Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Momentum
& Impulse

Conservation
Momentum
of Linear
& Impulse
Momentum

Momentum Impulse Collision

Elastic Inelastic
Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

3.1 MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

(a) Define momentum & solved related problems

(b) Define and use impulse J = Ft
(c) Use F-t graph to determine impulse
(d) State and use impulse-momentum theorem

J  p
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Linear Momentum
The product between mass and velocity, 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
Vector quantity; Unit: kg m s-2

Direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the

velocity
Can be resolved into vertical (y) & horizontal (x) components

py 
p p x  p cos θ  mv cos θ
p y  p sin θ  mv sin θ

px
3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

The greater an object’s momentum, the more force needed to

stop it

Both are hard to stop. Charging elephant has great mass, single
bullet has high velocity

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

A 1.5 kg ball was kicked with initial velocity of 40 m s-1

at the angle 30° with the horizontal line. Calculate the
momentum of the ball and also the horizontal and
vertical components of the momentum.
SOLUTION
Momentum, p  mv  1.5 ( 40 )  60 kg m s 1

 resolved into its components:

 p
py px  p cos   60 cos 30  51 .96 kg ms 1

30 1
 py  p sin   60 sin 30  30 kg ms
px
3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
pg

At a city park, a boy throws some

pd2
bread into a pond. Two ducks of mass
4.00 kg each and a 9.00 kg goose pd1
paddle rapidly toward the bread. The
ducks swim at 1.10 m s-1 and the
goose swims at a speed of 1.30 m s-1.
Determine the total momentum of the
three birds.
SOLUTION
vd1=1.10 m s-1; vd2=1.10 m s-1; vg=1.30 m s-1;
md1=md2=4.00 kg; mg=9.00 kg

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

The magnitude of the linear momentum for three birds are

pd1  md1vd1  4.00  
1.10  4.40 kg m s 1

pd 2  4.00 1.10   4.40 kg m s 1

pg  9.00 1.30   11.7 kg m s 1

Vector x-comp. ( kg m s-1) y-comp. ( kg m s-1)

pd1 0 4.40
pd2 4.40 0
pg 0 11.7
p 0  4.40  0 4.40  0  11.7
 4.40  7.30

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

The magnitude of the total linear momentum is given by

p px  p y
2 2

  4.40    7.30 
2 2
y
p
 p  8.52 kg m s 1

Its direction is 58.9

 py  x
  tan   1

 px 
1  7.30 
 tan  
 4.40 
  58.9
3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Impulse, 𝑱 WHEN?
Impulsive
Change in momentum, J  p  p f  pi force

the product of a force, F and the time, t J  Ft

J  Ft  p  mv  mu
• vector quantity
Unit: Impulse • direction is the same as the
N s or kg m s1 constant force on the object

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against

time, t graph is given by the Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 t
0 t1 t2
Shaded area under the Ft graph = impulse

Picture 3.1 Picture 3.2 Picture 3.3

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
SOLUTION m1  0.20 kg

A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes

the wall horizontally with a
speed of 100 m s1 and it
bounces off with a speed of
70 m s1 in the opposite
direction. J  p  p2  p1
(a) Calculate the magnitude of J  m1 v1  u1 
J  0.20 70   100
impulse delivered to the
ball by the wall,
(b) If the ball is in contact with J  34 N s
the wall for 10 ms,
determine the magnitude
of average force exerted by
the wall on the ball.
3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Solution :
a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,
J  dp  p2  p1
J  m1 v1  u1 
J  0.20 70   100
J  34 N s
Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s.

b. Given the contact time, dt  10 10 3 s

J  Fav dt

34  Fav 10 10 3

Fav  3400 N
3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

F kN 

18

0 0.2 1.0 1.8 t ms 

Figure 3.3
An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g struck by a
racket is shown in Figure 3.3. Determine
(a) the impulse delivered to the ball,
(b) the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is being served
so it is nearly at rest initially.

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Solution : m  60.0  10 3 kg
a. From the force-time graph,
J  area under the F  t graph
1
  3
J  1.8  0.2  10 18  10
2
3
 
J  14.4 N s
u0
b. Given the ball’s initial speed,

J  dp  mv  u 

14.4  60.0  10 3
v  0
v  240 m s 1

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Exercise 3.1:
1. A steel ball with mass 40.0 g is dropped from a height of 2.00
m onto a horizontal steel slab. The ball rebounds to a height
of 1.60 m.
a. Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball during impact.
b. If the ball is in contact with the slab for 2.00 ms, determine
the average force on the ball during impact.
ANS. : 0.47 N s; 237. 1 N
2. A golf ball (m = 46.0 g) is struck with a force that makes an
angle of 45 with the horizontal. The ball lands 200 m away on
a flat fairway. If the golf club and ball are in contact for 7.00
ms, calculate the average force of impact. (neglect the air
resistance.)
ANS. : 293 N

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

3.

Figure 3.4
A tennis ball of mass, m = 0.060 kg and a speed, v = 28
m s1 strikes a wall at a 45 angle and rebounds with the
same speed at 45 as shown in Figure 3.4. Calculate the
impulse given by the wall.
ANS. : 2.4 N s to the left or 2.4 N s

3.1: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

p  mv
J  Ft  p  mv  mu
 m( v  u )
J  area under
F - t graph
Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

3.2 CONSERVATION of
LINEAR MOMENTUM
(a) State the principle of conservation of linear
momentum
(b) State the conditions for elastic and inelastic
collisions
(c) Apply the principle of conservation of linear
momentum in the elastic and inelastic collisions
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Principle of In a closed system,

Conservation of 𝐹 = 0
𝑑𝑝
Momentum 𝐹 = = 0, 𝑑 𝑝 = 0
𝑑𝑡
states “In an isolated
(closed) system, the total 𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
momentum of that  𝑝𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
system is constant.”
 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

“When the net external The total of initial

force on a system is zero,
the total momentum of momentum = the total
that system is constant.” of final momentum
𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Linear Momentum in 1-D Collision

u B  3 m s 1 u A  6 m s 1 mA = 0.2 kg, mB = 0.1 kg, uA =
B A – 6 m s–1, uB = 3 m s–1, vB = –
Figure above shows an 2 m s–1, vA = ?
object A of mass 200 g
collides head-on with
pi = pf
object B of mass 100 g.
After the collision, B mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
moves at a speed of 2 m vA = – 3.5 m s–1
s-1 to the left. Determine (to the left)
the velocity of A after
collision.
3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Linear Momentum in 2-D Collision


m1 u1 m2

50 


m1 v1
Before collision After collision
A tennis ball of mass m1 moving with initial velocity u1 collides
with a soccer ball of mass m2 initially at rest. After the collision,
the tennis ball is deflected 50 from its initial direction with a
velocity v1 as shown in figure above. Suppose that m1 = 250 g,
m2 = 900 g, u1 = 20 m s1 and v1 = 4 m s1. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of soccer ball after the collision.

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
1
Solution :
m1  0.250 kg; m2  0.900 kg; u1  20 m s ;
u 2  0; v1  4 m s 1 ; θ1  50
From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
 
 pi   p f
The x-component of linear momentum,
 
 pix   p fx
m1u1 x  m2 u 2 x  m1v1 x  m2 v2 x
0.25020  0  0.250v1 cos θ1   0.900v2 x
5  0.2504 cos 50   0.900v2 x
1
v2 x  4.84 m s

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

The y-component of linear momentum,

 
 
piy  p fy
0  m1v1 y  m2 v2 y
 
0  0.250  4 sin 50   0.900v2 y
v2 y  0.851 m s 1
Magnitude of the soccer ball,
v2  v2 x 2  v2 y 2
v2  4.84  0.851
2 2
 4.91 m s 1
Direction of the soccer ball, y

1 
v2 y    0.851  
θ 2  tan    tan 

1
 v
 4.84  9.97 
 2 x 
v
θ 2  9.97 x

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Exercise 3.2(a):
1. An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4 m s1
collides elastically with another object Q of mass 2 kg moving
with a velocity 3 m s1 towards it.
a. Determine the total momentum before collision.
b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate the final
velocity of Q.
c. If the two objects stick together after the collision, calculate
the final velocity of both objects.
ANS. : 10 kg m s1; 5 m s1 to the right; 1.7 m s1 to the right
2. A marksman holds a rifle of mass mr = 3.00 kg loosely in his
hands, so as to let it recoil freely when fired. He fires a
bullet of mass mb = 5.00 g horizontally with a velocity 300 m s-
1. Determine

a. the recoil velocity of the rifle,

b. the final momentum of the system.
ANS. : 0.5 m s1; U think.
3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
3. 1.20 kg 1.80 kg

Before
0.630 m s-1 1.40 m s-1

After
Figure 3.7
In Figure 3.7 show a 3.50 g bullet is fired horizontally at two blocks at
rest on a frictionless tabletop. The bullet passes through the first
block, with mass 1.20 kg, and embeds itself in the second block,
with mass 1.80 kg. Speeds of 0.630 m s1 and 1.40 m s-1,
respectively, are thereby given to the blocks. Neglecting the mass
removed from the first block by the bullet, determine
a. the speed of the bullet immediately after it emerges from
the first block and
b. the initial speed of the bullet.
ANS. : 721 m s1; 937.4 m s1

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

4. A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s1 strikes an identical ball that is

initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has been
deviated by 45 from its original direction, and the struck ball moves
off at 30 from the original direction as shown in Figure 3.8.
Calculate the speed of each ball after the collision.

Figure 3.8

ANS. : 8.80 m s 1; 12.4 m s1

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Collision
 is defined as an isolated event in which two or more
bodies (the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong
forces on each other for a relatively short time.

Collision

Elastic Inelastic

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Elastic collision

• is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy (as well as

total momentum) of the system is the same before and after
the collision

m1u1 m2 u 2
Before collision 1 2

At collision 1 2 Simulation 3.2

m1v1 m2 v 2
After collision 1 2

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Properties of elastic collision
The total energy is
conserved E  E
i f

The total momentum is  

conserved  pi   p f
The total kinetic energy is
conserved K  K
i f

1 1 1 1
m1u1  m2 u 2  m1v1  m2 v22
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Inelastic (non-elastic) collision

• is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the system

is not the same before and after the collision (even though the
total momentum of the system is conserved)

m1u1 u2  0
Before collision 1 2 Simulation 3.3
m2
Caution
At collision 1 2 • Not all the inelastic collision is
stick together.
• In fact, inelastic collisions
include many situations in
which the bodies do not stick.
After collision v
1 2
(stick together)

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
Properties of inelastic collision
The total energy is
conserved E  E
i f

The total momentum is  

conserved  pi   p f
The total kinetic energy is
conserved K  Ki f

The total kinetic

• some of the energy is converted to internal energy
energy is not
and some of it is transferred away by means of
conserved
sound or heat
because

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Case study 1:

Type of collision and why?

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Case study 2:

Type of collision and why?

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

Two titanium spheres approach each other head-on with the

same speed of 3 m s-1 and collide elastically. After the collision,
one of the spheres, whose mass is 500 g, remains at rest.
Calculate the mass of the other sphere.
Solution: m1= 0.500 kg; u1=3 m s-1; u2=-3 m s-1; v1=0
Before collision After collision
v1  0 v2  ?
1
u1 u2 2 1 2 m2  ?
 
 
pi  pf
By using the principle of conservation of linear momentum, thus
m1u1  m2 u 2  m1v1  m2 v2
 0.500  3  m2  3  m2v2
3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
m2 v2  3m2  1.5
1.5  3m2
v2  (1)
m2
Since the collision is elastic then
K   K final
initial
1 1 1 1
m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2v2 2
2 2 2

2 2 2 2
1 1 1
    2   
2 2 2
0.500 3 m 3 0 m v
2 2
2 22 2
m2 v2  9m2  4.5 (2)
Solve (1) and (2):
m2  0.167 kg
3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

A ball of mass 0.3 kg is dropped from a height of 2.00 m above a tile

floor and rebounds to a height of 1.30 m.
a. Determine the ball’s speed just before and after strike the floor.
b. State the type of the collision between ball and floor. Give
reason. (Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Solution: m1  0.3 kg; h0  2.00 m; h1  1.30 m
1 u0
a. i. Before collision,
v0 s y  h0  2.00 m
1 Thus
2.00 m v12  u 2  2 gs y
v1 ' 1.30 m v12  0  29.81 2.00
1 1 1
v1 v1  6.26 m s
Floor (2)

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

a. ii. After collision, s y  h1  1.30 m

Thus
v  v1 '  2 gs y
2 2

0  v1 '  29.811.30 

2

v1 '  5.05 m s 1
b. The initial and final velocities of the floor during the
collision are zero.
The initial total kinetic energy of the system just before
collision is
1 1
K initial  m1u1  m1u2
2
2

2
2

1 1
 m1v1  0   0.3 6.26   5.88 J
2 2

2 2
3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse
b. The final total kinetic energy of the system just after
collision is
1 1
 final 2 1 1 2 1 2
K  m v 2
 m v 2

1
 m1  v1 '  0
2

2
1
  0.3 5.05 
2

2
 3.83 J
Since
 Kinitial   Kfinal
Therefore the collision between ball and floor is inelastic

3.2: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

Chapter --- Momentum & Impulse

THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 4:
FORCES