48 84
Uganda 0.40 113
Kyrgyzstan 0.48 85
Nicaragua 0.40 114
Belize 0.48 86
Honduras 0.40 115
Ecuador 0.48 87
Zimbabwe 0.40 116
Russia 0.47 88
Pakistan 0.39 117
Lebanon 0.47 89
Ethiopia 0.39 118
Philippines 0.47 90
Bolivia 0.38 119
Tanzania 0.47 91
Cameroon 0.37 120
Zambia 0.47 92
Egypt 0.36 121
Cote d'Ivoire 0.46 93
Mauritania 0.35 122
Uzbekistan 0.46 94
Afghanistan 0.35 123
Dominican Republic 0.46 95
Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.33 124
Guatemala 0.46 96
Cambodia 0.32 125
Liberia 0.46 97
Venezuela 0.28 126
New Zealand 1/15 0.82 8/126 0.00 1 Indonesia 9/15 0.52 62/126 0.00 4
Australia 2/15 0.80 11/126 0.00 1 Thailand 10/15 0.50 76/126 0.00 1
Singapore 3/15 0.80 13/126 0.00 0 Vietnam 11/15 0.49 81/126 -0.01 2
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Japan 4/15 0.78 15/126 -0.01 1 China 12/15 0.49 82/126 -0.01 2
Hong Kong SAR, China 5/15 0.77 16/126 0.00 0 Philippines 13/15 0.47 90/126 0.00 3
Republic of Korea 6/15 0.73 18/126 0.01 2 Myanmar 14/15 0.42 110/126 0.00 0
Malaysia 7/15 0.55 51/126 0.02 5 Cambodia 15/15 0.32 125/126 0.00 0
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Country/Jurisdiction
Regional
Rank
Overall
Score*
Global
Rank
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Change
in Overall
Score*
Change
in Global
Rank† Country/Jurisdiction
Regional
Rank
Overall
Score*
Global
Rank
Change
in Overall
Score*
Change
in Global
Rank†
Georgia 1/13 0.61 41/126 0.00 0 Serbia 8/13 0.50 78/126 0.00 2
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Macedonia, FYR 2/13 0.54 56/126 0.01 4 Moldova 9/13 0.49 83/126 0.00 0
Bosnia & Herzegovina 3/13 0.53 60/126 0.00 1 Kyrgyzstan 10/13 0.48 85/126 0.00 2
Kazakhstan 4/13 0.52 65/126 0.00 2 Russia 11/13 0.47 88/126 0.00 6
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Belarus 5/13 0.52 66/126 0.00 2 Uzbekistan 12/13 0.46 94/126 0.00 2
Albania 6/13 0.51 71/126 0.00 0 Turkey 13/13 0.42 109/126 0.01 2
Ukraine 7/13 0.50 77/126 0.00 4
Uruguay 1/30 0.71 23/126 0.00 1 Panama 16/30 0.52 64/126 0.00 0
Costa Rica 2/30 0.69 24/126 0.00 0 Suriname 17/30 0.51 69/126 0.00 3
Chile 3/30 0.68 25/126 0.01 2 Peru 18/30 0.51 70/126 -0.02 7
Barbados 4/30 0.65 29/126 0.00 1 Guyana 19/30 0.50 75/126 0.00 2
St. Kitts & Nevis 5/30 0.65 30/126 -0.01 2 Colombia 20/30 0.50 80/126 -0.01 3
Antigua & Barbuda 6/30 0.63 33/126 0.00 1 El Salvador 21/30 0.48 84/126 0.00 0
St. Vincent & the Belize 22/30 0.48 86/126 0.00 0
7/30 0.62 35/126 0.01 3
Grenadines
Ecuador 23/30 0.48 87/126 0.01 3
St. Lucia 8/30 0.61 38/126 -0.01 3
Dominican Republic 24/30 0.46 95/126 0.00 0
Bahamas 9/30 0.61 39/126 0.01 3
Guatemala 25/30 0.46 96/126 0.02 5
Grenada 10/30 0.60 43/126 -0.01 4
Mexico 26/30 0.45 99/126 0.00 2
Dominica 11/30 0.59 45/126 -0.01 1
Nicaragua 27/30 0.40 114/126 -0.03 4
Argentina 12/30 0.58 46/126 0.00 3
Honduras 28/30 0.40 115/126 0.00 1
Jamaica 13/30 0.56 50/126 -0.01 0
Bolivia 29/30 0.38 119/126 0.00 2
Trinidad & Tobago 14/30 0.54 55/126 -0.02 4
Venezuela 30/30 0.28 126/126 -0.01 0
Brazil 15/30 0.53 58/126 -0.01 3
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EU & EFTA & North America
(European Union, European Free Trade Association, and North America)
Denmark 1/24 0.90 1/126 0.01 0 Czech Republic 13/24 0.73 19/126 -0.01 2
Norway 2/24 0.89 2/126 0.01 0 United States 14/24 0.71 20/126 -0.02 1
Finland 3/24 0.87 3/126 0.00 0 Spain 15/24 0.71 21/126 0.01 2
Sweden 4/24 0.85 4/126 -0.01 0 Portugal 16/24 0.71 22/126 -0.01 1
Netherlands 5/24 0.84 5/126 -0.01 0 Slovenia 17/24 0.67 26/126 0.00 0
Germany 6/24 0.84 6/126 0.00 0 Poland 18/24 0.66 27/126 -0.01 2
Austria 7/24 0.82 7/126 0.01 1 Italy 19/24 0.65 28/126 0.01 3
Canada 8/24 0.81 9/126 0.00 0 Romania 20/24 0.64 31/126 -0.01 2
Estonia 9/24 0.81 10/126 0.01 2 Greece 21/24 0.62 36/126 0.01 4
United Kingdom 10/24 0.80 12/126 -0.01 1 Croatia 22/24 0.61 42/126 0.00 4
Belgium 11/24 0.79 14/126 0.02 1 Bulgaria 23/24 0.54 54/126 0.01 4
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France 12/24 0.73 17/126 0.00 1 Hungary 24/24 0.53 57/126 -0.01 4
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United Arab Emirates 1/8 0.64 32/126 0.00 0 Morocco 5/8 0.50 74/126 -0.01 3
Jordan 2/8 0.57 49/126 -0.03 4 Lebanon 6/8 0.47 89/126 0.00 3
Tunisia
Algeria
3/8
4/8
0.53
0.51
61/126
72/126
G-0.01
4
Iran
Egypt
7/8
8/8
0.45
0.36
102/126
121/126
-0.03
0.00
16
0
South Asia
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Change Change Change Change
Regional Overall Global in Overall in Global Regional Overall Global in Overall in Global
Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Rank Score* Rank† Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Rank Score* Rank†
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Nepal 1/6 0.53 59/126 0.00 2 Bangladesh 4/6 0.41 112/126 0.00 1
Sri Lanka 2/6 0.52 63/126 0.00 1 Pakistan 5/6 0.39 117/126 0.00 1
India 3/6 0.51 68/126 -0.01 3 Afghanistan 6/6 0.35 123/126 0.00 0
Sub-Saharan Africa
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Senegal 2/20 0.55 52/126 Niger 12/20 0.44 104/126
Nepal 3/20 0.53 59/126 Guinea 13/20 0.44 105/126
Malawi 4/20 0.51 67/126 Madagascar 14/20 0.43 107/126
Burkina Faso 5/20 0.50 73/126 Mozambique 15/20 0.43 108/126
Benin 6/20 0.50 79/126 Uganda 16/20 0.40 113/126
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Tanzania 7/20 0.47 91/126 Zimbabwe 17/20 0.40 116/126
Liberia 8/20 0.46 97/126 Ethiopia 18/20 0.39 118/126
Sierra Leone 9/20 0.45 98/126 Afghanistan 19/20 0.35 123/126
Togo 10/20 0.45
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100/126 Congo, Dem. Rep. 20/20 0.33 124/126
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
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Upper Middle Income
Upper Upper
Middle Middle
Income Overall Global Income Overall Global
Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Rank
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Jordan 11/38 0.57 49/126 Ecuador 30/38 0.48 87/126
Jamaica 12/38 0.56 50/126 Russia 31/38 0.47 88/126
Malaysia 13/38 0.55 51/126 Lebanon 32/38 0.47 89/126
Bulgaria 14/38 0.54 54/126 Dominican Republic 33/38 0.46 95/126
Macedonia, FYR 15/38 0.54 56/126 Guatemala 34/38 0.46 96/126
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Brazil 16/38 0.53 58/126 Mexico 35/38 0.45 99/126
Bosnia & Herzegovina 17/38 0.53 60/126 Iran 36/38 0.45 102/126
Kazakhstan 18/38 0.52 65/126 Turkey 37/38 0.42 109/126
Belarus 19/38 0.52
G
66/126 Venezuela 38/38 0.28 126/126
High Income
R
High High
Income Overall Global Income Overall Global
BA
Estonia 10/38 0.81 10/126 St. Kitts & Nevis 29/38 0.65 30/126
Australia 11/38 0.80 11/126 United Arab Emirates 30/38 0.64 32/126
United Kingdom 12/38 0.80 12/126 Antigua & Barbuda 31/38 0.63 33/126
Hong Kong SAR, China 16/38 0.77 16/126 Argentina 35/38 0.58 46/126
France 17/38 0.73 17/126 Trinidad & Tobago 36/38 0.54 55/126
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places.
ED
New Zealand 0.85 7 Vietnam 0.45 92
Poland 0.58 50
Canada 0.85 8 Dominican Republic 0.45 93
Senegal 0.58 51
Austria 0.84 9 Mozambique 0.45 94
Croatia 0.58 52
Estonia 0.84 10 Myanmar 0.45 95
Georgia 0.57 53
United Kingdom 0.84 11 Bosnia & Herzegovina 0.45 96
Trinidad & Tobago 0.57 54
O
Australia 0.83 12 Madagascar 0.44 97
Guyana 0.57 55
Belgium 0.83 13 Afghanistan 0.43 98
Brazil 0.56 56
Portugal 0.79 14 Moldova 0.43 99
Burkina Faso
0.56
0.55
57
58
Kazakhstan 0.43 100
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
22
Absence of Corruption
Factor 2 measures the absence of corruption in government. The factor considers three forms of corruption: bribery, improper
influence by public or private interests, and misappropriation of public funds or other resources. These three forms of corruption
are examined with respect to government officers in the executive branch, the judiciary, the military, police, and the legislature.
For a further breakdown of Absence of Corruption by sub-factor, please refer to page 11.
ED
New Zealand 0.87 7 Jamaica 0.54 49 El Salvador 0.40 91
Hong Kong SAR, China 0.84 9 Namibia 0.53 51 Dominican Republic 0.39 93
O
Germany 0.82 12 Suriname 0.51 54 Benin 0.38 96
Estonia 0.80 15
G
Turkey 0.48 57 Mozambique 0.37 99
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
ED
New Zealand 0.81 7 Mauritius 0.54 50 Honduras 0.42 92
O
France 0.79 12 Dominican Republic 0.51 55 St. Kitts & Nevis 0.41 97
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
24
Fundamental Rights
Factor 4 recognizes that a system of positive law that fails to respect core human rights established under international law is at
best “rule by law,” and does not deserve to be called a rule of law system. Since there are many other indices that address human
rights, and as it would be impossible for the Index to assess adherence to the full range of rights, this factor focuses on a relatively
modest menu of rights that are firmly established under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and are most closely related
to rule of law concerns. For a further breakdown of Fundamental Rights by sub-factor, please refer to page 12.
Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor
Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank
ED
Belgium 0.84 7 Albania 0.61 49 Algeria 0.48 91
O
New Zealand 0.80 12 Trinidad & Tobago 0.59 54 Cote d'Ivoire 0.46 96
St. Kitts & Nevis 0.72 26 Brazil 0.55 68 Cameroon 0.39 110
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
ED
United Arab Emirates 0.91 7 Dominica 0.76 50 Brazil 0.65 92
Canada 0.91 8 Guinea 0.75 51 Ethiopia 0.64 93
Uzbekistan 0.91 9 Kyrgyzstan 0.75 52 Peru 0.64 94
Hungary 0.91 10 Bahamas 0.75 53 Lebanon 0.64 95
Czech Republic 0.90 11 Iran 0.75 54 Turkey 0.63 96
O
Austria 0.90 12 Italy 0.74 55 Tunisia 0.63 97
Estonia 0.89 13 France 0.74 56 El Salvador 0.63 98
Slovenia 0.89 14 St. Vincent & the Dominican Republic 0.63 99
0.74 57
Germany 0.89 15
Togo
G
Grenadines
0.74 58
Ecuador 0.62 100
New Zealand 0.89 16 Burkina Faso 0.62 101
Namibia 0.73 59
Sweden 0.88 17 Mozambique 0.62 102
R
Ukraine 0.73 60
Australia 0.87 18 Argentina 0.62 103
Belize 0.73 61
Poland 0.86 19 Jamaica 0.62 104
Greece 0.72 62
BA
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
26
Regulatory Enforcement
Factor 6 measures the extent to which regulations are fairly and effectively implemented and enforced. Regulations, both legal
and administrative, structure behaviors within and outside of the government. This factor does not assess which activities a
government chooses to regulate, nor does it consider how much regulation of a particular activity is appropriate. Rather, it
examines how regulations are implemented and enforced. For a further breakdown of Regulatory Enforcement by sub-factor,
please refer to page 13.
Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor
Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank
ED
Germany 0.85 7 Kyrgyzstan 0.45 92
Mali 0.54 50
Austria 0.84 8 Vietnam 0.45 93
Morocco 0.54 51
Finland 0.84 9 Lebanon 0.44 94
Jamaica 0.54 52
Hong Kong SAR, China 0.82 10 Niger 0.44 95
Tunisia 0.53 53
United Kingdom 0.82 11 Uzbekistan 0.44 96
Malaysia 0.53 54
O
Australia 0.81 12 Albania 0.44 97
Argentina 0.52 55
Belgium 0.81 13 Liberia 0.43 98
Cote d'Ivoire 0.52 56
Canada 0.81 14 Guinea 0.43 99
Algeria
Estonia 0.79 15
G
Dominica
0.52
0.52
57
58
Nigeria 0.43 100
Japan 0.78 16 Tanzania 0.43 101
Brazil 0.52 59
France 0.77 17 Zambia 0.43 102
R
Panama 0.51 60
Republic of Korea 0.73 18 Ukraine 0.42 103
Trinidad & Tobago 0.51 61
United States 0.73 19 Uganda 0.42 104
Bahamas 0.51 62
BA
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
ED
Estonia 0.80 7 Greece 0.58 49 Zimbabwe 0.46 91
O
Hong Kong SAR, China 0.77 12 Bulgaria 0.56 54 Turkey 0.45 96
St. Kitts & Nevis 0.75 16 Iran 0.55 58 Albania 0.44 100
Antigua & Barbuda 0.66 25 Cote d'Ivoire 0.52 67 Nicaragua 0.41 109
United Arab Emirates 0.66 26 El Salvador 0.51 68 Sierra Leone 0.41 110
Costa Rica 0.62 37 Nigeria 0.48 79 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.36 121
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
28
Criminal Justice
Factor 8 evaluates a country’s criminal justice system. An effective criminal justice system is a key aspect of the rule of law, as it
constitutes the conventional mechanism to redress grievances and bring action against individuals for offenses against society. An
assessment of the delivery of criminal justice should take into consideration the entire system, including the police, lawyers, pros-
ecutors, judges, and prison officers. For a further breakdown of Criminal Justice by sub-factor, please refer to page 13.
ED
Germany 0.78 7 Jamaica 0.50 49 Trinidad & Tobago 0.35 91
O
Australia 0.73 12 Belarus 0.48 54 Madagascar 0.34 96
.40 & Below .41 – .50 .51 – .60 .61 – .70 .71 – .80 .81 & Above
* Scores are rounded to two decimal places. weaker adherence to the rule of law stronger adherence to the rule of law
ED
Country
O
Profiles
G
R
BA
EM
ED
Macedonia, FYR Income Group: Upper Middle
Section 1: Displays the country’s overall rule of law score; Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank
its overall global, income, and regional ranks; and its change
Constraints on
0.54 2/13 15/38 56/126 Government
Powers
8.7 1.1 1.2
O
7.5 3.1
6.3 4.4
Civil Justice
Criminal Justice
0.48
0.57
0.47
6/13
3/13
4/13
24/38
15/38
17/38
77/126
52/126
56/126
Regulatory
Enforcement
6.1
5.3
5.2
Order and
Security
5.1 4.8
4.7
4.6
Fundamental
Rights
each of the sub-factors that compose the WJP Rule of Law 1.1 0.59 4.1 0.61 7.1 0.62
Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability
Index. 1.2
Limits by judiciary
0.38 4.2
Right to life & security
0.64 7.2
No discrimination
0.65
BA
purple bar and labeled at the end of the bar. The average 1.5
Non-governmental checks
0.49 4.5
Freedom of religion
0.71 7.5
No unreasonable delay
0.53
line. The average score of the country’s income group is Section 4: Presents the individual sub-factor scores
Absence of Corruption
4.7
Freedom of association
0.59 7.7
Impartial & effective ADRs
0.72
edge of the circle marks the best possible score for each
3.4
Complaint mechanisms
0.45 6.3
No unreasonable delay
0.49
sub-factor (1).
6.4 0.42
Respect for due process
6.5 0.54
No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
32
Region: South Asia
Afghanistan Income Group: Low
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.40 4/6 16/20 108/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.35 6/6 19/20 122/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.38 6/6 19/20 119/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.28 6/6 18/20 119/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.61 2/13 12/38 49/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.44 10/13 33/38 97/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.44 13/13 33/38 100/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.47 5/13 19/38 58/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.48 4/8 31/38 91/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.52 5/8 14/38 57/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.55 3/8 17/38 56/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.43 3/8 22/38 71/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.38 26/30 25/30 113/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 22/30 23/30 109/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.44 19/30 18/30 98/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.35 19/30 18/30 93/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.69 7/30 29/38 31/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.58 6/30 32/38 37/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.66 3/30 24/38 25/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.56 7/30 30/38 35/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.70 6/30 27/38 28/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.52 11/30 34/38 55/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.58 11/30 31/38 47/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.45 14/30 36/38 61/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.79 2/15 13/38 13/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.81 4/15 12/38 12/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.76 6/15 14/38 14/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.73 3/15 12/38 12/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.85 5/24 5/38 5/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.84 6/24 8/38 8/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.78 8/24 10/38 10/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.80 5/24 5/38 5/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.66 9/30 31/38 34/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.51 16/30 37/38 62/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.58 12/30 34/38 50/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.62 1/30 24/38 24/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.33 6/6 28/30 119/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 4/6 21/30 105/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.39 4/6 23/30 114/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 5/6 20/30 103/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.74 3/30 20/38 21/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.62 4/30 27/38 29/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.65 5/30 26/38 28/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.58 3/30 27/38 29/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.47 9/13 32/38 94/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.50 3/13 18/38 65/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.60 1/13 11/38 43/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.48 3/13 16/38 54/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.84 7/24 7/38 7/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.81 9/24 13/38 13/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.76 9/24 15/38 15/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.72 10/24 14/38 14/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.49 26/30 28/38 88/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 26/30 36/38 110/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.50 19/30 26/38 73/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 19/30 31/38 99/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.56 9/30 4/20 61/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.51 10/30 4/20 64/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.38 28/30 18/20 116/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.44 10/30 6/20 68/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.47 27/30 12/30 93/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.40 27/30 25/30 112/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.35 29/30 28/30 123/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.21 29/30 30/30 125/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.59 4/13 14/38 53/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 4/13 22/38 71/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.51 7/13 25/38 71/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.50 2/13 14/38 50/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.58 7/30 15/38 58/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.60 2/30 3/38 32/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.60 5/30 9/38 41/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.57 1/30 5/38 34/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.55 21/30 22/38 68/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.52 13/30 16/38 59/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.55 14/30 18/38 57/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.35 17/30 29/38 94/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.60 23/24 13/38 51/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.54 23/24 11/38 49/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.56 22/24 16/38 54/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.45 24/24 20/38 62/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.57 8/30 3/20 59/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.46 12/30 7/20 88/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.46 17/30 9/20 92/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.47 7/30 2/20 59/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.35 13/15 27/30 117/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.29 15/15 29/30 124/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.23 15/15 30/30 126/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.25 15/15 29/30 124/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.39 24/30 22/30 110/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.41 23/30 24/30 111/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.39 27/30 24/30 115/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.28 28/30 26/30 118/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.83 9/24 9/38 9/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.81 10/24 14/38 14/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.70 12/24 20/38 20/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.73 9/24 11/38 11/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.73 4/30 23/38 24/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.65 3/30 24/38 25/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.63 6/30 29/38 34/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.57 6/30 29/38 33/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.32 14/15 36/38 121/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.48 10/15 25/38 78/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.54 9/15 20/38 60/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.47 9/15 18/38 57/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.53 23/30 24/38 74/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.50 17/30 19/38 67/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.48 22/30 30/38 81/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.33 22/30 35/38 106/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.37 28/30 18/20 116/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.37 27/30 17/20 119/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.36 29/30 20/20 121/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.27 30/30 20/20 122/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.78 1/30 1/38 18/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.68 2/30 1/38 24/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.62 7/30 6/38 37/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.55 8/30 6/38 36/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.46 18/30 13/30 96/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.52 9/30 6/30 56/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.52 9/30 6/30 67/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 13/30 13/30 82/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.65 22/24 34/38 39/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.55 22/24 33/38 44/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.58 20/24 32/38 48/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.51 22/24 34/38 48/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.78 13/24 15/38 15/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.70 14/24 21/38 21/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.70 13/24 21/38 21/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.70 12/24 18/38 18/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.92 2/24 2/38 2/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.90 1/24 1/38 1/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.87 1/24 1/38 1/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.83 2/24 2/38 2/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.64 11/30 7/38 41/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.52 12/30 15/38 58/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.59 10/30 14/38 46/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.55 9/30 7/38 37/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.56 17/30 17/38 62/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.39 29/30 37/38 114/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.43 24/30 35/38 104/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 20/30 32/38 100/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.49 25/30 27/38 86/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 19/30 21/38 70/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.48 21/30 29/38 80/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.35 18/30 30/38 95/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.29 7/8 30/30 125/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.35 8/8 28/30 121/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.38 8/8 25/30 117/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.41 6/8 10/30 76/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.52 24/30 9/30 76/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 20/30 8/30 74/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.51 16/30 7/30 68/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.29 26/30 25/30 117/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.83 10/24 10/38 10/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.79 11/24 15/38 15/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.80 6/24 7/38 7/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.71 11/24 16/38 16/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.29 30/30 20/20 124/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.36 28/30 18/20 120/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.41 25/30 16/20 111/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.33 23/30 14/20 104/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.92 1/24 1/38 1/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.84 7/24 9/38 9/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.80 7/24 8/38 8/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.84 1/24 1/38 1/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.74 15/24 19/38 20/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.77 12/24 17/38 17/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.71 11/24 19/38 19/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.63 15/24 22/38 22/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.62 1/13 2/30 48/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.56 1/13 1/30 42/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.54 5/13 4/30 62/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.52 1/13 1/30 46/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.85 6/24 6/38 6/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.85 5/24 7/38 7/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.86 3/24 3/38 3/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.78 6/24 7/38 7/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.64 3/30 1/30 42/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.55 5/30 3/30 45/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.62 4/30 1/30 39/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.49 6/30 3/30 53/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.66 20/24 32/38 36/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.59 20/24 31/38 34/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.58 21/24 33/38 49/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.51 21/24 33/38 47/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.63 12/30 9/38 44/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.58 8/30 7/38 39/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.62 8/30 7/38 38/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.50 13/30 15/38 51/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.55 19/30 20/38 66/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 25/30 35/38 108/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.37 28/30 37/38 120/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.32 23/30 36/38 109/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.52 14/30 10/20 80/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 17/30 11/20 99/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.41 23/30 14/20 108/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.31 26/30 17/20 111/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.56 18/30 19/38 65/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.46 22/30 30/38 86/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.53 15/30 21/38 65/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 15/30 25/38 78/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.41 28/30 20/30 107/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.40 28/30 26/30 113/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.41 25/30 21/30 107/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.26 28/30 28/30 123/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.66 6/15 30/38 33/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.82 3/15 10/38 10/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.77 4/15 12/38 12/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.71 5/15 15/38 15/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.58 24/24 37/38 56/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.47 24/24 38/38 82/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.46 24/24 38/38 93/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.48 23/24 35/38 55/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.53 3/6 8/30 75/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.48 3/6 10/30 76/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.45 3/6 17/30 97/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.40 3/6 11/30 77/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.52 8/15 10/30 82/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.55 7/15 2/30 43/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.44 13/15 20/30 102/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.37 12/15 15/30 86/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.25 8/8 38/38 126/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.48 6/8 26/38 79/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.55 4/8 19/38 58/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.42 5/8 24/38 75/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.73 17/24 24/38 25/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.59 19/24 30/38 33/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.56 23/24 36/38 55/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.64 14/24 21/38 21/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.63 13/30 10/38 45/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.54 10/30 12/38 52/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.51 17/30 23/38 69/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.50 12/30 13/38 49/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.78 3/15 17/38 17/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.78 5/15 16/38 16/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.79 2/15 9/38 9/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.74 2/15 10/38 10/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.49 3/8 26/38 83/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.58 2/8 5/38 36/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.63 2/8 4/38 32/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.58 2/8 2/38 28/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.46 10/13 33/38 95/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.51 2/13 17/38 63/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.59 2/13 12/38 44/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.44 7/13 21/38 69/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.46 20/30 17/30 101/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.46 13/30 13/30 89/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.47 12/30 12/30 83/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 15/30 14/30 84/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.49 8/13 11/30 84/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.45 8/13 15/30 92/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.49 10/13 10/30 77/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.31 13/13 21/30 112/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.52 2/8 25/38 81/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.44 7/8 32/38 94/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.44 7/8 34/38 103/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 8/8 26/38 80/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.52 12/30 8/20 78/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 16/30 10/20 98/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.44 20/30 11/20 101/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.32 25/30 16/20 108/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.57 5/13 16/38 60/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.48 6/13 24/38 77/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.57 3/13 15/38 52/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.47 4/13 17/38 56/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.47 17/30 13/20 92/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.35 29/30 20/20 123/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.40 26/30 17/20 112/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 20/30 11/20 96/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.59 6/30 2/20 55/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.45 14/30 8/20 91/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.54 8/30 3/20 64/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.45 8/30 3/20 64/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.48 10/15 30/38 90/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.53 8/15 13/38 54/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.60 7/15 10/38 42/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.54 7/15 9/38 41/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.54 10/30 6/20 72/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.54 8/30 3/20 50/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.43 22/30 13/20 106/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.28 29/30 19/20 121/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.39 25/30 24/30 112/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.26 30/30 30/30 125/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.32 30/30 29/30 124/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.30 27/30 23/30 114/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.64 2/30 6/38 40/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.63 1/30 2/38 28/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.63 2/30 5/38 33/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.53 4/30 11/38 44/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.54 22/30 23/38 73/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.46 23/30 31/38 87/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.40 27/30 36/38 113/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.29 25/30 37/38 115/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.54 7/13 7/30 71/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 13/13 22/30 107/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.47 11/13 14/30 87/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 11/13 19/30 97/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.58 7/15 4/30 57/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 9/15 9/30 75/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.54 8/15 2/30 59/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.50 8/15 2/30 52/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.46 6/8 16/30 100/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.54 3/8 4/30 51/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.54 5/8 5/30 63/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 7/8 12/30 79/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.42 23/30 15/20 106/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.38 24/30 14/20 115/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.46 15/30 7/20 90/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 21/30 12/20 98/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.31 15/15 29/30 123/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.46 13/15 12/30 85/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.36 14/15 27/30 122/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.29 14/15 24/30 116/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.66 1/30 5/38 37/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.58 3/30 4/38 35/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.66 1/30 1/38 24/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.54 3/30 8/38 40/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.54 1/6 5/20 69/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.50 1/6 5/20 66/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.47 2/6 6/20 86/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.44 2/6 5/20 66/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.84 8/24 8/38 8/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.86 3/24 4/38 4/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.86 2/24 2/38 2/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.76 7/24 8/38 8/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.80 1/15 12/38 12/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.85 2/15 5/38 5/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.78 3/15 11/38 11/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.72 4/15 13/38 13/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.39 29/30 23/30 111/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.45 24/30 14/30 90/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.41 26/30 22/30 109/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.28 27/30 27/30 120/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.49 15/30 11/20 85/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.44 15/30 9/20 95/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.43 21/30 12/20 105/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 22/30 13/20 102/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.46 19/30 15/30 99/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 18/30 18/30 100/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.48 10/30 11/30 79/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.43 12/30 8/30 72/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.90 3/24 3/38 3/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.87 2/24 2/38 2/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.85 4/24 4/38 4/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.83 3/24 3/38 3/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.38 5/6 26/30 114/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.38 5/6 27/30 116/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.38 5/6 26/30 118/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.35 4/6 17/30 92/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.62 15/30 35/38 47/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.51 14/30 35/38 60/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.49 20/30 37/38 78/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.31 24/30 38/38 110/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.63 14/30 11/38 46/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.50 18/30 20/38 68/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.46 23/30 31/38 89/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.33 21/30 34/38 105/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.42 12/15 19/30 105/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.47 12/15 11/30 83/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.44 12/15 19/30 99/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.31 13/15 22/30 113/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.66 21/24 33/38 38/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.62 18/24 28/38 30/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.64 18/24 28/38 31/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.61 17/24 25/38 25/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.79 12/24 14/38 14/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.64 16/24 25/38 26/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.69 14/24 22/38 22/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.60 18/24 26/38 26/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.74 4/15 21/38 22/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.73 6/15 18/38 18/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.77 5/15 13/38 13/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.71 6/15 17/38 17/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.70 19/24 2/38 29/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.57 21/24 8/38 40/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.64 16/24 3/38 29/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.57 19/24 4/38 32/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.45 11/13 34/38 104/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 5/13 23/38 72/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.52 6/13 22/38 66/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.34 12/13 33/38 101/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.52 11/30 7/20 77/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.57 4/30 1/20 41/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.63 3/30 1/20 35/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.55 2/30 1/20 39/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.60 5/30 1/20 52/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.55 6/30 2/20 46/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.56 7/30 2/20 53/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.45 9/30 4/20 65/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.56 6/13 18/38 63/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.47 7/13 28/38 81/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.50 9/13 27/38 74/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 8/13 27/38 81/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.52 13/30 9/20 79/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.37 26/30 16/20 118/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.41 24/30 15/20 110/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.36 18/30 10/20 90/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.69 5/15 28/38 30/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.87 1/15 3/38 3/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.83 1/15 5/38 5/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.78 1/15 6/38 6/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.73 16/24 22/38 23/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.64 17/24 26/38 27/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.63 19/24 30/38 36/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.55 20/24 31/38 38/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.64 4/30 8/38 43/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.55 7/30 9/38 47/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.59 6/30 13/38 45/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.52 5/30 12/38 45/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.78 14/24 16/38 16/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.68 15/24 23/38 23/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.67 15/24 23/38 23/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.66 13/24 20/38 20/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.54 2/6 6/30 70/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 2/6 7/30 69/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.47 1/6 13/30 85/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.45 1/6 5/30 63/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.72 5/30 25/38 26/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.61 5/30 29/38 31/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.75 1/30 16/38 16/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.57 4/30 28/38 30/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.66 10/30 4/38 35/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.58 7/30 6/38 38/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.66 4/30 2/38 27/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.57 5/30 3/38 31/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.68 8/30 3/38 32/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.54 9/30 10/38 48/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.61 9/30 8/38 40/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.60 2/30 1/38 27/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.55 20/30 21/38 67/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.47 21/30 29/38 84/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.51 18/30 24/38 70/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.53 11/30 10/38 43/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.86 4/24 4/38 4/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.85 4/24 6/38 6/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.81 5/24 6/38 6/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.81 4/24 4/38 4/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.45 21/30 14/20 102/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 19/30 12/20 101/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.48 11/30 4/20 82/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 14/30 7/20 83/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.48 9/15 29/38 89/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.48 11/15 27/38 80/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.49 10/15 28/38 76/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.42 11/15 23/38 74/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.49 16/30 12/20 87/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.49 11/30 6/20 73/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.47 13/30 5/20 84/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.36 17/30 9/20 89/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.59 16/30 36/38 54/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.51 15/30 36/38 61/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.58 13/30 35/38 51/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.35 16/30 37/38 91/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.56 1/8 5/30 64/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.53 4/8 5/30 53/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.49 6/8 9/30 75/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.43 4/8 9/30 73/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.32 13/13 37/38 122/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 12/13 34/38 106/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.45 12/13 32/38 96/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.38 9/13 28/38 85/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.38 27/30 17/20 115/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 21/30 13/20 104/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.45 18/30 10/20 95/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.33 24/30 15/20 107/126
ED
Fundamental Rights 0.61 3/13 3/30 50/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 11/13 20/30 103/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.54 4/13 3/30 61/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.37 10/13 16/30 87/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.46 5/8 38/38 98/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.72 1/8 20/38 20/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.66 1/8 25/38 26/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.67 1/8 19/38 19/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.82 11/24 11/38 11/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.82 8/24 11/38 11/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.73 10/24 18/38 18/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.75 8/24 9/38 9/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.72 18/24 26/38 27/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.73 13/24 19/38 19/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.64 17/24 27/38 30/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.63 16/24 23/38 23/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.76 2/30 18/38 19/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.69 1/30 22/38 22/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.75 2/30 17/38 17/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.54 10/30 32/38 42/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.39 12/13 21/30 109/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.44 9/13 17/30 96/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.51 8/13 8/30 72/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.44 6/13 6/30 67/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.33 30/30 35/38 120/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.20 30/30 38/38 126/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.28 30/30 38/38 125/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.14 30/30 38/38 126/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.46 11/15 14/30 97/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.45 14/15 16/30 93/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.45 11/15 16/30 94/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.46 10/15 4/30 60/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.45 22/30 18/30 103/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 20/30 19/30 102/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.47 14/30 15/30 88/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.43 11/30 7/30 70/126
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Fundamental Rights 0.35 29/30 19/20 118/126 7.1 4.1
6.5 4.2
6.3 4.4
6.2 4.5
Regulatory Enforcement 0.38 25/30 15/20 117/126 6.1 4.6
Regulatory 5.3 4.7
Enforcement
5.2 5.1 4.8 Fundamental
Civil Justice 0.46 16/30 8/20 91/126 Rights
Order and
O
Security
Criminal Justice 0.37 16/30 8/20 88/126
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Behind the
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Numbers
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The production of the WJP Rule of Law Index® can be summarized in 11 steps:
1 The WJP developed the conceptual framework summarized in the Index’s nine factors
and 47 sub-factors, in consultation with academics, practitioners, and community leaders
from around the world.
2 The Index team developed a set of five questionnaires based on the Index’s conceptual
framework to be administered to experts and the general public. Questionnaires were
translated into several languages and adapted to reflect commonly used terms and
expressions.
3 The Index team identified, on average, more than 300 potential local experts per country
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to respond to the QRQs and engaged the services of leading local polling companies to
implement the household surveys.
4 Polling companies conducted pilot tests of the GPP in consultation with the Index team,
and launched the final survey for full fieldwork.
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5 The Index team sent the questionnaires to local experts and engaged in continual
interaction with them. G
6 The Index team collected and mapped the data onto the 44 sub-factors with
global comparability.
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7 The Index team constructed the final scores using a five-step process:
a. Codified the questionnaire items as numeric values
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8 The data were subject to a series of tests to identify possible biases and errors. For
example, the Index team cross-checked all sub-factors against more than 70 third-party
sources, including quantitative data and qualitative assessments drawn from local and
international organizations.
9 A sensitivity analysis was conducted by the Econometrics and Applied Statistics Unit of
the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with the Index team,
to assess the statistical reliability of the results.
10 To illustrate whether the rule of law in a country significantly changed over the course
of the past year, a measure of change over time was produced based on the annual
difference in the country-level factor scores, the standard errors of these scores
(estimated from a set of 100 bootstrap samples), and the results of the corresponding
t-tests.
11 The data were organized into country reports, tables, and figures to facilitate their
presentation and interpretation. For tables organized by income group, the WJP follows
the World Bank income classifications.
160
Methodology remaining countries in future editions of the Index. Depending
The WJP Rule of Law Index is the first attempt to systematically on the particular situation of each country, one of three different
and comprehensively quantify the rule of law around the world polling methodologies is used: face-to-face, telephone, or online.
and remains unique in its operationalization of rule of law The GPP is carried out in each country every other year. The
dimensions into concrete questions. The WJP Rule of Law Index polling data used in this year’s report were collected during the
2019 report presents information on eight composite factors fall of 2018 (for 71 countries), fall of 2017 (for 52 countries),
that are further disaggregated into 44 specific sub-factors (see the fall of 2016 (for two countries), and the fall of 2014 (for
page 10). Factor 9, Informal Justice, is included in the conceptual one country). Detailed information regarding the country
framework, but has been excluded from the aggregated scores coverage (cities covered or nationally representative), the polling
and rankings in order to provide meaningful cross-country companies contracted to administer the questionnaire, and the
comparisons. polling methodology employed in each of the 126 countries is
presented on page 164.
The country scores and rankings presented in this report are
built from more than 500 variables drawn from the assessments The QRQs complement the household data with assessments
of more than 120,000 households and 3,800 legal experts in 126 from in-country professionals with expertise in civil and
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countries and jurisdictions, making it the most accurate portrayal commercial law, criminal and constitutional law, labor law, and
of the factors that contribute to shaping the rule of law in a public health. These questionnaires gather timely input on a
country. range of topics from practitioners who frequently interact with
state institutions. Such topics include information on the efficacy
Data Sources of courts, the strength of regulatory enforcement, and the
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To present an image that accurately portrays the rule of law reliability of accountability mechanisms.
as experienced by ordinary people, each score of the Index is
The questionnaires contain closed-ended perception questions
calculated using a large number of questions drawn from two
original data sources collected by the World Justice Project in
G and several hypothetical scenarios with highly detailed
each country: a General Population Poll (GPP) and a series of factual assumptions aimed at ensuring comparability across
countries. The QRQ surveys are conducted annually, and the
R
Qualified Respondents’ Questionnaires (QRQs). These two data
sources collect up-to-date firsthand information that is not questionnaires are completed by respondents selected from
available at the global level, and constitute the world’s most directories of law firms, universities and colleges, research
BA
comprehensive dataset of its kind. They capture the experiences organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
and perceptions of ordinary citizens and in-country professionals as well as through referrals from the WJP global network of
concerning the performance of the state and its agents and the practitioners, and all are vetted by WJP staff based on their
actual operation of the legal framework in their country. expertise. The expert surveys are administered in five languages:
English, French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. The QRQ
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The GPP surveys provide firsthand information on the data for this report include more than 3,800 surveys, which
experiences and the perceptions of ordinary people regarding represents an average of 30 respondents per country. These data
a range of pertinent rule of law information, including their were collected from May 2018 through early November 2018.
dealings with the government, the ease of interacting with state
bureaucracy, the extent of bribery and corruption, the availability Data Cleaning and Score Computation
of dispute resolution systems, and the prevalence of common Once collected, the data are carefully processed to arrive at
crimes to which they are exposed. country-level scores. As a first step, the respondent level data
are edited to exclude partially completed surveys, suspicious
The GPP questionnaire includes 127 perception-based data, and outliers (which are detected using the Z-score method).
questions and 213 experience-based questions, along with Individual answers are then mapped onto the 44 sub-factors of
socio-demographic information on all respondents. The the Index (or onto the intermediate categories that make up each
questionnaire is translated into local languages, adapted to sub-factor), codified so that all values fall between 0 (weakest
common expressions, and administered by leading local polling adherence to the rule of law) and 1 (strongest adherence to the
companies using a probability sample of 1,000 respondents.3 rule of law), and aggregated at the country level using the simple
In previous editions of the Index, the poll has been conducted (or unweighted) average of all respondents.
in the three largest cities of each country. However, the World
Justice Project’s goal was to update its methodology to include This year, to allow an easier comparison across years, the
nationally representative polls. Towards this end, nationally resulting 2019 scores have been normalized using the Min-Max
representative polls were conducted in 55 countries this method with a base year of 2015. These normalized scores
year. Nationally representative polls will be conducted in the were then successively aggregated from the variable level all the
3
Due to small populations or obstacles to data collection in certain countries, the sampling plan was adjusted in some cases. One adjustment was to decrease the sample
size. For more information on specific countries and sample sizes, see pages 164-166.
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sources used to cross-check the Index scores are described in samples of respondent-level observations (of equal
Botero and Ponce (2011).4 size to the original sample) are randomly selected with
replacement for each country from the pooled set of
Methodological Changes to this Year’s Report respondents for last year and this year. These samples
Every year, the WJP reviews the methods of data collection are used to produce a set of 100 country-level scores
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to ensure that the information produced is valid, useful, and for each factor and each country, which are utilized to
continues to capture the status of the rule of law in the world. calculate the final standard errors. These errors—which
To maintain consistency with previous editions and to facilitate measure the uncertainty associated with picking a
tracking changes over time, this year’s questionnaires and data
G particular sample of respondents—are then employed
maps are closely aligned with those administered in the past. to conduct pair-wise t-tests for each country and each
factor.
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In order to improve the accuracy of the QRQ results and
reduce respondent burden, proactive dependent interviewing 3. Finally, to illustrate the annual change, a measure of
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techniques were used to remind respondents who participated in change over time is produced based on the value of the
last year’s survey of their responses in the previous year. annual difference and its statistical significance (at the
95 percent level).
This year, no new questions or indicators were added to the
Index. Overall, 100 percent of questions remained the same Strengths and Limitations
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between the 2017-2018 and 2019 editions of the Index. The Index methodology has both strengths and limitations. Among
A description of the variables is available at its strengths is the inclusion of both expert and household surveys
worldjusticeproject.org. to ensure that the findings reflect the conditions experienced
by the population. Another strength is that it approaches the
In a few instances, the WJP uses data from third-party sources measurement of rule of law from various angles by triangulating
to measure an element of the rule of law that is not possible information across data sources and types of questions. This
to measure through the GPP or QRQs. Out of more than 500 approach not only enables accounting for different perspectives
variables used to calculate the Index, 13 variables are from on the rule of law, but it also helps to reduce possible bias that
third-party sources. might be introduced by any other particular data collection
method. Finally, it relies on statistical testing to determine the
Tracking Changes Over Time significance of the changes in the factor scores over the last year.
This year’s report includes a measure to illustrate whether the
rule of law in a country, as measured through the factors of the With the aforementioned methodological strengths come a
WJP Rule of Law Index, changed since the previous year. This number of limitations. First, the data shed light on rule of law
measure is presented in the form of arrows and represents dimensions that appear comparatively strong or weak, but are not
a summary of rigorous statistical testing based on the use of specific enough to establish causation. Thus, it will be necessary
bootstrapping procedures (see below). For each factor, this to use the Index in combination with other analytical tools to
measure takes the value of zero (no arrow) if there was no provide a full picture of causes and possible solutions. Second,
statistically significant change in the score since last year, a in previous editions of the Index, the methodology has only
positive value (upward arrow) if there was a change leading to a been applied in three major urban areas in each of the indexed
statistically significant improvement in the score, and a negative countries for the General Population Poll. However, the World
4
Botero, J. and Ponce, A. (2011) “Measuring the Rule of Law”: WJP Working Paper No.1, available at worldjusticeproject.org/publications.
162
Justice Project’s goal was to update its methodology to include 3. Given the uncertainty associated with picking a
nationally representative polls. Towards this end, nationally particular sample of respondents, standard errors have
representative polls were conducted in 55 countries this year. been calculated using bootstrapping methods to test
Nationally representative polls will be conducted in the remaining whether the annual changes in the factor scores are
countries in future editions of the Index. Third, given the rapid statistically significant.
changes to the rule of law occurring in some countries, scores
for some countries may be sensitive to the specific points in time 4. Indices and indicators are subject to potential abuse
when the data were collected. To address this, the WJP is piloting and misinterpretation. Once released to the public, they
test methods of moving averages to account for short-term can take on a life of their own and be used for purposes
fluctuations. Fourth, the QRQ data may be subject to problems unanticipated by their creators. If data are taken out of
of measurement error due to the limited number of experts in context, it can lead to unintended or erroneous policy
some countries, resulting in less precise estimates. To address this, decisions
the WJP works constantly to expand its network of in-country
academic and practitioner experts who contribute their time and 5. Rule of law concepts measured by the Index may
expertise to this endeavor. Finally, due to the limited number of have different meanings across countries. Users are
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experts in some countries (which implies higher standard errors) encouraged to consult the specific definitions of
and the fact that the GPP is carried out in each country every the variables employed in the construction of the
other year (which implies that for some countries, some variables Index, which are discussed in greater detail in the
do not change from one year to another), it is possible that the methodology section of the WJP Rule of Law Index
test described above fails to detect small changes in a country’s website.
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situation over time.
6. The Index is generally intended to be used in
Other methodological considerations combination with other instruments, both quantitative
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A detailed presentation of the methodology, including a table and qualitative. Just as in the areas of health or
and description of the more than 500 variables used to construct economics, no single index conveys a full picture of a
the Index scores, is available at: worldjusticeproject.org and in country’s situation. Policy-making in the area of rule
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Botero, J. and Ponce, A. (2011) “Measuring the Rule of Law”: of law requires careful consideration of all relevant
WJP Working Paper No.1, available at: dimensions—which may vary from country to country
BA
governmental organizations (NGOs), and other constituencies Applied Statistics Unit of the European Commission’s
to assess a country’s adherence to the rule of law as perceived Joint Research Centre, confidence intervals have been
and experienced by the average person, identify a country’s calculated for all figures included in the WJP Rule of Law
strengths and weaknesses in comparison to similarly situated Index. These confidence intervals and other relevant
countries, and track changes over time. The Index has been considerations regarding measurement error are
designed to include several features that set it apart from other reported in Saisana and Saltelli (2015) and Botero and
indices and make it valuable for a large number of countries, thus Ponce (2011).
providing a powerful resource that can inform policy debates
both within and across countries. However, the Index’s findings The following pages (164-166) list the coverage and polling
must be interpreted in light of certain inherent limitations. methodology for the GPP in the 126 indexed countries and
jurisdictions.
1. The WJP Rule of Law Index does not identify priorities
for reform and is not intended to establish causation or
to ascertain the complex relationship among different
rule of law dimensions in various countries.
Afghanistan Nationally representative D3 Systems & ACSOR Surveys Face-to-face 3006 2018
Albania Nationally representative IDRA Research & Consulting Face-to-face 1000 2018
Antigua & Barbuda Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 513 2018
Bangladesh Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna Org-Quest Research Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 2016
ED
Barbados Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 513 2018
O
Benin Nationally representative Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1010 2018
Bosnia &
Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla Kantar TNS MIB Face-to-face 1000 2017
Herzegovina
Bulgaria Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna Alpha Research Ltd. Face-to-face 1001 2018
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso, Koudougou Kantar TNS Face-to-face 1029 2017
BA
Cambodia Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kampong Cham Indochina Research Face-to-face 1000 2014
Costa Rica San José, Cartago, Alajuela Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 561 2017
Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan, Bouaké, Daloa Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1011 2017
Congo, Dem. Rep. Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Mbuji-Mayi Kantar Public Senegal Face-to-face 1083 2018
Dominican Republic Nationally representative CID Latin America Face-to-face 1014 2018
Ecuador Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 703 2017
Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Gondar, Nazret Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1037 2017
164
Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year
Guinea Conakry, Nzerekore, Kankan Kantar Public Senegal Face-to-face 1065 2018
Honduras Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1100 2017
Indonesia Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung MRI (Marketing Research Indonesia) Face-to-face 1004 2017
ED
Iran Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan
MHA Research
Face-to-face 1010 2018
Jamaica Kingston, Portmore, Spanish Town Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 401 2017
O
Nationally representative Face-to-face 1000 2018
partner
Macedonia, FYR Skopje, Kumanovo, Bitola Ipsos dooel Skopje Face-to-face 1017 2017
Malawi Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1039 2017
Mexico Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey Data Opinión Pública y Mercados Face-to-face 1000 2017
Panama Panama City, San Miguelito, Las Cumbres Gallup Panamá Face-to-face 1000 2017
Serbia Belgrade, Novi Sad, Nis Ipsos Strategic Marketing d.o.o. Face-to-face 1002 2017
Sierra Leone Nationally representative Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1165 2018
ED
Slovenia Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje Ipsos d.o.o. Face-to-face 1006 2017
South Africa Nationally representative Quest Research Services Face-to-face 1014 2018
Sri Lanka Colombo, Kaduwela, Maharagama Kantar LMRB Face-to-face 1010 2017
St. Kitts & Nevis Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 500 2018
O
St. Lucia Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 500 2018
Tanzania Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1037 2018
R
Thailand Bangkok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Udon Thani Infosearch Limited Face-to-face 1000 2018
Tunisia Big Tunis, Sfax, Sousse BJKA Consulting Face-to-face 1001 2017
Uganda Kampala, Nansana, Kira Kantar Public East Africa Face-to-face 1062 2018
Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Hai Phong Indochina Research (Vietnam) Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 2017
Zambia Lusaka, Kitwe, Chipata Intraspace Market Consultancy Ltd. Face-to-face 1014 2017
166
Contributing Experts
The WJP Rule of Law Index 2019 was made possible by the generous contributions of academics and practitioners who contributed
their time and expertise. The names of those experts wishing to be acknowledged individually are listed below.
This report was also made possible by the work of the polling companies who conducted fieldwork, and the thousands of individuals
who have responded to the General Population Poll around the world.
Afghanistan Albana Fona Nawel Lahouel Nelson Silva María Eugenia Montero
LPA Law Firm Empresa Nacional de Seguros Hewlett Packard Enterprise
A. R. Rahimghiyasa Okba Lemdjed Bellabas de Angola
Brunilda Subashi Maria Gabriela Peralta
Abdul Hadi Zamani Universiteti Ismail Qemali Salima Aloui Orlando de Oliveira Buta
Al Mujahid Legal Services Vlorë Société d’Avocats Goussanem María Paola Trigiani
& Aloui Rosa Pedro Alfaro Abogados
Ahmad Jawad Dorant Ekmekçiu MWENHO
Afghan Civil Society Forum Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Yaya Farouk Martin Alejandro Bello
Organization Anonymous Contributors Pirovano & Bello Abogados
ED
Drini Hakorja Anonymous Contributors
Anicée Van Engeland Antigua & Barbuda Martín Langsam
Cranfield University Eglantina Biba Angola Universidad Isalud
Frost & Fire Consulting Kema Benjamin
Baryalai Hakimi Adelino Naquarta Marshall & Co. Mercedes Balado
Kabul University Enxhi Kallogjeri Bevilacqua
Frost & Fire Consulting Adolfo Rasoilo Stuart Alexander Lockhart MBB Balado Bevilacqua
Bentulhuda Yaqubi Stuart A. Lockhart Legal Abogados
O
Kabul University of Medical Gentiana Tirana Armindo Sá Silva Services
Sciences Sá Silva & Associados Mercedes Lorenzo
Gjergji Gjika Anonymous Contributors Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Bilal Ahmad Rahimi Gjika & Associates Barros Gaspar Simão
Kandahar University
Irv Vaso
G
Gabinete Legal Angola
Advogados
Argentina Nicolás Soler
Fulbright
Hashmat Khalil Nadirpor Kalo & Associates Adrián R. Tellas
LESPA Campos Domingos Omar Esteban Fornetti
R
Jonida Melani Braja Agostinho Alberto Gonzalez Torres A-M-Ch-C-F-RM
Khalid Massoudi Wolf Theiss CDA Baker McKenzie
Masnad Law Firm P. Eugenio Aramburu
Merita Gjorga Cássia Sousa Alberto Justo Giles PAGBAM
Khalid Sekander
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Oltjan Hoxholli Catarina Martins Neto Analia V. Durán Pablo Alejandro Pirovano
Mazhar Bangash LPA Law Firm Fernandes MBB Balado Bevilacqua Pirovano & Bello Abogados
RIAA Barker Gillette ADCA- Carvalho & Associados Abogados
Anonymous Contributors Rosa María Oller López
Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam Celmira Maria Domingos Andres Sanguinetti Estudio Jurídico Oller López &
Afghan Anti-Corruption Algeria Matias Da Silva Lenos Estudio Moltedo Asociados
Network Associada A Ordem Dos
EM
Abdelkader Zouaid Advogados de Angola Carlos María Ferrer Deheza Sandra S. Guillan
Mushtari Daqiq Estudio Ferrer Deheza De Dios & Goyena Abogados
Adnane Bouchaib Chilandissa Nilson Monteiro Consultores
Rahmanullah Shahab Claudio Jesús Santagati
Afghan Anglo Legal Amel Benredjal Correia Vicente Pongolola Defensoria General de Lomas Silvina Sesarego
CVP - Sociedade de de Zamora
Sanzar Kakar Badis Mendil Advogados, R.L. Soledad Espasandin
Afghanistan Holding Group Daniela Carrara Estudio Jurídico Curutchet -
Berbar Ababakrine Seddik Cristiano Santana Agostinho Universidad de Buenos Aires Odriozola
Sara Balagh Sanda Paciência
Kakar Advocates Chems-Eddine Hafiz CKA & Associados Dante Graña Anonymous Contributors
LPA-CGR Avocats Fundación Avedis Donabedian
Sayed Ramiz Husaini Domingos Ukwahali Chilala Australia
USP Cylia Moulai DUCEA - Sociedade de Diego Silva Ortiz
Advogados, R.L. Silva Ortiz, Alfonso, Pavic & Breen Creighton
Shahrzad Shamim Ghalem Omar Louge RMIT University
Shajjan & Associates E. Salesso Ribeiro
Karima Chalal Federico A. Borzi Cirilli Brendan Ashdown
Thomas Kraemer Cabinet d’Avocat Karima Edevaldo de Almeida Ceballos & Ceballos John Toohey Chambers
Kakar Advocates Chalal Augusto
Gustavo Ferrante David Hooke SC
Zabihullah Khaled Goussanem Elsa Tchicanha Allende Ferrante Abogados
CAHPO Société d’Avocats Goussanem Gabinete Legal Angola Edouard Tursan d’Espaignet
& Aloui Advogados Humberto Federico Rios University of Newcastle;
Zamira Saidi Estudio Rios Abogados University of New England
Shajjan & Associates Medafer Faiza Gilberto Pelinganga
Université d’Alger Lucila Escriña Esther Stern
Anonymous Contributors Hermenegildo Teotónio da Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Flinders University of South
Mohamed Sadek Djane Silva e Sousa Australia
Albania Hamed Mosaiko - Instituto para a Maria Eugenia Cantenys
Cidadania Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Fiona McDonald
Agron Alibali Nabil Mellah Australian Centre for Health
Frost & Fire Consulting UNOP Law Research
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Joseph A. Walker Md Khademul Islam Choyon Vital Kalyada
Merrilyn Walton Halsbury Chambers Sattar&Co. Alexey Korol VVK law
University of Sydney Stepanovski, Papakul and
Koren Debi Williams Md Salequzzaman Partners Vitali Nikanovich
Neil James Williams Fidulex Supreme Court of Bangladesh; EDU-HUB
Australia Defence Association The Legal Era Aliaksandr Dzerhachou
Nerissa A. Greene Human Rights Center “Spring” Yury Evgeny Razvodovsky
Nicholas Cowdery Halsbury Chambers Mir Shamsur Rahman International Academy of
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University of Sydney; University of Asia Pacific Aliaksei Kralko Sobriety
University of New South Ron O. Pinder Belarusian Medical Academy
Wales Muhammad Rashel Siddiqui of Postgraduate Education Anonymous Contributors
Sharanda Humes-Forbes Rashel’s Law Corner
Peter Cashman
University of Sydney
Shavon D. Bethel
G
S. H. Taskeen Emon
Anastasia Morgun
Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm
Belgium
Australian National University Shakina Akter Belorusian State University Freek Louckx
A. H. M. Belal Chowdhury Rahman’s Chambers Universiteit Antwerpen; Vrije
Veronica Taylor FM Associates Dmitry Kovalchik Universiteit Brussel
Australian National University Tanim Hussain Shawon Stepanovski, Papakul and
A. S. M. Alamgir Supreme Court of Bangladesh Partners Jean Jacqmain
Anonymous Contributors Institute of Epidemiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles
Disease Control and Research Tanvir Quader Dmitry Petrovich
Austria Vertex Chambers Jean-Marc Gollier
Ali Asif Khan Dmitry Semashko Eubelius
Clemens Egermann Law Firm Hossain & Khan Tanzeer Ahmad Stepanovski, Papakul and
Barnert Egermann Illigasch Associates Rahman’s Chambers Partners Jean-Michel Dogné
Rechtsanwälte GmbH Université de Namur
Badhan Roy Tasmiah Nuhiya Ahmed Elena Sapego
Gerhard Jarosch Rahman’s Chambers Bangladesh Institute of Law Stepanovski, Papakul and Jelle Janssens
Eurojust and International Affairs Partners Ghent University
Bilqis Amin Hoque
Ivo Greiter Environment and Population Anonymous Contributors Elena Sheleg Johan Put
Greiter Pegger Kofler & Research Centre Stepanovski, Papakul and University of Leuven
Partners Barbados Partners
Darras Abdullah Luk Delbrouck
Julian Feichtinger Tanjib Alam & Associates Andrew C. Ferreira Kanna Kostevich
CHSH Chancery Chambers International University Pascal Vanderveeren
Farhana Islam Khan MITSO
Karl Stoeger Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed & Andrew C. Greaves Patrick Henry
University of Graz Associates Kirill Tomashevski
Chester L. Sue International University Pieter De Koster
Manfred Ketzer Ferdausur Rahman Chester L. Sue & Co. MITSO Catholic University Leuven
Hausmaninger Kletter A.S & Associates
Denise Haynes Lada Maisenia Valerie Flohimont
Martin Reinisch Gazi Md Rokib Bin Hossain LuminLaw Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm Université de Namur
Brauneis Kluser Prändl The Legal Circle
Attorneys at Law Diana R. Douglin Maksim Maksimov Vincent Chiavetta
Ibtida Farhat Tropa ReginaLex Verkhovodko & Partners LLC LITIS S
A.S & Associates
168
Xavier Van Der Smissen Justin Y. Tossou Nicolás Soliz Peinado Mirjana Šarkinović Anonymous Contributors
PSI Salazar & Asociados
Yves Brulard Ognjen Riđić Brazil
DBB Justine Françoise Houzanme Raul A. Baldivia International University of
Réseau des ONG et Baldivia Unzaga & Asociados Sarajevo Abel Simão Amaro
Anonymous Contributors Associations des femmes Veirano Advogados
contre la féminisation du Rene Soria Saucedo Osman Sinanović
Belize VIH-Sida Boston University University of Tuzla Adriana L. S. Lamounier
Rodrigues
Adler G. L. Waight Lucien Dossou-Gbete Rodrigo Jimenez Cusicanqui Samil Ramić Universidade Federal de Minas
Barrow & Williams LLP Clinique Louis Pasteur Salazar & Asociados Municipal Court in Bugojno Gerais
Estevan Perera Marius W. de Jong Roger Marcelo Longaric Selma Mezetovic Medic Alexandre Fragoso Silvestre
Estevan Perera & Company Ministry of Foreign Affairs Saucedo University of Sarajevo Briganti Advogados
LLP Indacochea & Asociados
Nadine Dossou Sakponou Slaven Dizdar Alexandre Gustavo Melo
Marvin L. Manzanero Rosario Baptista Marić & Co. Law Firm Ltd. Franco de Moraes Bahia
Ministry of Health Ore Yewou Akotchiwa Universidade Federal de Ouro
Gisele Sandra Salinas Zijad Dzafic Preto
Rodwell R. A. Williams Université d’Abomey-Calavi C.R. & F. Rojas University of Tuzla
Barrow & Williams LLP Ana Paula Avila
Pierre Togbe Sergio Mario Reynolds Ruiz Zijad Hasić Universidade Federal do Rio
Ryan J. Wrobel Université d’Abomey-Calavi Bufete Reynolds Legal Advice Parliamentary Assembly of Grande do Sul
ED
Wrobel & Co. Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sadikou Ayo Alao Teddy Cuentas Bascopé Ana Paula de Barcellos
Tania Moody Gerddes Afrique Zinka Grbo Universidade do Estado do Rio
Barrow & Williams LLP Víctor Vargas Montaño University of Sarajevo de Janeiro
Anonymous Contributors Herrera & Abogados
Victor M. D. Lizarraga Sr. Anonymous Contributors André de Melo Ribeiro
UHS Bolivia Yerko Ilijic Crosa Dias Carneiro Advogados
Proyecto ACCESO, California Botswana
O
Wayne A. Piper Arletta Añez Valdez Western School of Law Beto Vasconcelos
Eisen Consultancy Abdool Rahim Khan
Carlos Gerke Siles Anonymous Contributors Rahim Khan & Co. Carlos Ayres
Anonymous Contributors Estudio Jurídico Gerke Maeda, Ayres e Sarubbi
Benin
Ernesto Rojas Cabrera
G
Bosnia & Herzegovina Bugalo Maripe
University of Botswana
Advogados
Universidad Mayor de San Adnan Duraković Carolina Dzimidas Haber
Adebiyi Adam Sadia Simón Cochabamba University of Zenica Buhle Ncube Defensoria Pública do Estado
R
RIFONGA LegalWise Botswana do Rio de Janeiro
Heidy María Sandoval Andrea Zubović-Devedžić
Adeloui Arsène-Joël Natusch CMS Reich-Rohrwig Heinz Edward Fashole Luke II Carolina Giesbrecht Forte
Université d’Abomey-Calavi Indacochea & Asociados Luke & Associates Korbage de Castro
Denis Pajić Korbage de Castro Sociedade
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Agathe Affougnon Ago Ivan Cáceres Ibañez University of Mostar Džemal Emmanuel Kagiso Jani de Advocacia
Barreau du Bénin Caceres & Asoc. Bijedić Tshekiso Ditiro & Jani Legal
Practice Chiavelli Facenda Falavigno
Aline Odje Ivan Lima Magne Emir Spaho Universidade de São Paulo
Centro de Estudios Sobre Law Office Spaho Joanne Robinson
Barnabe Georges Gbago Justicia y Participación Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company Cynthia Lessa Da Costa
Barreau du Bénin Enisa Mesic Universidade Federal de Juiz
EM
ED
Thiago Bottino Ministère de la Santé
Gerson Luiz Carlos Branco Marilia Bense Othero Fundação Getúlio Vargas Baimanai Angelain Poda
Universidade Federal do Rio University of São Paulo Anonymous Contributors
Grande do Sol Victor Hugo Criscuolo Boubacar Nacro
Matheus Cherulli Alcantara Boson Centre Hospitalier Cambodia
Guilherme Bier Barcelos Viana Universidade Federal de Minas Universitaire Sourô Sanou
Rossi, Maffini, Milman & Viana e Azevedo Advogados Gerais Billy Chia-Lung Tai
Grando Advogados Boubakar Toure
O
Mauricio Faragone Anonymous Contributors Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Fil Blando Tabayoyong, Jr.
Heloisa Estellita Faragone Advogados Ki-Zerbo; Centre Hospitalier Pannasatra University of
Fundação Getúlio Vargas Bulgaria Universitaire Yalgado Cambodia
Mauricio Maleck Coutinho Ouédraogo
Igor Parente
Shell Brasil Petróleo Ltda.
Michael Freitas Mohallem
G
Andrey Delchev
Andrey Delchev & Partners
Boukary Ouedraogo
Kit Touch
Community Legal Education
Fundação Getúlio Vargas Ministère de la Santé Center
Jéssica de Paula Bueno da Assen Vassilev
R
Silva Paulo Marcos Rodrigues Center for Economic Strategy Bruno Ki Long Kimheang
Universidade Federal de Ouro Brancher and Competitiveness Pathfinder International Housing Rights Task Force
Preto Pontifícia Universidade
Católica de São Paulo Atanas Slavov Etienne Seni Sia Phearum
José Ricardo dos Santos Luz Sofia University Cabinet FUTURJURIS Housing Rights Task Force
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de Janeiro
Pedro Freitas Ivan Marinov Hamidou Lamoussa Sopheap Suos
Leandro Bonini Farias Veirano Advogados Delchev & Partners Ouattara Housing Rights Task Force
Coutinho e Farias Sociedade SCPA Loyalty
de Advogados Rafael Maffini Ivelina Vassileva; Stefana Yun Mane
Rossi, Maffini, Milman & Tsekova Ilboudo G. Patrick
Lília Carvalho Finelli Grando Advogados; UFRGS Schoenherr Agence de Medecine Anonymous Contributors
Universidade Federal de Minas Preventive
Gerais Rafael Villac Vicente de Jenia Dimitrova Cameroon
Carvalho CMS Cameron McKenna Issoufou Tiendrebeogo
Luciano Feldens Peixoto & Cury Advogados Nabarro Olswang Association African Solidarité Alain Christian Bikoe
Pontifícia Universidade Centre Africain de Recherches
Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Raoni Macedo Bielschowsky Lachezar Raichev Judith Delwende Waongo sur les Politiques Energétiques
Universidade Federal de Penkov, Markov & Partners ADEP et Minières
Luis Eduardo Serra Netto Uberlândia
Duarte Garcia, Serra Netto Lidia Mladenova Georgieva Kassem Salam Sourwema Asibong Queenta
e Terra Raquel Betty de Castro Medical University, Sofia Université Ouaga II The Abeng Law Firm
Pimenta
Marcelo Guedes Nunes Tribunal Regional do Trabalho Momiana Guneva Koulika Arnaud Nikiema Benjamin Fomba Kamga
Pontifícia Universidade da 3ª Região Burgas Free University CREFAS Consulting Group Université de Yaoundé 2
Católica de São Paulo
Raquel Lima Scalcon Nikolai Hristov Küssome Paulin Somda Bérenger Yves Meuke
Marcia Mannheimer Humboldt Universität zu Medical University, Sofia Ministère de la Santé Boutchouang
Berlin SCPA Jurifis Consult
Marcia Vilapiano Gomes Pavel Petkov Mamadou Traoré
Primos Roberta de Freitas Campos Cabinet d’Avocats M.S.T Bethmba Yanou Nadine
Primos e Primos Advogados Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Peter Petrov Barreau du Cameroun
Yosifova, Ivanov & Petrov Moussa Ouedraogo
Marcio Caldas Rodrigo Giordano de Castro MADT Charles Harold Kooh
Caldas & Ricciardi Sociedade Peixoto & Cury Advogados Petko Salchev The Abeng Law Firm
de Advogados National Center of Public Nonkani Wendyam Gérard
Rodrigo Infantozzi Health and Analyses Ministère de la Santé Christian Aime Chofor Che
Government of Cameroon;
Olivier O. Yelkouny University of Pretoria
170
Epanty Mbanda Daniel M. Campbell Humberto Sánchez Pacheco Angela María Ruiz Sternberg Sonia Botero
D. Moukouri & Partners Law Cox & Palmer Defensoría Penal Pública Universidad del Rosario Universidad Libre
Firm
Fabien Gélinas Javier Soto Solís Carlos Andrés Gómez Anonymous Contributors
Hyacinthe Fansi McGill University Eyzaguirre & Cía. González
NFM Avocats Associés Universidad Jorge Tadeo Congo, Dem. Rep.
Finn Makela Jorge A. Canales González Lozano
Ismael Dongkeu Université de Sherbrooke Peralta & Gutiérrez Abogados Adonis Alphonse Bope
The Abeng Law Firm Carlos Arturo Toro Lopez RCP
Gaynor Roger Jorge Bofill Genzsch
Jean Joseph Claude Siewe Shibley Righton LLP Bofill Escobar Abogados Carolina Posada Isaacs Alain Mboko Iyeti
Siewe & Partners Law Firm Posse Herrera Ruiz Ministère de la Santé Publique
Jabeur Fathally Juan Enrique Vargas
Jean Stéphane Tang University of Ottawa Universidad Diego Portales David F. Varela Alexis Kumabuene Kinda
Mbembe Pontificia Universidad
The Abeng Law Firm Karen Busby Juan Pablo Cox Leixelard Javeriana Amani Cibambo
University of Manitoba Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Cabinet Amani
Jean-Aimé Kounga Eduardo Cárdenas
The Abeng Law Firm Lise Desmarais Luis Parada Dentons Cardenas & Cardenas Annie Bambe Cikunda
Université de Sherbrooke DLA Piper Forum pour les Droits des
John Morfaw Elizabeth Castillo Jeunes et Enfants au Congo
Strategic Development Michel W. Drapeau Manuel Jiménez Pfingsthorn Municipio de Santiago de Cali
Initiatives University of Ottawa Jara del Favero Abogados Centre d’Assistace Juridique
ED
Enrique Álvarez Posada
Joyce Nyamboli Nayha Acharya Manuel José Fernández B. Lloreda Camacho & Co. Charles L. Kitenge
Destiny Chambers Dalhousie University Coordination Médicale
María Inés Horvitz Lennon Guillermo Hernando Bayona Bralima
Justin Tentienu Njifack Patrick Essiminy Universidad de Chile Combariza
UNDP Stikeman Elliott Charles-Mugagga Mushizi
María Trinidad Cifuentes Gustavo Quintero Navas Bashushana
Laurence Djeutchou Mouafo Ram Sankaran Silva Universidad de los Andes Centre d’Echanges pour
O
NFM Avocats Associés Sharma Harsanyi Claro y Cía. des Réformes Juridiques et
Ignacio Santamaria Institutionnelles
Martin Kamako Thomas A. Cromwell Martín Besio Hernández Lloreda Camacho & Co.
Cabinet Kamako Borden Ladner Gervais LLP Universidad Diego Portales Cicéron Bulakio Mvuama
Nicaise Ibohn Bata
Ulisce Desmarais
G
Michele Daroch Sagredo
Joe Bonilla Gálvez
Muñoz Tamayo & Asociados
Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe
INB Law Firm Desmarais Desvignes Crespo Abdala & Cia. Abogados Didier Mukuna Kadima
s.e.n.c.r.l. Jorge Acosta-Reyes Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe
R
Njini Rose Futrih Ngong Patricio Morales Aguirre Universidad del Norte
Regional Hospital Bemenda Anonymous Contributors Estudio Jurídico Pérez Donoso Dieudonné Kaluba Dibwa
Jorge Andrés Amézquita Université de Kinshasa;
Noé Momha Chile Ramon Garcia Odgers Toro Cabinet Pr Grégoire Bakandeja
Cabinet Cameroun Audit Universidad Católica de la C3 Corporate Control of Crime & Associés
BA
ED
Anonymous Contributors Colegio de Abogados SCPA Sakho-Yapobi-Fofana Pavel Holec
Julien Iyamulemye Holec, Zuska & Partners
Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Costa Rica Rodrigo Oreamuno B. Tigby Junior Franck Wilfried
Facio & Cañas Radek Matouš
Kayembe Mutamba Joseph Alejandro Batalla Youan Gotre Jules Dvořák Hager & Partners
Ministère de la Santé Publique Ruben Hernandez Valle AMEPOUH
Ana Lucía Espinoza Blanco Universidad Costa Rica Stepan Holub
Kilomba Sumaili Adolphe Anonymous Contributors Holubova Advokati, S.R.O.
O
Congolese Centre for Anabelle López D. Sergio Amador
Transitional Justice Central Law Batalla Salto Luna Croatia Tomas Cihula
Kinstellar
Laurent Okuma Armando Alberto Guardia Wilberth Elías Montenegro Alan Soric
Justice for Victims of Congo
Sasso
Guardia & Cubero
G
Reyes
Bufete AG Legal
Soric & Tomekovic Dunda
Attorneys
Tomas Matejovsky
CMS Cameron McKenna
Lebrun Kembo Nabarro Olswang
Fondation Bongisa Mokili Arnoldo André Tinoco Anonymous Contributors Anita Krizmanic
R
Lexincorp Macesic & Partners LLC Veronika Prudlová
Liévin Kapend Cote d’Ivoire Poláček Tryznová & Prudlová
PNMLS Arturo Herrera Barquero Arsen Bacic
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Affeli Alla University of Split Vojtech Steininger
Lumbu Faila Carole Social Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire Hartmanova & Steininger
BA
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Morten Broberg Luis Julio Jiménez Ciro Pazmino Zurita Renato Enríquez Mármol Javier Aragón Vassiliu
University of Copenhagen Jiménez Cruz Peña P&P Abogados Armendáriz & Andino Central Law
Abogados
Nikolaj Juhl Hansen Magdalena Rathe Claudia Storini Javier Enrique Alfaro Varela
Magnusson Law Firm Fundación Plenitud Universidad Andina Simón Santiago Solines Moreno Espino Nieto & Asociados
Bolívar Solines & Asociados
Poul Hvilsted Manuel Colomé Jonathan Aaron Menjivar
Horten Law Firm Escuela de Salud Pública Clementina Pomar Anta Simón Dávalos Ochoa Herrera
Estudio Juridico Bustamante & González Peñaherrera & Central Law
Anonymous Contributors María Fernanda Pou Bustamante Asociados
Fernández Juan José Planas Carías
Dominica Raful Sicard & Polanco Diego Almeida Guzmán Tatiana Villacres Escuela Superior de Economía
Abogados Almeida Guzmán & Asociados Quantics Consulting Group y Negocios
Frank Walwyn
WeirFoulds LLP Mary Fernandez Rodriguez Elisa Morán Maldonado Anonymous Contributors Kelly Beatriz Romero
Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Aprec Abogados Rodríguez
Anonymous Contributors Fernández Egypt Nassar Abogados
Ernesto Albán Gómez
Dominican Republic Miguel Angel Duran Universidad Andina Simón Ibrahim Ahmad Laura Elizabeth Urrutia
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Haan
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Law University of Waikato
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Associados SP, RL Rui Tavares Correia Popovici Nițu Stoica &
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Scicences
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Anonymous Contributors Fischer & Schickendantz Venezuela
Renée M. Landers Alexander Marcano
United States Suffolk University Julio Iribarne Pla Montero Jaime Martínez Estévez
Ferrere Abogados Lawyers Group Rodner, Martínez & Asociados
Amy Widman
National Center for Access to
Ricks Frazier
Commonwealth of
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Julio Lens
Alfredo Romero
Javier Alfredo Villamizar
Justice Massachusetts LENS Foro Penal Gordon
Badell & Grau
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Andrea Boyack Robert J. Collins Julio Soffer Alvaro Badell Madrid
Washburn University University of Pennsylvania Julio Soffer Laws Badell & Grau Jesús Emiro González
Bethencourt
Ariana R. Levinson Sara Elizabeth Dill Magela Ramón Ana María Fonseca Colina Verdad Venezuela
University of Louisville Anethum Global Hughes & Hughes Pimentel Rauseo & Asociados
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Christopher David Ruiz Maria Lucia Acosta Carlos Alberto Henríquez Jorge París Mogna
Cameron Steven A. Ramirez Ferrere Abogados Salazar Odreman & Asociados
Southwestern Law School Loyola University Leĝa Abogados
Mariana Fernandez Fasciolo José Ignacio Hernández G.
David K. Y. Tang Timothy E. Dolan Posadas, Posadas & Vecino; Carlos Ricardo Pimentel Universidad Central de
K&L Gates LLP Policy Foresight Universidad de la Republica Rauseo Venezuela; Universidad
Pimentel Rauseo & Asociados Católica Andrés Bello
Eleanor D. Kinney Timothy Mackey Martín Fridman
Indiana University University of California San Ferrere Abogados Carlos Simón Bello Rengifo Juan Alberto Berríos
Diego Universidad Central de Ortigoza
Elise Groulx Diggs Martin Risso Ferrand Venezuela Universidad del Zulia
American Bar Center for Walsh; Reynolds; Crouse; Universidad Católica del
Human Rights; Doughty Street Anderson; Schneider; Uruguay Claudia Madrid Martínez Juan Carlos Garantón-
Chambers Green; Swartz; Thomas; Universidad Central de Blanco
Johnson Natalia Veloso Giribaldi Venezuela Universidad Católica Andrés
H. David Kelly, Jr. Attorneys Judicial Military Estudio Delpiazzo Abogados Bello
Beins, Axelrod, P.C. Mediators Consulting Team Daniela Guerra Cafoncelli
Nicolas Pallas Codhez Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo
James H. Pietsch Anonymous Contributors Posadas, Posadas & Vecino University for Peace, United
University of Hawaii Denkys A. Fritz Payares Nations
Uruguay Nicolas Pereyra Fritz & Vence, S.C.
John Hummel Leiva & Pereyra Abogados Juan José Niño Silverio
Deschutes County Oregon Alejandro Rey Jiménez de Diego Díaz Martín Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados
District Attorney Aréchaga Ricardo Mezzera VITALIS, A.C.
Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Mezzera Abogados Juan Manuel Raffalli
John Pollock Eduardo José Sánchez RDHOO Abogados
Public Justice Center Alfredo Taullard Richard R. Iturria Rivero
Hughes & Hughes Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados Leonel Alfonso Ferrer
John R. LaBar Rachetti Universidad Central de
Henry, McCord, Bean, Miller, Andrés Fuentes Edwin Romero Venezuela
Gabriel & LaBar, P.L.L.C. Arcia Storace Fuentes Medina Santiago Pereira Campos
Abogados Rueda Abadi Pereira; Eugenio Hernández-Bretón
Jonathan Hiatt Universidad de Montevideo Universidad Central de
Solidarity Center Venezuela
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Lolymar Hernández Anonymous Contributors Mulopa Ndalameta Philip Nyakutombwa
Camargo Musa Dudhia & Co. Nyakutombwa Legal Counsel
Universidad Católica Andrés Vietnam
Bello Nsama Sue Kwendeni- Ruvimbo Ruwona
An Hai Le Mayowe Nyahuma’s Law Golden Stairs
Luis Ortiz Alvarez Ministry of Health Chambers
InterJuris David Lam
Pamela Sibanda Mumbi Simplicio Mathew Bhebhe
Manuel A. Gomez V. Derek Phan Van Cong Danh Charles Siamutwa Legal Kantor & Immerman Legal
Florida International Le & Tran Practitioners Practitioners
University
Ha Duong Tiziana Marietta Tafara Goro
Marco Trivella VILAF Sharpe & Howard Legal Mbidzo, Muchadehama &
Escritorio Jurídico Navarro Practitioners Makoni Legal Practitioners
Catan & Asociados Ha Phan
Center for Promotion of Anonymous Contributors Tamuka Moyo
Maria Teresa Belandria Advancement of Society Tamuka Moyo Attorneys
Universidad Central de Zimbabwe
Venezuela Hannah Huynh Thi My Hanh Taurai Blessed Kativu
Le & Tran Andrew Makoni Kantor & Immerman Legal
Mario Brando Mbidzo Muchadehama & Practitioners
Participación Activa Hoàng Quốc Nhật Trung Makoni Legal Practitioners
Phuoc & Partners LLP Tawanda Tandi
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Mark A. Melilli Silva Archlove Takunda Kantor & Immerman Legal
Leĝa Abogados Huynh Thi Ngoc Hoa Tanyanyiwa Practitioners
KAV Lawyers Organizing for Zimbabwe
Mauricio Ramirez Gordon Tendai Faith Mataba
Fundación Verdad Venezuela Kent Wong Ashton Anderson Makore Wintertons Legal Practitioners
VCI Legal
Nathalie González Perez Brighton Mahuni Terence Hussein
Escritorio Juridico Rodriguez & Kieu Anh Vu Scanlen & Holderness Hussein Ranchhod & Co.
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Mendoza KAV Lawyers
Caroline Tandi Kudzai Valantine Mutatu
Nelson Chitty La Roche Le The Hung Midlands State University
Universidad Central de CNC Casper Pound
Venezuela
Manfred Otto
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Family Aids Support
Oragnisation
Wellington Chimwaradze
Unilever
Rafael E. Molina G. Duane Morris Vietnam LLC
Molina & Asociados Clever Bere Wilfred Njabulo Nunu
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Ngo Huu Nhi Zimbabwe Trust National University of Science
Rafael Olivar Thien An Law Office and Technology
Escritorio Jurídico Aguilarte y Dzinomwa Tariro
Asociados Nguyen Huu Phuoc National University of Science Anonymous Contributors
Phuoc & Partners LLP and Technology
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Academic Advisors Heller, Open Government Partnership; Uruena, Universidad de los Andes; Stefan
Mark David Agrast, American Society Vanessa Herringshaw, Transparency and Voigt, University of Hamburg; Barry
of International Law; Jose M. Alonso, Accountability Initiative; Susan Hirsch, Weingast, Stanford University; Michael
World Wide Web Foundation; Rolf Alter, George Mason University; Ronald Janse, Woolcock, The World Bank.
OECD; Eduardo Barajas, Universidad del University of Amsterdam Law School;
Rosario; Maurits Barendrecht, Tilburg Erik G. Jensen, Stanford University; Roland Abeng; Lukman Abdul-Rahim;
University; Tonu Basu, Open Government Haroon Khadim, PAE; Rachel Kleinfeld, Kate Adams; Mame Adjei; Priya
Partnership; Lowell Bergman, University Carnegie Endowment; Jack Knight, Duke Agarwal-Harding; Mariam Ahmed; Lina
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of California, Berkeley; Tim Besley, University; Harold H. Koh, Yale University; Alameddine; Sarah Alexander; Jessica
London School of Economics; Christina Margaret Levi, Stanford University; Iris Álvarez; Erica Jaye Ames; Rose Karikari
Biebesheimer, The World Bank; Juan Litt, Stanford University; Clare Lockhart, Anang; Evelyn Ankumah; Jassim Alshamsi;
Carlos Botero, Pontificia Universidad The Institute for State Effectiveness; Jessica Álvarez; Lindsay Aramayo-Lipa;
Javeriana; Paul Brest, Stanford University; Zsuzsanna Lonti, OECD; Diego Lopez, Amanda Arcaya; Ekaterina Baksanova;
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Jose Caballero, IMD Business School; Universidad de los Andes; William T. Loris, Hamud M. Balfas; Laila El Baradei; Sophie
David Caron, Kings College, London; Loyola University; Lauren E. Loveland, Barral; April Baskin; Ivan Batishchev;
Thomas Carothers, Carnegie Endowment;
Marcela Castro, Universidad de los Andes;
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National Democratic Institute (NDI); Paul
Maassen, Open Government Partnership;
Rachael Beitler; Laurel Bellows; Ayzada
Bengel; Dounia Bennani; Clever Bere;
Peter Chapman, Open Society Justice Beatriz Magaloni, Stanford University; Loveridge Bere; Rindala Beydoun; Karan
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Initiative (OSJI); Eduardo Cifuentes, Jenny S. Martinez, Stanford University; K. Bhatia; Rebecca Billings; Eric C. Black;
Universidad de los Andes; Sherman Toby McIntosh, FreedomInfo.org; Toby Cherie Blair; Rob Boone; Juan Manuel
Cohn, Georgetown University; Christine Mendel, Centre for Law and Democracy; Botero; Oussama Bouchebti; Raúl
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M. Cole, Crime & Justice Institute; Nicholas Menzies, The World Bank; Izurieta Mora Bowen; Ariel Braunstein;
Mariano-Florentino Cuellar, Stanford Ghada Moussa, Cairo University; Sam Kathleen A. Bresnahan; Michael Brown;
University; Helen Darbishire, Access Info Muller, HiiL; Robert L. Nelson, American Susanna Brown; William R. Brownfield;
Europe; Nicolas Dassen, Inter-American Bar Foundation and Northwestern David Bruscino; Josiah Byers; Carolina
Development Bank; Larry Diamond, University; Alfonsina Peñaloza, Hewlett Cabrera; Abigail Cameron; Ted Carrol;
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Stanford University; Claudia J. Dumas, Foundation; Harris Pastides, University of Javier Castro De León; John Catalfamo;
Transparency International USA; Sandra South Carolina; Randal Peerenboom, La Fahima Charaffeddine; David Cheyette;
Elena, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Trobe University and Oxford University; Nabiha Chowdhury; Sophie Clark; Jose
Humanos; Brad Epperly, University Angela Pinzon, Universidad del Rosario; Cochingyan, III; Kate Coffey; Sonkita
of South Carolina; Julio Faundez, Pascoe Pleasence, University College Conteh; Barbara Cooperman; Hans
Warwick University; Hazel Feigenblatt, London; Shannon Portillo, George Mason Corell; Adriana Cosgriff; Annette Coto;
Global Integrity; Todd Foglesong, University; Michael H. Posner, New York Ana Victoria Cruz; Alexander E. Davis;
Munk School of Global Affairs at the University; Roy L. Prosterman, University Beth Davis; Néstor de Buen; Bryce de
University of Toronto; Tom Ginsburg, of Washington; Anita Ramasastry, Flamand; James P. DeHart; Brackett
University of Chicago; Joseph Foti, University of Washington; Mor Rubinstein, B. Denniston, III; Russell C. Deyo;
Open Government Partnership; James Open Knowledge Foundation; Angela Surya Dhungel; Adama Dieng; Andrew
Goldston, Open Society Justice Initiative Ruiz, Universidad del Rosario; Audrey Domingoes; Alyssa Dougherty; Megan
(OSJI); Jorge Gonzalez, Universidad Sacks, The World Bank; Lutforahman Duffy; Sandra Elena; Roger El Khoury;
Javeriana; Alejandro Gonzalez-Arriola, Saeed, Kabul University; Michaela Sanal Enkhbaatar; Adele Ewan; Juan Farré;
Open Government Partnership; Jon Saisana, EU-JRC; Andrea Saltelli, EU-JRC; Fatima Fettar; Steve Fisher; Eric Florenz;
Gould, American University; Martin Moises Sanchez, Alianza Regional por la Abderrahim Foukara; Kristina Fridman;
Gramatikov, HiiL; Brendan Halloran, Libertad de Expresión; Andrei Shleifer, Radha Friedman; Morly Frishman; Viorel
Transparency and Accountability Harvard University; Jorge Luis Silva, The Furdui; Minoru Furuyama; Daniel Gamboa
Initiative; Linn Hammergren; Tim World Bank; Gordon Smith, University Rinckoar; Amir Galván; William H. Gates,
Hanstad, Landesa; Wassim Harb, of South Carolina; Christopher Stone, Sr.; Anna Gardner; Dorothy Garcia; Sophie
Arab Center for the Development of Open Society Foundations; John Temple, Gebreselassie; Dwight Gee; Sujith George;
Rule of Law and Integrity; Nathaniel University of California, Berkeley; Rene Adam Gerstenmier; Jacqueline Gichinga;
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Suzanne E. Gilbert; Brian Gitau; Travis Javier Ramirez; Eduardo Ramos-Gómez;
Glynn; Arturo Gomez; Felipe Gómez; Daniela Rampani; Alex Randall; Richard
Nengak Daniel Gondyi; Molly Gough; Randerson; Kelly Ranttila; Claudia Rast;
Lindsey Graham; Deweh Gray; Michael Yahya Rayegani; Nick Rehmus; Adrian F.
S. Greco; Elise Groulx; Paula F. Guevara; Revilla; Salvador Reyes; Lopes Ribeiro;
Heena Gupta; Arkady Gutnikov; Karen Kelly Roberts; Nigel H. Roberts; Amir
Hall; Margaret Halpin; Kunio Hamada; Ron; Maria Rosales; Liz Ross; Steve Ross;
Mohammad Hamze; Leila Hanafi; Sana Faith Rotich; Patricia Ruiz de Vergara;
Hawamdeh; Kate Helms; Alvaro Herrero; Irma Russell; Rosemarie Sandino; Marc
Sheila Hollis; Michael Holston; R. William Sepama; Adam Severance; Bruce Sewell;
Ide, III; Murtaza Jaffer; Chelsea Jaeztold; Uli Parmlian Sihombing; Hajrija Sijerčić-
Hassan Bubacar Jallow; Samuel Jefferson; Čolić; William Sinnott; Lumba Siyanga;
Clara Jiang; Sunil Kumar Joshi; Marie- Brad Smith; Julie Smith; Joshua Steele;
Therese Julita; Megan Kabre; Jessica Lourdes Stein; Thomas M. Susman;
Kane; Rashvin Kaur; Anne Kelley; Howard Elizabeth Thomas-Hope; Jinni Tran;
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Kenison; Junaid Khalid; Elsa Khwaja; Nathan Treacy; Laurence Tribe; Martha
Se Hwan Kim; Stuti Kokkalera; Laurie Uc; Christina Vachon; Patricia van Nispen;
Kontopidis; Simeon Koroma; Steven H. Robert Varenik; Jessica Villegas; Maria
Kraft; Larry D. Kramer; Jack Krumholtz; Vinot; Quinn Walker; Katie Welgan;
Lianne Labossiere; Jeremy Levine- Raymond Webster; Robin Weiss;
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Drizin; Samantha Liberman; Joanna Lim; Dorothee Wildt; Jennifer Wilmore; Jason
Deborah Lindholm; Hongxia Liu; Annie Wilks; Malin Winbom; Russom Woldezghi;
Livingston; Jeanne L. Long; Carlos López; Nazgul Yergalieva; Xueling You; Hunter
Clarissa Lopez-Diarte; Stephen Lurie;
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Zachwieja; Stephen Zack; Keyvan Zamani;
Biola Macaulay; Ahna B. Machan; Maha Jorge Zapp-Glauser; Roula Zayat; Fanny
Mahmoud; Biawakant Mainali; Andrew Zhao.
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Makoni; Dijana Malbaša; Ermek Mamaev;
Frank Mantero; Madison Marks; Roger Altus Global Alliance; APCO Worldwide;
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Martella; Vivek Maru; John Mason; Elisa Fleishman-Hillard; The Center for
Massimino; Hiroshi Matsuo; Michael Advanced Study in the Behavioral
Maya; Melanie Mazza; Loralys McDaniel; Sciences, Stanford University; The Center
Bethany McGann; Matthew Mead; on Democracy, Development, and the
Sindi Medar-Gould; Ludmila Mendonça; Rule of Law, Stanford University; The
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M. Kennedy; Beverley McLachlin; George J. Mitchell; John Edwin
Our Approach Mroz;* Sandra Day O’Connor; Ana Palacio; Colin L. Powell; Roy
Traditionally, the rule of law has been viewed as the domain L. Prosterman; Richard W. Riley; Mary Robinson; Richard Trumka;
of lawyers and judges. But everyday issues of safety, rights, Desmond Tutu; Antonio Vitorino; Paul A. Volcker; Harold Woolf;
justice, and governance affect us all; everyone is a stakeholder Andrew Young; and Zhelyu Zhelev.*
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in the rule of law. Based on this, the WJP’s mutually-reinforcing
lines of business employ a multi-disciplinary approach through Board of Directors
Shaikha Abdulla Al-Misnad; Kamel Ayadi; William C. Hubbard;
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original research and data, an active and global network, and
practical, locally-led programs to advance the rule of law Hassan Bubacar Jallow; Suet-Fern Lee; Mondli Makhanya; John
worldwide. Nery; William H. Neukom; Ellen Gracie Northfleet; James R.
Silkenat; and Petar Stoyanov.
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Research & Scholarship
The WJP’s Research & Scholarship work supports research about Directors Emeritus
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the meaning and measurement of the rule of law, and how it President Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai
matters for economic, socio-political, and human development.
The Rule of Law Research Consortium (RLRC) is a community Officers & Staff
of leading scholars from a variety of fields harnessing diverse William C. Hubbard, Chairman of the Board; William H. Neukom,
methods and approaches to produce research on the rule of law Founder and CEO; Mark D. Agrast, Vice President; Deborah Enix-
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and its effects on society. Ross, Vice President; James R. Silkenat, Director and Treasurer;
Gerold W. Libby, General Counsel and Secretary.
WJP Rule of Law Index
The WJP Rule of Law Index® provides original, impartial data Staff: Elizabeth Andersen, Executive Director; Alejandro Ponce,
on how the rule of law is experienced and perceived by the Chief Research Officer; Richard Schorr, Chief Financial and
general public in 126 countries around the globe. It is the most Administrative Officer; Nancy Ward; Chief Engagement Officer;
comprehensive index of its kind. To date, more than 400,000 Laura Aquino; Lilian Chapa Koloffon; Killian Dorier; Alicia
households and experts have been interviewed worldwide. Evangelides; Vianney Fernández; Emily Gray; Amy Gryskiewicz;
Index findings have been referenced by heads of state, chief Camilo Gutiérrez Patiño; Matthew Harman; Roberto Hernández;
justices, business leaders, public officials, and the press, Alexa Hopkins; Ayyub Ibrahim; Priya Kholsa; Sarah Chamness
including media outlets in over 126 countries worldwide. Long; Rafael Lozano; Debby Manley; Rachel Martin; Joel
Martinez; Jorge Morales; Layda Negrete; Nikki Ngbichi-Moore;
Engagement Fernando Omedé; Samira Popal; Adriana Rios; Marien Rivera;
Engagement efforts include connecting and developing a Mario Rodriguez; Rebecca Silvas; Leslie Solís Saravia; Adriana
global network, organizing strategic convenings, and fostering Stephan; Gerard Vinluan; and Emily Youatt.
practical, on-the-ground programs. At our World Justice Forum,
regional conferences, and single-country engagements, citizens
and leaders come together to learn about the rule of law, build
their networks, and design pragmatic solutions to local rule of
law challenges. In addition, the World Justice Challenge provides
*Deceased
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World Justice Project Funders
The World Justice Project thanks the following major
current funders for their generous support:
ABA–SEER
ABA–Criminal Justice
Anonymous (3)
BGC3
Toby Bright
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Charles Stewart Mott Foundation
City of The Hague
Kent Walker and Diana Walsh
Microsoft Corporation
Mo Ibrahim Foundation
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Singapore Ministry of Law
United States Department of State
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
William H. Neukom
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A list of previous funders can be found at:
worldjusticeproject.org. G
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“Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise “I could adjudicate lawsuits as well as
king, established… That the strong might anyone. But I would prefer to make lawsuits
not injure the weak, in order to protect the unnecessary.”
widows and orphans..., in order to declare –Analects of Confucius
justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and
“It is more proper that law should govern than
heal all injuries.”
–Codex Hammurabi any one of the citizens.”
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–Aristotle, Politics (350 BCE)
“Treat the people equally in your court and
“If someone disobeys the law, even if he is
give them equal attention, so that the noble
(otherwise) worthy, he must be punished.
shall not aspire to your partiality, nor the
If someone meets the standard, even if he is
humble despair of your justice.”
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–Judicial Guidelines from ‘Umar Bin (otherwise) unworthy, he must be found
Al-Khattab, The Second Khalifa of Islam’ innocent. Thus the Way of the public good
will be opened up, and that of private
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“All human beings are born free and equal in interest will be blocked.”
dignity and rights… Everyone is entitled to –The Huainanzi 139 BCE (Han Dynasty,
all the rights and freedoms set forth in this China)
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Declaration, without distinction of any kind,
“The Law of Nations, however, is common to
such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
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we may be free.”
–John Locke, Two Treatises of Govern-
–Cicero (106 BCE - 43 BCE) ment (1689)
“No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned “Good civil laws are the greatest good that
or disseised of his free tenement or of his men can give and receive. They are the
liberties or free customs, or outlawed or source of morals, the palladium of property,
exiled or in any way ruined, nor will we go and the guarantee of all public and private
against such a man or send against him save peace. If they are not the foundation of gov-
by lawful judgement of his peers or by the ernment, they are its supports; they moder-
law of the land. To no-one will we sell or deny ate power and help ensure respect for it, as
or delay right or justice.” though power were justice itself.”
–Magna Carta –Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis, Discours
Préliminaire du Premier Projet de Code
Civil
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worldjusticeproject.org
data.worldjusticeproject.org
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/thewjp
@thewjp
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ISBN: 978-0-9964094-0-7