Assignment: 8 (Solutions)

Total: 50

Note: The numerical value marked in red colour is correct answer while the answers within
the numerical range of value given in the blue colour are considered as correct answer.

At a certain location in a flow of air static pressure has been measured to be P = 2.4 bar and
stagnation pressure, P0 = 3 bar. Measurement of the total temperature shows it to be To = 468 K.
Consider Cp=1005 J/kg-K and Cv = 718 J/kg-K for air. Estimate

1. the Mach number ……. (3)

2. flow rate per unit area …….. (kg/m2s) (3)

Answer

Given:

P = 2.4 bar; P0 = 3 bar; T0 = 468 K; Cp=1005 J/kg-K; Cv = 718 J/kg-K; γ = Cp / Cv = 1.4

P (γ−1)/γ 2.4 (1.4−1)/1.4

T =T0 ( P ) = 468( 3 ) = 439.1 K
0

T0 (γ − 1) 2
=1+ M
T 2
468 (1.4 − 1) 2
=1+ M
439.1 2
M = 0.574 (0.4 – 0.7)
ṁ
Mass flow rate per unit area = = ρV
A

P 2.4×105
ρ = RT = 287×439.1 = 1.904 kg/𝑚3

V
M=
C

V=M×C

C = √γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 439.1 = 420.04 m/s

V = M × C = 0.574 × 420.04 = 241.10 m/s
ṁ
Mass flow rate per unit area = = ρV = 1.904 × 241.10
A

= 459.06 kg/𝑚2 𝑆 (440 kg/𝑚2 𝑆 − 480 kg/𝑚2 𝑆)

At the nozzle exit of the certain stage in a steam turbine, absolute velocity is 300 m/s. Rotor
speed is 150 m/s and the nozzle angle is 18. The sum of rotor blade inlet angle and rotor outlet
blade angle is 176.5. Assume the relative velocity at inlet and exit of the rotor are same,
determine for a steam flow rate of 8.5 kg/s,

3. the relative exit angle of the blade ……… () (4)

4. the power output from the stage ……… (kW) (3)

Answer

Given:

C2 = 300 m/s; β2 + β1= 176.50 ; U = 150 m/s; ṁ = 8.5 kg/s; α2 = 180 ; W1 = W2

From inlet velocity triangle,

c2u = c2 cos (α2 ) = 300 cos (18) = 285.3 m/s C2

𝐂𝟐𝐦
c2m = c2 sin (α2 ) = 300 sin (18) = 92.7 m/s W2
β2
α2
W2 = √c2m 2 + (c2u − U)2 U
C2u
= √92.72 + (285.3 − 150)2 = 164.01 m/s

W1 = W2 =164.01 m/s
c2m 92.7
Sin (180 - β2 ) = = = 0.565
w2 164.01

β2 = 145.580

β2 + β1= 176.50

β1 = 30.920 (280 − 340 )

From outlet velocity triangle,
C1

𝐂𝟏𝐦
C1u = U - W1 cos(β1 ) = 150 – 164.01×cos (30.92) W1

= 9.3 m/s α1 β1

C1m = W1 sin(β1 ) = 164.01×sin (30.92) C1u U

= 84.28 m/s

C1 = √C1u 2 + C1m 2 = √9.32 + 84.282 = 84.79 m/s

P = 𝑚̇U (C2u − C1u ) = 8.5 × 150 (285.3 – 9.3) = 351900 W

= 351.9 kW (340 kW – 370 kW)

Consider a radial inward flow turbine rotating at 23000 rpm with a stagnation pressure ratio of
2.75 and power output of 300 kW. The inlet stagnation temperature of air is 250 C. The relative
angle at which air enters the turbine rotor is 70 and assume the outlet whirl is zero. The rotor tip
diameter is 300 mm and assuming hydraulic efficiency of 90% and mechanical efficiency of
95%. (Density of air at inlet condition is 1.49 kg/m3 and Cp=1005 J/kg-K and Cv = 718 J/kg-K for
air). Estimate

5. absolute velocity of air entering the turbine ………(m/s) (4)

6. mass flow rate …..…(kg/s) (3)

7. outer blade width ….….. (m) (3)

Answer

Given:
P
T02 = 2500 C = 523 K; P02 = 2.75; P = 300 kW; β2 = 700 ; C1u = 0; d2 = 300 mm = 0.3 m;
01

ηh = 0.90; ηm = 0.95; ρ2 = 1.49 kg/m3 ; N = 23000 rpm

T01 P01 (γ−1)/γ P01 (γ−1)/γ

=( ) ; T01 = T02 ( )
T02 P02 P02

1 (1.4−1)/1.4
T01 = 523 × (2.75) = 391.72 K
Specific work, W = h02 − h01 = Cp (T02 − T01 ) = 1005 (523 – 391.72)

= 131934.3 m2 /s 2 C2
W2

C2m
πd2 N π×0.3×23000 β2
U2 = = = 361.28 m/s
60 60
U2
Wbl = ηh W = 0.9 × 131934.3 = 118740.87 m2 /s 2 C2u
Wbl = u2 c2u − u1 c1u

118740.87 = u2 c2u

c2u = 118740.87 / u2 = 118740.87 / 361.28

c2u = 328.67 m/s

β2 = 700

W2u = U2 − C2u

= 361.28 – 328.67 = 32.61 m/s

C2m = W2u tan (𝛽2)

= 32.61 × tan (70) = 89.6 m/s

C2 = √C2u 2 + C2m 2 = √328.672 + 89.62 = 340.66 m/s (320 m/s – 360 m/s)

P
ηm =
ṁWbl

P 300 × 103
ṁ = =
ηm Wbl 0.95 ×118740.87

= 2.66 kg/s (2.5 kg/s – 2.8 kg/s)

ṁ = ρa AC2m

ṁ = ρa (πd2 b2 )C2m

2.66 = 1.49 × (π × 0.3 × b2 ) × 89.6

b2 = 0.02114 m (0.015 m – 0.03 m)

= 21.14 mm
Steam flows from nozzles at the rate of 0.2 kg/s and speed 900 m/s. It then enters the rotor of
single stage impulse turbine with symmetric blades. The flow leaves the nozzles at an angle of
20, the mean radius of the blades is 120 mm, and the rotor speed is 18000 rpm. Due to the
frictional loss in the rotor blades, kinetic energy of relative flow at rotor exit is 85% of kinetic
energy of relative flow entering the rotor. Determine

8. the relative inlet flow angle ………. () (3)

9. the absolute velocity of steam leaving the rotor ……… (m/s) (4)

10. power delivered by the turbine ……… (kW) (3)

Answer

Given:

ṁ = 0.2 kg/s; C2 = 900 m/s; α2 = 200 ; rm =120 mm = 0.12 m; N = 18000 rpm

πdm N π×(2×0.12)×18000
4U m = = = 226.2 m/
60 60

C2u = C2 cos (α2 ) = 900 cos (20) = 845.72 m/s

C2
C2m

C2m = C2 sin (α2 ) = 900 sin (20) = 307.82 m/s W2

β2
C2m 307.82 α2
tan (180 - β2 ) = = = 0.4969
C2u − 𝑈2 845.72−226.2 U
C2u
180 − β2 = 26.420

β2 = 153.580 (1400 − 1600 )

W2u = C2u − U2 = 845.72 – 226.2 = 619.52 m/s

W2 = √W2u 2 + C2m 2 = √619.522 + 307.822 = 691.78 m/s

As 15 % of the kinetic energy of the relative velocity is lost, at the exit the kinetic energy of the
relative flow,
1 1
W12 = (0.85) 2 W22 ; W1 = √0.85 W2
2

W1 = √0.85 × 691.78 = 637.79 m/s

As blade is symmetric,
β2 + β1= π

β1 = 1800 − 153.580 = 26.420

W1u = W1 cos (β1 ) = 637.79 cos (26.42) = 571.18 m/s

−W1u = - U + C1u

C1u = −W1u + U = -571.18 + 226.2

= -344.98 m/s
C1m
Sin (β1) =
W1

C1m = W1 Sin (β1) = 637.79 sin (26.42)

= 283.78 m/s

C1 = √C1u 2 + C1m 2 = √344.982 + 283.782 = 446.7 m/s (430 m/s – 460 m/s)

Power developed, P = 𝑚̇W = 𝑚̇U ( C2u − C1u )

= 0.2 × 226.2 × [845.72 – (-344.98)]

= 53867.27 W

= 53.87 kW (45 kW – 60 kW)

Steam at a velocity of 457 m/s enters an impulse wheel having a nozzle angle of 25. The exit
angle of the moving blade is 20 and the relative velocity may be assumed to remain constant
over the moving blade. If the blade speed is 183 m/s, find

11. moving blade angle at the inlet ……… () (4)

12. the absolute exit velocity ……… (m/s) (3)

13. the blade efficiency ……….. (%) (3)

Answer

Given:
C2 = 457 m/s; α2 = 250 ; β1 = 200 ; W1 = W2 ; U =183 m/s

C2m = C2 sin(α2 ) = 457 × sin (25) = 193.14 m/s

C2

C2m
C2u = C2 cos(α2 ) = 457 × cos (25) = 414.18 m/s
C2m 193.14 W2 β2
tan (180 - β2 ) = = α2
C2u −U 414.18−183

180 - β2 = 39.890 C2u U

β2 = 140.110 (1300 − 1500 )

W2u = C2u − U = 414.18 − 183 = 231.8 m/s

W2 = √W2u 2 + C2m 2 = √231.82 + 193.142

= 301.24 m/s

W1 = W2 = 301.24 m/s

C1m = W1 Sin (β1 ) = 301.24 sin (20) = 103.03 m/s

W1u = C1u + U
W1

C1m
C1u = −W1 cos (β1) + U = -301.24 × cos (20) +183
C1
α1
= -100.07 m/s β1
U C1u
C1 = √C1u 2 + C1m 2 = √100.072 + 103.032

= 143.63 m/s (130 m/s – 150 m/s)

Specific work, Wbl = U (C2u − C1u ) = 183 × (414.18 + 100.07)

= 94107.75 m2 /s 2
Wbl 2 ×94107.75
𝜂𝑏𝑙 = 2 = = 0.9012 = 90.12% (87% - 93%)
C2 /2 4572

A Curtis (velocity compounded impulse) turbine has two rows of moving blades with a mean
diameter of 70 Cm. The speed of rotation is 3000 rpm, the nozzle angle is 16 and the steam
velocity at the nozzle outlet is 610 m/s. Assume that the energy loss in each row of blades
(moving and fixed) is 24% of the kinetic energy of the steam entering the blades. Outlet angles
of the blade are as follows: a) First row of moving blades is 18; b) intermediate guide blades
22 and c) second row of moving blades 38. Estimate

14. inlet blade angle of first moving blade ……… () (4)

15. Inlet blade angle of second moving blade ………. () (3)

Answer

Given:

dm = 70 cm = 0.7 m; N = 300rpm; 1 2 = 160 ; 1C2 =610 m/s

1 1 = 180 ; 2  2 =220 ; 2 1 = 380 1 C2

πdm N π ×0.7 ×300
U=
60
=
60
= 109.96 m/s W2
1 1 2 
1 2
C2u = 1C2 cos ( 1 2 ) = 610 × cos (16) = 586.37 m/s
1
U
1 C2u
1 C2m = 1C2 sin ( 1 2 ) = 610 × sin (16) = 168.14 m/s

1 C2m 168.14
tan (180 - 1  2 ) = =
C2u −U 586.37−109.96
1

180 - 1  2 = 19.440

1  2 = 160.560 (1500 − 1700 )

2
W2 = √ 1 C2m
1 + ( 1 C2u − U)2 = √168.142 + (586.37 − 109.96)2

= 505.21 m/s

As energy loss in each row of blades (moving and fixed) is 24% of kinetic energy of steam
entering the blades.

So,

1 2 1 2
W = 0.76 × 2 1W2
21 1

W1 = √0.76 × 1W2 = √0.76 × 505.21

1
 = 440.43 m/s
W
1 C1m = 1W1 sin ( 1 1 ) = 440.43 × sin (18) = 136.1 m/s 1 1

1 C
1 1
1 C1u = 1W1 cos ( 1 1 ) - U = 440.43 × cos (18) – 109.96 = 308.91 m/s 1 1 1

2 2
U 1 C1u
1 C1 =
√ 1C1u + 1 C1m = √308.912 + 136.12 = 337.57 m/s

In fixed blade also there is 24% loss of kinetic energy of steam entering the blades

2 C2 = √0.76 × 1 C1 = √0.76 × 337.57 = 294.28 m/s

2 C2u = 2 C2 cos ( 2  2 ) = 294.28 × cos (22) = 272.85 m/s

2 C2
C2m = 2 C2 sin ( 2  2 ) = 294.28 × sin (22) = 110.24 m/s
2
2W2 2 2 
2 2
2 C2m 110.24
tan (180 - 2  2 ) = = 180 - 2  2 = 34.10 U
272.85−109.96
2 C2u − U 2 C2u

2  2 = 145.90 (1350 − 1550 )