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 '
6 ILLUSTRATED WOOD-WORKER. Jahuaby,

comments as we may see fit to introduce. Practical Carpentry.

To those of our patrons who are not
already If we wish to bisect a given angle like Fig.
versed in the mysteries of this
hand-railing, 1, Plate 6, we proceed as follows : Let ABC
announcement should be welcome, as it will
them in a to obtain a knowl be the given angle. From the angular point
place position an arc, cutting
B, with any radius, describe
edge of the art with the least expenditure B A and B C in the points d and e ; also,
of time and money possible ; and to those
who have acquired a knowledge of the art, from the points d and e as centres, with-any
this system will be instructive and interest radius greater than half the distance between
inasmuch as it shows them how some them, describe arcs cutting each other in f;
ing, the point of intersection /, draw' B
of the long-winded problems are cut short through
the of two / D ; the angle A B C is bisected by the
by simple application hinged
boards. straight line B D ; that is, it is divided into
The chief feature of this system is its ex two equal angles, ABD and C B D.
Another method is shown on Fig. 2. Let
treme simplicity, and we have no hesitation
in saying that any one of our readers who A B C be the given angle, as before. In A B
will take the trouble to study the text and take any two points D and E. On B C set off
B F equal to B D, and B G equal to B E ;
plates as we publish them, will, at the close each other
of the present volume, be able to build almost join E F and D G, intersecting
in H ; join also B H, and produce it to any
any kind of a hand-rail, from a knowledge
acquired by such study. point K ; the angle A B C is bisected by the
We shall at all times take pleasure in an lineBK.
this To trisect or divide a"right angle into three
swering any question regarding system, Let A B C, Fig. 3, be the given
and hope our readers will not be backward equal angles.
in making known their troubles. right angle. From the angular point B, with
an arc cutting B A and
The following is a description of the first any radius, describe
where the instruments to be used are B C in the points d and g ; from the points
plate, d and g, with the radius B d or B g, describe
shown :
arcs cutting the arc dgm e and/; join B
Plate 2.
e and B/: these lines will trisect the angle
Fig. 1 is the sector, on which the system is ABC, ! or divide it into three equal angles.
founded; is made of two boards joined to To erect a perpendicular from any point in
with that the on the a line proceed as follows : From the
gether hingesfso joint straight
face will be close in any position ; the edges point C, Fig. 4, with any radius less than C A
bevelled so as to allow it to fold back to an or C B, describe arcs cutting the given line
angle of ninety degrees. Each leaf may be A B in d and e ; from these points as centres,
two feet long by one foot wide, with the ends with a radius greater than C d or C e, describe
clamped to prevent warping. arcs intersecting each other in/: join of, and
Fig. 2 is a section of Fig. 1, showing a this line will be the perpendicular required.
brace of wire to keep it in position to any To erect a perpendicular on the end of a
angle. line, take any point c in Fig. 5, and with the
3 is the bevel, used on the radius or distance c B, describe the portion
Fig. tangent
face of the sector to obtain tangents. of the circle d B e ; join d c, and extend it
in e ; draw
Fig. 4 is the bevel used on the sector and to meet the opposite circumference
tangent bevel, and produces the spring and the line B e, which will be the perpendicular
plumb bevels on wreath pieces of rail. sought.
Fig. 5 is the plan of a semicircular piece The above can also be found by another
of wreath. The horizontal lines of the tri method, as follows :From any scale of equal
. show the stretch-out of the convex and as that represented by the line D, Fig.
angles parts,
concave edges of the wreath, which is ob 6, which contains five, set off from B, on the
tained by dividing the radius of the circle line A B, the distance B e, equal to three of
into four parts, taking three of them in the these parts ; then from B, with a radius equal
dividers and extending to five as shown ; to four of the same parts, describe the arc
then draw lines, cutting chord as shown. lab; also from e as a centre, with a radius
The lines of the two triangles are parallel to equal to five parts, describe another arc inter
each other. secting the former in C ; lastly, join B C ;
6 shows the method of obtaining the the line B C will be perpendicular to A B:
Fig.
curve and joints of wreaths after the tangents This mode of drawing right angles on paper
are drawn from the sector. is more troublesome than the method pre
close it will be seen that two viously given ; but in laying out -grounds,
By inspection
are shown?the stars showing the fences, or foundations of buildings it is often
lengths
centre line of the curve to each piece. This useful, since only with a ten-" foot" rod the
will be shown to better advantage in suc ground fence or building may be set quite
square. The method is palled the six, eight,
ceeding drawings. j
 1879. ILLUSTRATED WOOD-WORKER. 7

and ten method, and is demonstrated thus : thor, " but without success, while trying how
The square of the hypothenuse, or longest far we could proceed in geometry by means
side of a right-angled triangle, being equal of straight lines only." He did well to put
to the sum of the squares of the other two in the perhaps, for the thing happens to be
sides, the same property must always be in possible after all; but it shows by what trifle
herent in any three numbers, of which the the greatest of men will sometimes be baf
squares of' the two lesser numbers added to fled. The following is submitted as a method
ether are equal to the square of the greater,
remarkably simple and easy : Let A B, Fig.
? 'or example, take the numbers six, eight, 10, be the given straight line, it is required
and ten ; the square of six is thirty-six, and to describe an equilateral it
triangle upon
the square of eight is sixty-four ; and thirty without making use of the compasses or arcs
six and sixty-four added together make one of a circle. Bisect A B in J), as shown pre
hundred, which is ten times ten, or the square viously, draw A E perpendicular and equal to
of the greater number. Although these num A D ; join D E, and extend D A to F, mak
bers, or any multiple of them, such as three,
ing A F =D E ; join also E F ; then from
four, five, or twelve,
sixteen, twenty, etc., are J) erect the perpendicular D C = E F, and
the most simple and most easily retained in join A C and C B :ABC will then be an
the memory, yet there are other numbers, equilateral triangle.
very different in proportion, which can be It is easy to see that A C2 must be 4A D2 ;
made to serve the same purpose ; and for the but A C2 =A D2 + C D2
(47th Prop. Euclid),
advanced student we submit the : and C D2 = E F2 = F A2 + A E2 = A Ea +
following
Let n denote any number ; then n* -f- 1, tf DE2;butDE2 = AD2 +AE2 = 2AD. . .
?
1, and 2n, will represent the hypothenuse, C D2= 3A D2, and A C = A B2= 4 A D3.
base, and perpendicular of a right-angled tri (To be continued.)
angle. Suppose n ? 6, then ri1 -f 1 = 37, m*
? 1= =
35, and 2n 12 ; hence, thirty-seven,
thirty-five, and twelve are the sides of a right
angled triangle. ^ntnzommnrixtRixorx.
To bisect a
given straight line, let A B,
Fig. 7, be the given straight line. From the ourThis department i6 intended to furnish, forthetheartbenefit of all
of manipu
extreme points A and B as centres, with any readers, practical information regarding
lating wood by hand or machinery; and we trust that every
equal radii greater than half the length of A reader of our paper will make the fullest use of it, both in ask
ing and answering. All persons possessing additional or more
B, describe arcs cutting each other in C and correct information than that which is given relating to the
D : a straight line drawn through the points queries published, are cordially invited to forward it to us for
publication. All questions will be numbered, and in replying
of intersection C and D will bisect the line itwill be absolutely necessary, in order to secure due insertion,
A B in e. that the number and title of the question answered should be
given ; and in sending questions, the title of key-words of the
To divide a given straight line into any question sttould be placed at the head of the paper. Corre
6hould in all cases send their addresses, not necessa
number of equal parts. Let A B, Fig. 8, be spondents rily for publication, but for future reference. We also request
the given line to be divided into five equal that alland questions or answers be written on separate slips of
paper, addressed to the Editor. Notes of practical interest
parts. From the point A draw the straight will be welcome at all times. When drawings are sent to illus
trate answers to questions, or for full pages, they should be on
line A C, forming any angle with A B. On separate slips, and should be drawn in ink on clean, white
the line A C, with any convenient paper. Short questions, requiring short answers, may be asked
opening and answered through the agency of postal cards.
of the compasses, set off five equal parts When answers to questions are wanted by mail, the querist
towards C ; join the extreme points 0 B ; mu6t send a stamp for return postage.

through the remaining points one, two, three,

and four, draw lines parallel to B 0,
cutting Queries.
A B in the points, one, two,
corresponding 1. Plane are Butcher's plane
three, four : A B will be divided into five Irons.?Why
as irons marked with numbers one,-two, three,
equal parts, required.
To describe an equilateral etc. ??A. P. G.
triangle upon four, .
a line. Let A B, Fig. 9, be
given straight 2. Picture-Frames.?Is it best, in mak
the given straight line; from the points A
and B, with a radius equal to A B, describe ing picture-frames, to glue them at the cor
" or just brad them
which is
arcs intersecting each other in the point C. ners, endwood,"
P. G.
Join C A and C B, and ABC will be the together??A.
equilateral triangle required. An eminent 3. Filling.?How can^ I make a
mathematician once made the following ob good
filling for chestnut and black-walnut??
servation regarding this problem : "It is A. P. G.
remarkable that it is not perhaps possible to
resolve, without employing the arc of a cir- , 4. Combination Planes.?What firm
cle, the very simple problem, and one of the manufactures the best combination match
first in the elements of geometry, to planes and fillisters of iron in this country;
" viz.,
describe an equilateral triangle/' We have and do these combination nlanes soori get out
often attempted it/' continues the same au of order by frequent changing ??A. P. G.
 ILLUSTRATED.
12 W 00 D- W 0 RK ER... jANUARY>1879.

Pl/ATE. 6

Fi9.1 \ Fig. *.

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PRACTICAL CARPENTRY.