International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1418-1430, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_130
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF ADDING THE

NANOALUMINA ON THE
CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT BASE
COMPOSITE
Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri
Material Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University,
Baghdad, Iraq

ABSTRACT
Current paper has studied the causes of pavements flexibility besides various
alternatives to solve the problems failure, for example: fatigue ,rutting, cracking of
low temperature which are because of the sensitivity of the temperature and the
susceptibility of the moisture and of either the mixture of the asphalt or
asphalt/aggregate entirely. This study is designed to identify applicability that is
potential and the best amount of Nanoalumina in asphalt in addition to the mixtures
of the asphalt concrete. Most asphalt consists of nitrogen carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and
hydrogen. At low loading or temperature that is high, asphalt acts as a liquid that is
viscous which due to dichotomy that is classical. The paper aims to modify the quality
of bitumen materials by increasing the durability. Five percentage of nanoalumina
(0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) (w/w) was added to pure asphalt. According to
Marshall Test Nanoalumina modified the samples. Experimental tests have shown an
improvement in physical and properties that are mechanical of mixtures of asphalt
after adding Nanoalumina. As a result Nanoalumina has the ability to modify asphalt
by reducing penetration and increasing kinematic viscosity.
Keywords: tensile strength that is indirect, asphalt, nanoalumina -asphalt mixture,
asphalt properties that are mechanical, Stiffness of Marshall.
Cite this Article:. Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand
Salih Al- Jadiri, Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the
Characterization of Asphalt Base Composite, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp. 1418-1430.
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 Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the Characterization of Asphalt Base
Composite

1. INTRODUCTION
Bitumen has a nature that is thermoplastic nature, resistance to water and adhesion to the
majority of the particular substances, is a main material of engineering. Binders of asphalt has
an extensive use in the paving of the road and their properties that are viscoelastic rely on
their structure that is chemical. Using artificial nanoalumina to adapt the performance of the
asphalt binder and extend itslife of paving. Extremely important properties susceptibility that
is thermal, for example ,maturing at intermediate and average temperatures and being
resistant to rutting in addition to the fatigue were improved. To reduce the distress of asphalt
concrete pavement there are many ways, which may extend the duration of pavement the life
of service to generate binder type that is new with better rheological chemical and physical
properties, enhance the design of pavements and mix, and enhance the methods of
construction and techniques of maintenance [1].The use of nanomaterialsis important to
change bitumen by enhancing their properties with performances that are enhanced.
Nanomaterials which are used to change the rheological and physical properties of bitumen
are Aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, Zycotherm Nanomaterial, Basalt, and Limestone. The
nano technology, with the asphalt use of and properties of the mixture of asphalt, leads to
[2]enhance the stability of storage in the modified asphalt of polymer; rise the resistance to
the aging of UV; decrease the weakness of moisture under snow, deicers, and water; enhance
asphalt mixtures properties at temperature that is low ;improve the asphalt pavements
durability; save cost and energy; finally reduce the requirements of maintenance.
Nanotechnology is defined as the manufacture of new systems, devices, and materials at the
level of molecular related to molecular and atomic relation smanipulating strongly properties
of the material that are macroscopic [3]. Lately, nanotechnology has remarkably been
connected with the field of enhanced asphalt [4]. Recently, nanotechnology became as the
key that is potential to significantly improve the durability and performance of materials of
building. The definition of Nanomaterials is that they are resources with at least single
dimension in scale of the length of 1 - 100 nm. Due to the size that is small and extra or
denary area of surface, the nanomaterials property actually differs from materials that are
micro size [3]. To determine lot of the potential applications, experts have exerted effective
and optimistic efforts act by preparing enhanced asphalt to show the modification mechanism
and the resulting enhancement in the performance [4]. Several researchers demonstrated that
cracking of fatigue, moisture and rutting resistance of binders and blends of asphalt are
enhanced with the addition of nanomaterials [5]. Ghafar poor [6] performed rheological
proportional experiments on mechanical tests and bitumen on asphalt blends inclosing nano-
clay modified and unmodified bitumen. The results have revealed that nano-clay may
enhancethe properties of bitumen like aging resistance and stiffness as well as decreasing the
angle of phase in relation to properties asphalt blend and unmodified asphalt such astensile
strength that is indirect, resilient modulus, and stability.
Nanomaterials have different features that are morphological on the nanoscale, and
particularly have properties that are special springing from their dimensions of nanoscale [7].
Because the preparation of nano composite polyamide 6/clay with the desirable performance
was done by research center of Toyota, the grade nano composites of polymer have included
enormousattention in both industry and academia because of their exclusive magnetic,
electrical, barrier, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties [8, 9]. Material technology and
science research concentrate on materials from nanoscale or macro to micro with a lot of
states of material, liquid that is solid or semi solid .Asphalt is a complex blend that is dark or
black consisting of hydrocarbons with different derivatives that are nonmetallic and
molecular weight. Generally, asphalt is used as a material that is binding and organic for

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 Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri

protection from corrosion, resistance to moisture, and waterproofing [8, 10]. Base asphalt
reformingis needed to enhance the performance of the material, like durability, oxidation,
resistance, temperature sensitivity, aging resistance, adhesion ,and friction properties. There
are several types of modifiers of asphalt, counting different resins, polymers, sulfur, chemical
agents ,metal complexes, rubbers, and fibers [10].
The study aim is to investigate the effects of nanoalumina on the asphalt properties.

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Binder of Asphalt
The asphalt binder that is employed in this paper was obtained from the refinery of Daura.
One asphalt grade was used to predict the physical an mechanical properties and it was 60-70
penetration asphalt grade. The properties that are physical like softening point, gravity that is
specific, penetration in addition to other properties are shown below in Table 1.

Table 1 The physical and chemical properties of asphalt.

Asphalt grade(60-70) Test method

Penetration (0.1 mm) 69 ASTM –D5

Softening Point R&B (oC) 52 ASTM-D36

Kinematic viscosity(cSt) 360 ASTM-D2170

Solubility in trichloroethylene (% wt) 99.9 ASTM-D86

Asphaltenes %wt. 18 ASTM-D2024

Saturates %wt. 16.2 ASTM-D2024

Naphthene – aromatis %wt. 46 ASTM-D2024

Polar aromatic %wt. 20.8 ASTM-D2024

Loss by heating %wt. 0.46 ASTM-D1754

2.1.2. Aggregate
One type of aggregate is explained in this paper for the production of the mixture of asphalt
to explore the Al2O2 the effect of nanomaterial on their performance and to match them in
relation to the use they have with this material. These aggregates were obtained from Niba’I
region and their aggregate physical properties is given in Table2 and 3

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 Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the Characterization of Asphalt Base
Composite

Table 2 The gradation of aggregate

Sieve size (mm) Average passing % Passing %

19 100 100
12.5 85-100 91
9.5 75-95 85
4.8 45-60 53
2 26-40 33
0.43 12-20 16
0.2 8-14 11
0.08 3-12 8

Table 3 The physical properties of Aggregate

Aggregate results

Bulk specific gravity of coarse aggregate gm/cm3 2.564

Apparent specific gravity of coarse aggregate gm/cm3 2.676

Bulk specific gravity of fine aggregate gm/cm3

2.634
Apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate gm/cm3
2.694

2.1.3. Alumina nanomaterials

Nano alumina with average particle size of 20-30 nm obtained from nanoshel intelligent
materials PVT. LTD company /USA was used in this study. The properties of alumina are
shown below in Table (4).

Table 4 The properties of alumina

Aluminium oxide nanomaterials

Chemical composition Al2O3

Particle size 15-25 nm

PH 6.7

Appearance White powder

Specific surface area (m3/g) 25-35

Purity < 99.9%

Stability Completely stable

reactivity Non –reactive

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 Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri

2.2. Design of mixtures

The asphalt modification done by adding the alumina nanomaterials directly to asphalt by
five percentages (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% of Al2O3 while the asphalt is heated at 160
o
C. After the change, the preparation of sections was donefor performing the testing with the
two systems of modification.

2.3. Physical properties

The test of penetration (0.1 mm) with 25°C, and point of softening (oC) were investigated
based on the ASTM D36 and ASTM D5

2.4. Mechanical Properties

2.4.1. marshal test
The use of Marshall Stiffness (MS) is wide to identify the performance that is mechanical of
blends of asphalt concrete. It is regarded as an index that is combined and that shows plastic
flow and stability features of the blend which is found from testing of marshal stability. The
preparation of Marshall samples done with different Asphalt cement nanoalumina
percentages were confirmed to examine Marshall Properties. The procedures, which is used
for identifying these properties are as density that is bulk and identified according tothe
method explained by ASTM D2726 [11]. The samples weight were measured in air and after
that in water at 25°C. Ultimately then, they were measured in condition of surface that is
saturated and of dry condition. The test of flow and Marshall Stability is carried out on each
sample according to the procedure explained by ASTM. Plastic flow Resistance of asphalt
blend happens by using Marshall Apparatus with recording system that is electronic. The
sample is situated in a bath of water at 60 °C and for (30-40) min. The Marshall stability is
shown to bethe maximum load in (KN), whereas the flow of Marshall is the movement that is
total or occurring of strain in the sample between maximum load and no load during the test
of stability.

2.4.2. Indirect Tensile Strength Test

The determination of the properties that are structural of the mixture of the asphalt will
provide the evaluation of asphalt blends moisture susceptibility, and this can be expressed
with the decrease in the loss of tensile strength that is indirect after the samples have
conditioning in water at 60˚C. The calculation of tensile strength that is indirect is given with
the following formula [12]:
St = 2P πdt (1)
Where
St: refers to tensile strength (indirect), P: symbolizes applied load that is maximum, d: is
the diameter of the sample, t: is the height of the sample. The test is performed by
preparation of the samples of marshal of 63.5 mm height and 100 mm diameter, at asphalt
content that is optimum.

2.4.3. Unconfined compressive

The strength test that is unconfined and compressive is done in order to identify the
properties that are compressive of mixtures of bitumen. The strength that is compressive of
the blend scan get through the application of a load of compression on the face that is circular

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 Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the Characterization of Asphalt Base
Composite

and a sample that is circular as well. The load was risen until failure occurred. The
calculation of the compressive strength can be given by using the equation below [13];
4 Pmax
c  (2)
D 2
Where
σc denotes the compressive strength (unconfined), Pmax refers to the compressive load that
is applied (maximum )and, D represents the sample diameter. The best content of asphalt the
blends that are various was obtained from the curves of Marshall Property. The average that
is numerical of the content percentages of the asphalt was identified and it corresponds to the
Marshall Test which is maximum. It is determined according to the process described by the
Asphalt Institute [14].The bulk density was specified according to the method explained by
ASTM D2726. The measure of the sample weight was done in air after that in water at 25°C.
Ultimately then, it was given under the condition of saturated surface and dry situation. The
calculation of the density of the bulk (g/cm3) is then given as shown below[15]:
Wa
Gmb 
Wssd  Ww (3)
Where:
Gmb = the density of the Bulk of the compacted sample.
Wa = Weight of sample in air (gm).
Wssd = Saturated surface dry sample weight (gm).
Ww = Sample weight in water(gm)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 reflects that, with rising the content ofnanoalumina, the point of the penetration of
the bitumen that is modified reduces, more than that of the bitumen that is unmodified. The
maximum reduction was investigated with 2% content of nanoalumina. Thisrefers that, the
stiffness and hardness of bitumen were risen when modifiers of nanoalumina were added.
80
70
penetration (0.1 mm)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
nanoalumina content %

Figure 1 The effect of nanoalomina content percent on the mixture of modified bitumen penetration

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 Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri

Figure 2.reflects that asphalt content that is similar, the point of softening of improved
blends is higher than the one of the blends that are unmodified. This refers that addition of
nanoalumina to asphalt includes a huge effect on enhancing its ability of resisting
deformation and flow. The rise in the point of softening when nanoalumina were put together
is a behavior that is expected because of the development of nanoalumina network that is
continuous inside the range of the blend of asphalt that decreases the distance that is
interpartical between the particle of the blend, which rises the point of softening of the blend
of nano-asphalt. Thus, nano modified asphalt can function better in areas having hot climate
in comparison to asphalt that is unmodified [16].
90
85
80
softining point (oC)

75
70
65
60
55
50
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
nanoalumina content

Figure 2 The effect of nanoalumina contentthe percentat the point of softening for bitumen blend
that is modified.
The Marshall Stability tests result for each sample is reflected in figure 3 and figure 4.
Figure 3 reflects the stability of Marshall for different modified blends and unmodified ones
against asphalt content percentage. Figure 4 shows the Marshall stability for different
modified blends and unmodified ones against nanoalumina content percentage. It reflects that
stability values for different blends are rising with the asphalt content percent until a value
that is maximumis recorded to be 6.5% asphalt content after which the stability starts
reducing. Also the Marshall stability for different modified blend are higher as compared
with unmodified blends. Often additives in the mixture improve its performance and thus
improve most of its properties [17, 18]. The Marshall Stability of the modified blends rises
with the rise of the percent of the nanoalumina content until a value that is maximum is
obtained2% the content of nanoalumina after which the stability starts reducing. Additionally,
the Marshall stability for blend that is modified and different is higher in comparison with
mixtures that are unmodified because of the noticeable rise in the improved bitumen blends
viscosity, make possible the formation of a thicker blend film in asphalt. Which get a long
service life and additional flexible pavement.

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 Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the Characterization of Asphalt Base
Composite

13

12
marashal stability KN

11
nanoalumina 0%
10 nanoalumina 0.5%

9 nanoalumina 1%
nanoalumina 1.5%
8
nanoalumia 2%
7
nanoalumia 2.5%
6
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
asphalt content %

Figure.3 The effect of the asphalt content percent on the Marshall stability ofmixture of asphalt
that is modified and unmodified.

13

12
asphalt content 4.5
marashal stability KN

11 asphalt content 5%
10 asphalt content 5.5%
asphalt content 6%
9
asphalt content 6.5%
8
asphalt content 7%
7

6
0 0.5 1nanoalumina
1.5 content%2 2.5 3

Figure 4 The effect of the nanoalumina contentpercent on the Marshall stability of mixture of
asphalt modified and unmodified.
The curves in figure 5. and 6. showed the test of flow for the different blends that are
unmodified and modified. Figure 5 reflects test values of flow in relation to the content of
asphalt. It is obvious that the flow values of different asphalt blend that are modified and
unmodified rises as the asphalt content rises. Figure 6 reflects the test of the flow as nano
content function. The flow result demonstrated that blends of asphalt, modified with
nanoalumina have flow value that is lower in comparison with the base asphalt blend. The
decrease had the range from 13 to 15 when nano mixed with the blend of the asphalt. This is
because of the effect of flexibility of nano in comparison to the bitumen blend that is
unmodified. The value of Marshall Stiffness exists in figure (7). It is specified that the
Marshall Stiffness value is developed for the nano blends that is modified than the one
regarded as its counterpart for blends that are unmodified. Likewise show that the Marshall
Stiffness rises with the content of nano rising to 2.5% content of nano afterward Marshall
stiffness starts declining. The Marshall stiffness of a blends relies on the inner cohesion and

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 Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri

friction. Cohesion is caused bythe ability of bitumen bending [19]. High Marshall Stiffness of
the enhanced bitumen blends result from the blend workability that is high with
nanomaterials. The tensile test that is indirect was improved to identify the properties of
tensile of bitumen blend through load compression application besides the specimens.
3.6

3.4

3.2 nano 0%
flow mm

nano 0.5%
3
nano 1%
2.8 nano 1.5%
nano 2%
2.6
nano 2.5%
2.4
4 5 6 7 8
asphalt %

Figure 5 The effect of the asphalt content percent of the flow of Marshall for bitumen mixture that is
modified and unmodified.

3.6

3.4

3.2
asphalt content 4.5%
flow mm

3 asphalt content 5%

2.8 asphalt content 5.5%

asphalt content 6%
2.6
asphlt content 6.5%
2.4
asphalt content 7%
2.2
0 1 2 3
nano %

Figure 6 The effect of the nano content percent of the flow of Marshall for bitumen mixture that
is modified.

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 Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the Characterization of Asphalt Base
Composite

8
marashal stiffness KN
7 asphalt 4.5%
asphalt 5%
6
asphalt 5.5%
5 asphalt 6%
asphalt 6.5%
4
asphalt 7%
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
nano %

Figure 7 the effect of the nano content percent of the Marshall stiffness for bitumen mixture that
is modified.

Figure 8. reflects the weight values that are unite for different blends as an asphalt content
function .In Figure 8the weight curves that are unitefor both unmodified and modified blends
reflect similar trend that is probably from blends that are hot, done with different asphalt
contents where the unite weight rises with the content of the asphalt increasing up a value that
is maximum after which the bulk density reduces. Similarly, Figure 8. reflects that the unit
weight for mixes of control is higher than the one of modified blends that are various for the
same asphalt content. These unit weight values reductions for blends that are modified are
caused by the gravity that is specific and low of the content of nanocontent. The asphalt
content that is optimum for blends that are unmodified is recorded to be 6.5%, while for the
asphalt content that is optimum for mixtures that are modified are recorded to be (6.5).
Figure 9 shows the curves that refer to the values of tensile strength that are indirect for
all blend specimens as nanomaterials and asphalt content function. Figure 9 demonstrates that
for blends that are modified, the tensile strength that is indirect rises with an nanomaterials
content rising until 2 percentages then, the tensile strength that is indirect reduces. It is
obvious that modified nanomaterial blends have tensile strength that is indirect and highest,
while the blends that are unmodified have tensile strength that is the indirect and lowest. This
gives an idea that modification has enhanced the toughness and tensile blends of asphalt. The
nanomaterial blend that is modified has highest indirect tensile strength in comparison with
asphalt that is unmodified. Hence, it can be deduced that the nanomaterials has ability to rise
the blends resistance and toughness to stresses of tensile. The strength test that is compressive
and unconfined was achievedin order to identify the properties that are compressive of the
studies ofblends. The calculation of the strength that is compressive and unconfined for
different blends was done according to equation 3. Figure 10 reflects then anomaterials
percent effect of unconfined and compressive strength. As shown in figure 9. the strength that
is unconfined and compressive in total mix rises with the rise of nanomaterials. This shows
the improvement in the resistance of the mixture to stresses that are compressive because of
adding modifiers of nanomaterials. Viewingthe result abovementioned, it is clear that the
mechanical properties of mixtures hugely rose when nanomaterialswere added. This is
analytic of a development in the strength that is interfacial between the component and the
binder. This can be connected with the ability of nanomaterials of rising the bond that is

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 Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri

adhesive between other component and asphalt. The mixtures that are modified are because
of the fact that the nanomaterials can enhance the mixture stiffness and elasticity as well.
2.8

2.7
unit weight gm/cm3

2.6
asphalt 4.5%
2.5 asphalt 5%

2.4 asphalt 5.5%

asphalt 6%
2.3
asphalt 6.5%
2.2
asphalt 7%
2.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
nanomaterials %

Figure 8 The effect of the copolymer content percent on the weight of unit for bitumen mixture that
are modified and unmodified

20.1 asphalt 4.5%

18.1 asphalt 5%
indirect tensile strength

16.1 asphalt 5.5%

14.1
asphalt 6%
12.1
asphalt 6.5%
10.1
asphalt 7%
8.1
6.1
4.1
2.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
nanomaterials %

Figure 9 The effect of the copolymer content percent on the tensile strength that is indirect for
bitumen mixture that is modified

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 Predicting the Effect of Adding the Nanoalumina on the Characterization of Asphalt Base
Composite

0.75

unconfined compressive strength

0.7
0.65
0.6 asphalt 4.5%
0.55 asphalt 5%
0.5 asphalt 5.5%
0.45 asphalt 6%
0.4 asphalt 6.5%
0.35 asphalt 7%
0.3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
nanomaterial %

Figure 10 The effect of the nanomaterialsthe percent on the strength that is compressive and
unconfined for asphalt mixture that is modified.

Figure 11 shows the the particles collected during asphalt preparation.

a-Microstructure of asphalt without addition b-Microstructure of asphalt with addition of

nanomaterials

Figure 11 The microstructure of modified asphalt

4. CONCLUSION
In this study can be concluded that the nano modification improved properties that are
physical of mixtures of asphalt, the penetration of the asphalt reduces with rising th econtent
of copolymer, the stiffness and hardness of asphalt have been risen when adding nano
modifiers; putting nano to asphalt affects considerably enhancing its resistance to
deformation and flow. The Marshall stability for mixture that is different and modified is
higher in comparison with mixtures that are unmodified. The Marshall Stability of the
mixturesthat are modified rise with rising the nano content percent until a maximum value
records 2.5% nano content; when nano is added, thisresults in reducing the value of flow; the
weight of unit for mixes of control is higher than the one of modified and various mixes. The
asphalt content that is optimum for a mixture that isunmodified is 6.5%. The tensile strength
indirect rises with a rising content of polymer until 11% is recorded and after that the tensile
strength that is indirect reduces .The modifier of nanomaterials has an ability to rise the
mixtures resistance and toughness to the stress of tensile, and the strength that is
compressive and unconfined in total mixtures rise with the rise of nanomateriala.

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 Khalid Mershed Eweed, Ibrahim Abdulwahhabb Atiyah and Rand Salih Al- Jadiri

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