Passive

Passive yapı özellikle cümledeki eylemi yapan kişi önemli değilse ya da belirli değilse tercih edilir.
Cümlenin içerisinde kullanılan fiil geçişli “nesne alabilen ” bir fiil olmalıdır aksi halde Passive olmaz.
Örneğin;
Ali her sabah okula gider.
Bu cümle Passive “Edilgen” yapıya dönüştürülemez çünkü “gitmek” fiili geçişsiz bir fiildir.
Aktif cümlenin içerisindeki eylemi yapan kimse cümlenin öznesi durumundadır.
Aktif bir cümleyi Passive dönüştürürken;
a. Aktif cümlenin nesnesi Passive cümlede özne konumuna getirilir.
b. Cümlenin fiili başına Be fiili getirilerek V3 olarak çekimlenir.
Aktif: Kağan şu kitabı yazdı. Kağan wrote that book.
Özne Nesne Yüklem Subject Verb Object

Passive: That book was written by Kağan.

Subject
Be + past participle (V3)
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Simple Kağan writes this book. This book is written by Kağan.
Present Continuous Kağan is writing this book. This book is being written by Kağan.

Present perfect Kağan has written this book. This book has been written by Kağan.

Present Perfect Continuous Kağan has been writing this book. Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.

Past Simple Kağan wrote that book. That book was written by Kağan.
Past Continuous Kağan was writing that book. That book was being written by Kağan.
Past perfect Kağan had written that book. That book had been written by Kağan.
Past perfect Continuous Kağan had been writing that book. Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.

Future Simple Kağan will write this book. This book will be written by Kağan.

Future Continuous Kağan will be writing this book. Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.
Future perfect Kağan will have written this book. This book will have been written by Kağan.
Future perfect Continuous Kağan’ll have been writing this book. Passive yapıya dönüştürülmez.
Can Can
May May
Could Could
Modals Kağan Might write this book. This book Might be written by Kağan.
Should Should
Must Must
Have to Have to
Can’t have Can’t have
May have May have
Could have Could have
Perfect Modals Kağan Might have written this book. This book Might have been written by Kağan
Should have Should have
Must have Must have
Present Simple
Am/is/are V3
The term Fahrenheit is never used in weather forecasts. Forecast: tahmin
Artificial: yapay
Artificial Intelligence is used to describe humans’ ability to reason, discover
Describe: tanımlamak
meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Discover: keşfetmek
Fitness is determined more by the intensity of exercise than the duration. Experience: deneyim
Seismic waves are recorded on instruments called seismographs. Determine: belirlemek
Intensity: yoğunluk
Mothers are expected to devote themselves to their children.
Duration: dayanıklılık
Wave: dalga
Present Continuous Record: kaydetmek
Am/is/are being V3 Devote: adamak
Effort: çaba
A great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems.
Solution: çözüm
Mars is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth. Drought: kuraklık
Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies. Resistant: dirençli
Rain forests are being destroyed and burned at a rate unprecedented in history. Destroy: zarar vermek
Unprecedented:
Gene therapies are being tested on patients in clinical trials.
Trial: deney
More than 60,000 square kilometers of productive land is being lost every year. Productive: üretken

Present perfect Affair: konu mesele

Extensively: geniş çaplı
Have/has been V3
Aim: hedef
More than 8,000 books and articles have been devoted to Ottoman Empire. Intervention:
Topics such as foreign affairs, terrorism, security have been studied extensively. Clearly: açıkça
The aims of the NATO intervention in this country have been clearly defined. Benefit: kar, yarar
Confirm: onaylamak
The benefits of omega-3 fatty acids have been confirmed by the results of various studies.
Various: çeşitli
A mammoth’s tissues and skeleton have been studied at a zoological museum in Russia.
Tissue: doku
English as a SL has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years. Currency: para birimi
The US government’s currency policy has been sharply criticized. Criticize: eleştirmek

Take over: yönetimi almak

Past simple Independence: bağımsızlık
Was/were V3 Widely: geniş ölçüde
Iceland was taken over by Norway in 1262 and regained its independence in 1944. Contemporaries: çağdaş
Kierkegaard was widely appreciated and fully understood by his contemporaries. Device: alet
Appear: ortaya çıkma
Robot-like devices were actually created thousands of years ago, but were not
Involve in: katılmak
popular until one appeared in a play in 1921. Fierce: şiddetli
Today, two professors were involved in a fierce debate about the Marshall Plan. Debate: tartışma
During the middle ages, paper was brought to Europe by the Arabs. Remain: kalmak
Ban: yasaklamak
In Shakespeare‟s time, the theatre was a popular form of entertainment and
remained so until it was banned in 1649.

Past continuous
Portable: taşınabilir
Was/were being V3 Build: inşa etmek
By the mid-1950s portable radios were being sold in the United States and Europe. Treat: tedavi etmek
The Minister brought a map to show us where the new bridge was being built. Participant: katılımcı
Attitude: tavır, tutum
Nidâ Tüfekçi died in hospital where he was being treated for a heart condition.
Measure: ölçmek
In the early part of the 20th century the quantum theory was being developed. Oppose: karşı çıkmak
Some of the participants did not know their attitudes were being measured.
Kierkegaard opposed the doctrines and ideas which were being advanced by some
of his contemporaries like Feuerbach and Marx.
Past perfect
Had been V3
Largely: büyük ölçüde
Until the early 1960s, the houses had been built largely from remnants of the ancient city.
Remnant: kalıntı
After the 1997 financial crisis, Southeast Asia had been overtaken by China and India. Crisis: kriz
Iceland, annexed by Norway in 1262, had been an independent republic since 930. Overtake: geçmek
Until 13th century, European maritime commerce had been divided between a Annex:topraklarına katmak
Maritime: deniz
Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world.
Commerce: ticaret
Before Copernicus it had been believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth.
Divide: bölmek
All the tickets had been sold at least a week before the concert took place. Believe: inanmak
Universe: kainat
Future Simple Take place: olmak

Will be V3
Living beings will be found on one of Jupiter’s satellites. Satellite: uydu
One day Earth-like life will be discovered outside our own planet. Planet: gezegen
Citizens will be registered in Turkey as a voter after 18 years of age. Citizen: vatandaş
Register: kaydolmak
He has given in his resignation, but he isn’t sure that it will be accepted.
Voter: seçmen
After secondary school, students will be educated and trained for a special job. Resignation: istifa
Everybody will be very satisfied with the training offered. Accept: Kabul etmek
Train: eğitmek
Satisfy with: tatmin olmak
Future perfect Offer: önermek
Will have been V3
By the age of 20 an average person will have been exposed to at least 20,000 hours Average: ortalama
of television. Expose to: maruz kalmak

The construction of the world’s tallest residential building, the Chicago Spire will
Residential: konut
have been completed by late 2015.
The production will have been increased by the end of this month. Announce: bildirmek
By 9 o’clock, the results of the exam will have been announced by the teacher. Run out of: bitmek

By the end of this century, 60 percent of the fresh water on Earth will have been
run out of due to waste of it.

Present Perfect Continuous

Future Continuous Bu tense’lerin Passive çekimleri kullanılmaz.
Future perfect Continuous
Past perfect Continuous
Passive of Modals
Can be V3 Hunting: avlanma
Hunting tools can be interpreted as symbols of male power. Interpret: yorumlamak
The shrub “jatropha” can be grown on land too poor for trees to grow on. Purely: tamamen
Subjective: öznel
Beauty can be defined universally, but in fact it is purely subjective. Biodiversity: biyolojik çeçit
Biodiversity can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands. Sustain: sürdürmek
Solar energy can be used for the generation of electricity and also for the heating of Wetland: sulak arazi
Generation: üretme
water as well as buildings.
Prevent: önlemek
Pollution: kirlilik
Must be V3
Share: paylaşmak
New and better methods of preventing thermal pollution must be found. Canister: kutu
For something to be considered cultural, it must be learned as well as shared. Periodically: periyodik olarak
Ensure: temin etmek
The oxygen-generator canisters must be replaced periodically to ensure that they Operate: çalıştırmak
will operate properly. Properly: düzgün bir şekilde
Every effort must be made for ultimate reliability to new aircrafts. Effort: çaba
Ultimate:mutlak
Reliability: güvenilirlik
Have to be V3 Source: kaynak
Conventional: geleneksel
New power sources have to be developed to replace conventional fuels.
Conservation: tasarruf etme
Global warming has to be solved through energy conservation. Remind: hatırlamak
There is still a lot that has to be learned about the moon. Right: hak
Overcome: üstesinden gelmek
Children have to be reminded that their parents also have rights. Function: çalışmak
Several problems have to be overcome to make any nuclear reactor function. Vaccine: aşı
Vaccines have to be reformulated every year to keep on working. Keep on: sürdürmek

Could be V3 Succession: veraset

The First World War could be called the War of the Ottoman Succession. Damaging: zarar verici
Lessen: azaltmak
The damaging effects of television on children could be lessened. Matter: madde
Matter and energy could be changed into each other. Change into: dönüştürmek
Solve: çözmek
Nano-robots could be programmed to turn everything into more nano-robots.
Negotiation: görüşme
International problems could be solved through negotiations. Reduce: azatlmak
The journey time from Earth to Mars could be reduced from six months to less
than six weeks.

May be V3 Strengthen: güçlendirmek

Reject: reddetmek
Brain chips may be developed in the future to strengthen memory. Lack of: yoksunluk
Your research may be rejected due to your lack of advanced research experience. Previously: önceden
Mislead: yanlış bilgilendirmek
Foods that were previously seasonal may be found now throughout the year.
Desired: arzu edilen
Various methods may be used when analysing a work of art. Public: kamu
Misleading statements and lies may be used to create desired effect in the public.
Mark: belirlemek
Might be V3 Attractive: cazip
The discovery of electron might be said to mark the beginning of modern physics. Investment: yatırım
Peace: barış
Rural life might be made more attractive by making investments there. Revive: gözden geçirmek
Saudi Middle East peace plan of 2002 might be revived by persuading the Arab Persuade: ikna etmek
Employ: kullanmak
League to make the plan more attractive to Israel.
Structure: yapı
The new discovery might be employed in other tube-like structures in the body.
 Should be V3 Management: yönetim
Recognize: fark etmek
Management should be made to recognize the role of the staff is of first in success. Staff: personel
The causes of French Revolution should be understood in terms of class interests. Cause: sebep
A complex and difficult situation should be faced;there’s no use trying to run away Situation: durum
Run away: kaçmak
Nuclear materials should be used only in useful and benign applications. Benign: tehlikesiz
Children should be taught how to protect wild life. Application: uygulama
Knowledge: bilgi
Knowledge has always been valued, and more knowledge should be shared.
Bring together: toplamak
An effective work group should be designed well from the start, bringing together Contribute: katkı sağlamak
people who can contribute to the right mix of knowledge, skills, tools and other Necessary: gerekli
Succeed: başarmak
resources necessary to succeed.

Ought to be V3
Accident: kaza
This is not your first accident. In act you ought to be banned from driving! Ban: yasaklamak
Some scientists have suggested that Pluto’s exploration ought to be started soon. Suggest: önermek
Spare: yedek
Advertising on TV ought to be banned!
Carry: taşımak
A spare tyre ought to be carried in every car. Primitive: ilkel
Primitive cave pictures ought to be preserved even if they have little artistic value. Value: değer

Need to be V3
Different uses of the available supply of labour need to be considered. Different: farklı
Available: mevcut
Your paper needs to be extensively revised. Extensively: geniş ölçüde
Nuclear waste is a big problem and it needs to be discussed extensively. Waste: atık
Condition: şart
Living conditions in the countryside need to be made better and more agreeable.
Agreeable: Kabul edilebilir

Be to be V3 Agreement: antlaşma
Divide: parçalamak
The United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the question of
Gain: elde etmek
how Germany was to be divided. Rage: öfke
Nothing is to be gained by fighting against the rages of the mighty stream. Mighty: efsanevi
Blame for: suçlamak
The oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world.
Brown bread is to be found only in the villages.
Most western countries lack the variety that is to be found in the languages and
cultures of India.

Used to be V3
Send away: göndermek
Boys used to be sent away as apprentices to a craftsman to learn his trade. Apprentice: çıraklık
opera used to be characterized by unnatural, alienating conventions. Trade: ticaret
Crude: ilkel
The Gulf kingdoms used to be regarded as politically crude. Encourage: cesaretlendirmek
It’s hard to believe that cigarette smoking used to be encouraged by governments. Government: hükumet

Likely to be V3 Manner: tavır

Some people act in a helpful manner only when their good deeds are likely to be Deed: amel
Notice: farketmek
noticed.
Diagnose: teşhis etmek
Those who took angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were up to 50% less likely to Dementia: yaşlılık, bunama
be diagnosed with dementia.
 Must have been V3
The whales and dolphins must have been killed by military sonars.
Galaxies must have been created by great explosions in space. Military: askeri
Primitive technology must have been used by Galileo at his observations. Sonar: radar
Great: büyük
Explosion: patlama
Could have been V3 Observation: gözlem
The whole project could have been completed in just under three years.
Most of this damage could have been avoided if you had noticed problem earlier.
Complete: tamamlamak
The failure of the toothpaste campaign in Southeast Asia could have been avoided. Damage: hasar
Without his urge no progress could have been made. Avoid: sakınmak
Failure: başarısızlık
Urge: zorlamak
May have been V3 Progress: ilerleme
Homer’s epics may have been preserved orally for several centuries.
19th century military helmets may have been better designed than they now appear. Orally: sözlü olarak
Gender divisions may have been less clearly defined among the peasantry than Helmet: başlık
Appear: görünmek
they were among the elites.
Gender: cinsiyet
Rock, which contains exactly the same type of fossil, may have been formed at Peasantry: köylü sınıf
approximately the same time.
Contain: içermek
The famous Adam Smith may have been influenced by Hume.
Form: şekillendirmek
Approximately: ortalama
Might have been V3 Influence: etkilemek

Their offer might have been turned down indefinitely.

The theory of continental drift might have been accepted decades earlier. Turn down: reddetmek
Indefinitely: süresiz olarak
Continental: kıtasal
Drift: kayma
Should have been V3 Accept: Kabul etmek

Geçmişte bir şey yapılmalıydı ama yapılmadı

A few more people should have been invited to our party last night. Invite: davet etmek
Lovell Telescope should have been given a less complicated design. Complicate: karmaşık
Prohibit: yasaklamak
Nuclear weapons should have been prohibited before that disastrous war. Disastrous: felaket
The grass in the garden should have been cut a week ago. Imbalance: dengesizlik
Imbalances should have been corrected a long time ago Correct: düzeltmek

Need have been V3

Geçmişte herhangi bir şeyin yapılması gerekliydi ama yapılmadı.
His clothes need have been washed but he had no family.
My exam paper need have been revised by the professor. Revise: gözden geçirmek
Inform: bilgilendirmek
People need have been informed by the authorities.
 Did somebody
make you wear
Other passive structures that ugly hat?
GET V3
Passive cümle yaparken “Be” yardımcı fiilinin yerine GET+V3 yapısı da
kullanılabilir. İkisinin arasında çok küçük bir fark vardır;
Be + V3 planlanmış, kasıtlı eylemlerden bahsederken kullanılır;
Od was written by İskender Pala.
Cem Bonomo was selected to represent Turkey at Eurovision.

Get + V3 planlanmamış, kasıtsız ve anlık olaylarda kullanılır;

Kağan got injured while playing football.
Students got shocked when they heard the extra fee.

NEED + Ving
Need Ving passive anlam taşır.
My computer needs formatting.
This car needs washing.
Our flat needed redecorating.

CAUSATIVES “Ettirgen”
Causative kalıpları herhangi bir insandan bizim için ya da sırf kendi faydaları için
bir şey yapmalarını istediğimizde kullanılır.

Have + (somebody) person + Verb0

Herhangi bir insana bir şey yapması için sorumluluk vermek istendiğinde;
Our boss has the secretary prepare the product list.
The old mentor had the protégé decide by himself.

Get + (somebody) person + to + Verb0

Herhangi bir insanı bir şey yapması konusunda ikna etmek anlamında;
I get my nephew to tidy his room daily.
Advertisements get people to buy products.

Get / Have Something Verb3

Get ve have kendilerinden sonra bir isim alarak passive yapı gibi kullanılabilir.
I get my house decorated.
Ali got his car repaired.
They are getting their farm planted.

Let + (somebody) person + verb

Herhangi bir insanı bir şey yapması için izin vermek anlamında;
The mechanic let me watch him while he was repairing my car.
The new coach let Kuyt play the next match.

Make + (somebody) person + verb

Herhangi bir insanı bir şey yapması konusunda zorlamak anlamında;
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.