Report on summer training

“PRICE GAP ANALYSIS BETWEEN BIG

BAZAR.EASY DAY”

Name of Organization : Vishal Mega Mart

Location : BMC Chauck, near bus stand,
Shakti tower, Jalandhar(Punjab)

Submitte By:-

Vinay rana
Roll. No A 10
Reg. No. 10906399

Submitted In partial fulfilment of the requirements of

Lovely Professional University for the award of the degree of
Master of Business Administration

Academic year 2009-2011

 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DECLERATION
INTRODUCTION OF RETAIL
FUTURE PRESPECTIVE

COMPANY PROFILE

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
LIMITATION OF STUDY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SWOT ANALYSIS
FINDINGS
SUGGESTIONS

CONCLUSION

BIBLOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel great pleasure in presenting this summer training project in the hands of my mentor. It is
really a great opportunity given by him to me. This research work is combined effort of many
hearts, hands and brains. First of all I would like to thank God and ASM of vishal mega mart
(MR.MADIR) who showered his blessing in every step of this profile and has given me this
opportunity to conduct this industrial profiling.
I am immensely grateful to Vishal mega mart Jalandhar-I for providing me this opportunity for
bringing out my talent. Now my grateful thanks to my Mentor Mr. pratish srivastav who help
me a lot and guided me in every step related to this project.
 DECLARATION

I, VINAY RANA Student of (Retail Management) IIIrd Semester, declare that the project on
“PRICE GAP ANALYSIS BETWEEN BIG BAZAR.EASY DAY” is the result of my own
efforts and it is based on data collected and guidance given to me.
I have prepared it as a part of my course curriculum. This report is correct to best of my
knowledge and so far has not been published anywhere else.
 Introduction to retail industry

ret ai l i s i n d i a ’s l a r g e s t i n d u s t r y, ac c o u n t i n g fo r o v er 1 0 p er c e n t o f t h e co u n t r y’ s
g d p an d ar o u n d ei g h t p er c en t o f t h e em p l o ym en t . R et ai l i n d u s t r y i n i n d i a i s at
t h e c ro s s ro ad s . It h as em er g e d a s o n e o f t h e m o s t d yn a m i c a n d f as t p a ce d
i n d u s t ri es w i t h s ev e ral p l a ye r s en t e ri n g t h e m a rk et . Bu t b e c au s e o f t h e h e av y
initial investments required, break even is difficult to achieve and man y of these
p l a ye r s h av e n o t t as t ed s u c c es s s o fa r. H o w e v e r, t h e f u t u r e i s p ro m i s i n g; t h e
market is growing, government policies are becoming more favorable and
emerging technologies are facilitating operations. Retailing in india is graduall y
i n c h i n g i t s w a y t o wa rd b ec o m i n g t h e n ex t b o o m i n d u s t r y. T h e w h o l e c o n ce p t o f
s h o p p i n g h as al t e r ed i n t e rm s o f fo rm a t a n d co n s u m e r b u yi n g b eh av i o r, u s h e ri n g
in a revolution in shopping in india. Modern retail has entered india as seen in
Sprawling shopping centers, multi-storied malls and huge complexes offer
shopping, entertainment and food all under one roof. The indian retailing sector
is at an infl exion point where the growt h of organized ret ail ing and growt h in
the consum ption b y the indi an popul at ion is going to t ake a hi gher growth
t ra j e ct o r y.

The indian population is witnessing a significant change in its demographics. A

l ar g e yo u n g w o r k i n g p o p u l at i o n wi t h m ed i an a g e o f 2 4 ye a r s , n u c l e a r fam i l i e s i n
urban areas, al ong with increasing worki ng-wom en popul ation and em erging
opportunities in the services sector are going to be the key growth drivers of
the organized retail sector in india.

Retailing is the final step in the distribution of merchandise - the last link in
the suppl y chain - connecting the bulk producers of commodities to the final
consumers. Retailing covers diverse products such as foot apparels, consumer
goods, financial services and leisure.

A ret ai l e r, t yp i c al l y, i s s o m eo n e w h o d o es n o t e ff e ct an y s i g n i f i c an t ch an g e i n
the product execs breaking the bulk. He/ she are also the final stock point who
makes products or services available to the consumer whenever require. Hence,
the value proposition a retailer offers to a consumer is eas y availabilities of the
desired product in the desired sizes at the desired times.

In t he d ev elo ped co u ntri es , th e ret ail i ndu str y h as develop ed in to a full -

fledged industry where more than three-fourths of the total retail trade is done
b y the organized sector. Huge retail chains like wal-mart, carr four group,
sears, k-mart, mcdonalds, etc. Have now replaced the individual small stores.
Large retai l fo rmats, with hi gh qu alit y ambiance an d co urt eo us.

Retailing is the interface between the producer and the individual consumer
b u yi n g fo r p e rs o n a l co n s u m p t i o n . T h i s e x cl u d es d i r e ct i n t e r f ac e b et w e en t h e
manufacturer and i ns titutional bu yers such as the governm ent and ot her bulk
customers. A retailer is one who stocks the producer’s goods and is involved in
the act of selling it to the individual consumer, at a margin of profit. As
Such, retailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the
manufacturing and distribution chain.

Retailing is more than selling goods:

Ret ailing consi sts of the s al e of goods or m erchandise, from a fixed location
such as a department store or kiosk, in small or individual lots for direct
consumption b y the purchaser. Retailing is a well recognized business function
which compromises
Making available desired product in the desired quantit y at the desired time.
This creates a time, place and form utilit y for the consumer. The success of
retailing is highl y dependent on an efficient suppl y chain management. A well-
developed suppl y chain reduces wastages and transaction cost thereb y reducing
the cost of inventories to be maintained b y the producers and the traders. A
reduction in the cost of inventory management leads to a reduction in the final
price to the consumer.
Retailing has been identified as a thrust area for promotion of textiles,
processed foods, agricultural and horticultural produce. Retail sector can be
divided into organized and unorganized sectors:

organized retail:

Unorganiz ed retai ling i s characteriz ed by a distort ed real -estat e m arket , good

i n f ra s t r u ct u re an d ef fi c i e n t u p s t r ea m p ro ce s s es , f u l fi l l w i t h m o d ern t e ch n o l o g y,
adequate funding and presence of skilled manpower. Therefore, there is a need
to promote organized retailing.

Unorganized retail:

Unorganized retailing is characterized by a distorted real-estate market, poor

infrastructure and i neffi ci ent upst ream processes, lack of modern technology,
inadequate funding and absence of skilled manpower. Therefore, there is a need
to promote organized retailing.

Evaluation of organized retailing:

American mass retailing began in the late 1800s with montgomery ward
marketing it s products through general merchandis e mail order cat alogs, which
wa s v e r y e ff e ct i v e at t h at t i m e fo r r ea ch i n g a l ar g el y r u ra l s o ci et y.
In t he 194 0s, th e p o pul ation b egan it s m ovement to th e su bu rbs as th e econom y
shifted from an agricultural base to an industrialized nation. The first shopping
center was opened, which would eventuall y be a significant factor in the decline
of downtown retailing in the 1960s and 70s. Jc penney and sears began their
national mass retailing expansion, and the use of credit cards as major retail
chains began.

T h e 1 9 5 0 s w i t n es s e d t h e r ea f fi r m at i o n o f t h e t ra d i t i o n al fam i l y. T h e fi rs t
planned mall and franchised food restaurant opened. As people continued to
flo ck to th e s ubu rb s, th e do wnt own areas b egan to d eclin e. Larger sub urban
malls were created and anchored b y traditional downtown department store
m er c h a n t s . F re e wa ys we re ex p a n d ed an d t h e s al es o f p ri v at e au t o m o b i l e s gr e w ,
gi ving the consumer a wi der accessi ble area i n which to shop. Discounters were
born, korvetta being one of the firsts.

The 1960s witnessed the growth of enclosed shopping centers, with department
stores anchors and specialt y retail chains. The bab y boomers were teenagers at
this point, leading to the growth of juniors-oriented stores and vendors. Women
became targets not just as mothers or wives as they entered the workforce and
consumers became more demanding in their expectation of qualit y and service.

In th e 1 970 s, p rom o tion al p ri cin g start ed to pi ck up th e d epartm ent st ores as

off-price retailer emerged. The growth of retail space slowed, as sales increase
came at the expense of competition, not of market growth. This competitive
market led to the under performance of s everal retai lers as gross m argins
experienced downtown pressure from increased competition. Retailers in large
upscale markets recognized the time shortage created b y dual-career families.
Benefits of retailing:
Ret ailing is good for national economi es where i t has positive influence on
i n fl u e n c e o n i n f l at i o n a n d p r o d u ct a v ai l a b i l i t y. It al s o c r ea t e s fo rt u n e s fo r i t s
o wn e rs an d i s a t r em en d o u s s o u r c e o f em p l o ym en t .
In di a h as b een vi rtu all y th e onl y d ev elo pi n g cou nt r y i n th e wo rld th at h as b een
extremel y slow in adopting this organized pattern of retailing.

x Better qualit y products

x E m p l o ym e n t o p p o rt u n i t i e s
x Better social infrastructure
x Enhanced forei gn ex change
x Benefit to tourism
x Better showcase for exports
x Better realization of taxes

Indian retail scenario:

Retailers in india have to experiment with formats maintaining scalability in

terms of segments, along with deepening penetration levels.

Traditionall y indian retail can be traced back from weekl y markets, melas, and
village fairs in small towns and villages to kirana stores, pds outlets, khaki
bhandaar, co-operative stores in urban cities. The wave of retail began with
v a ri o u s t ex t i l e m an u f ac t u res l i k e b o m b a y d ye i n g , r a ym o n d ’s , s k u m a r’ s , an d
g r as i m fo ra yi n g i n t o s el l i n g t h e p ro d u ct t h ro u gh t h ei r o u t l et s an d c o m p et i t i o n
am o n g fm c g p l a ye r s d r i v i n g t h e fo r ce s t o w a rd s r et ai l i n g. T h e ev o l u t i o n o f
retailing lead to an emergence of various formats like shopping malls, super-
m ar t s , h yp e r -m a rt s , d ep a rt m en t al s t o r es , ap p a re l s t o r es , et c. C at eri n g t o m aj o ri t y
all sectors of society providing the all-important 3vs – value, variet y and
volume.
In di a is th e co unt r y hav in g th e m ost un o rganiz ed ret ail m ark et. T raditio n all y it
i s a f am i l y’ s l i v el i h o o d , wi t h t h ei r s h o p i n t h e fr o n t an d h o u s e at t h e b a ck , w h i l e
they run the retail business. More than 99% retailers function in less than 500
square feet of shopping space. Global retail consultants ksa technopak, have
estimated that organized retailing in india is expected to touch rs 35,000 crore
i n t h e ye a r 2 0 0 5 - 0 6 . T h e i n d i an r et ai l s ec t o r i s es t i m a t e d at aro u n d rs 9 0 0 , 0 0 0
crore, of which the organized sector accounts for a mere 2 per cent indicating a
h u g e p o t en t i al m a rk e t o p p o rt u n i t y t h at i s l yi n g i n t h e w ai t i n g fo r t h e c o n s u m er -
savv y organized retailer .purchasing power of indian urban consumer is growing
and branded merchandise in categories like apparels, cosmetics, shoes, watches,
b ev e ra g e s , f o o d an d ev en j ew el l e r y, ar e s l o w l y b e co m i n g l i f es t yl e p ro d u ct s t h at
are wid el y accept ed b y t he u rb an i ndi an cons umer. In di an retailers n eed to
advantage of this growth and aiming to grow, diversify and introduce new
formats have to pay more attention to the brand building process.
In th eir p rep arati on to face fi erce com petit iv e p ress ure, in dian ret ail ers must
come to recognize the value of building their own stores as brands to reinforce
t h ei r m ar k e t i n g p o s i t i o n i n g , t o co m m u n i c at e q u al i t y a s w el l a s v al u e fo r m o n e y.
Sustainable competitive advantage will be depended on translating core values
co m b i n i n g p ro d u ct s , i m a g e an d re p u t at i o n i n t o a c o h er en t ret ai l b r an d s t r at e g y.
Growth of organized retail in indian cities:

O r g a n i z e d s h a r e o f r e t a i l s e c t o r i s e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e t o 8 -9 p e r c e n t i n
2010-11 from 6 percent in 2008.

The ret ail sector contributes to around 36 percent of gdp in i ndi a and is l argest
em p l o ym en t g en e rat o r. T h e s e ct o r i s d o m i n at ed b y s m al l -s c at t er ed u n o r g an i z ed
re g i o n al p l a ye r s , l a r g e p l a ye r s c o n t ri b u t i n g t o m e a g e r 1 0 p er c en t o f t h e t o t al
pie. Organized retail is at its nascent phase wherein the large organized retail
groups are having aggressive expansion plans to penetrate the metros and tier i
cities and establish themselves amongst rural masses of tier i and tier ii cities.

there lies a challenge for retailers to experiment with new value formats
al o n g wi t h d ev el o p i n g cu s t o m er l o ya l t i es . S i n c e t h er e w i l l b e d em o gr a p h i c s h i ft
in population growth, urbanization and migration due to transition in urban
household growth and income distribution. The total retail market in the top 67
cities in india in 2006 was rs. 2.55 trillion, which is expected to increase to rs.
3.91 trillion in 2011.
American mass retailing began in the late 1800s with montgomery ward
marketing it s products through general merchandis e mail order cat alogs, which
wa s v e r y e ff e ct i v e at t h at t i m e fo r r ea ch i n g a l ar g el y r u ra l s o ci et y.
In t he 194 0s, th e p o pul ation b egan it s m ovement to th e su bu rbs as th e econom y
shifted from an agricultural base to an industrialized nation. The first shopping
center was opened, which would eventuall y be a significant factor in the decline
of downtown retailing in the 1960s and 70s. Jc penney and sears began their
national mass retailing expansion, and the use of credit cards as major retail
chains began.

T h e 1 9 5 0 s w i t n es s e d t h e r ea f fi r m at i o n o f t h e t ra d i t i o n al fam i l y. T h e fi rs t
planned mall and franchised food restaurant opened. As people continued to
flo ck to th e s ubu rb s, th e do wnt own areas b egan to d eclin e. Larger sub urban
malls were created and anchored b y traditional downtown department store
m er c h a n t s . F re e wa ys we re ex p a n d ed an d t h e s al es o f p ri v at e au t o m o b i l e s gr e w ,
gi ving the consumer a wider accessi ble area in which to shop.

The 1960s witnessed the growth of enclosed shopping centers, with department
stores anchors and specialt y retail chains. The bab y boomers were teenagers at
this point, leading to the growth of juniors-oriented stores and vendors. Women
became targets not just as mothers or wives as they entered the workforce and
consumers became more demanding in their expectation of qualit y and service.

According to crisil, around 87 percent of the retail opportunity comes from top
2 5 ci t i es c o m p ro m i s i n g m et ro d el h i , m u m b ai , c al c u t t a, m i n i m et ro s h yd e r a b a d ,
chennai, bangalore, mini metros ahmedabad and pune, tier i cities of kanpur ,
nagpur, surat and ludhiana, tier ii cities coimbatore, chandigarh, lucknow,
kochi, jaipur and tier iii cities vadodara, vizag, indore, v i j a yw a d a,
thiruvananthpuram, bhopal, nashik and madurai.

Old Retail Formats:

� Kiranas:

These are food and non-food neighborhood counter stores, also called ‘mom and
pop stores’ in western countries. These are big chunks forming the segregated
an d u n o r g an i z ed r et ai l s e gm en t . T h es e a re fa m i l y- o wn ed an d - ru n r et ai l - o u t l et s
picking the goods from wholesalers totaling to around 12 million stores across
In di a.

� Mandis:
These are the largest chunk of unorganized retail catering to urban and rural
masses. Mandis are p h ys i ca l l y located at different regi ons to enhance
convenient shopping. The sellers bring across various products like eatables,
vegetables and fruits, pulses, cereals, spices etc. The most prominent of them
are sabzi m and is fou nd in mo st o f t he lo caliti es across In di a.

� Village Haats:

T h i s fo r m i s o p e rat i n g i n r u r al ar e as w h er e b u ye rs an d s el l e rs g at h e r o n ce i n a
week or month from nearb y villages and small towns to cater their livelihood
and leisure needs. These haats are a source of entertainment and socialization
among rural masses.

� Push Ca rt Vendo rs :

The are categories of vendors roaming from door to door in various localities
selling fruits, vegetables, and other eatables, from which mostl y housewives
makes purchases that too on credit.

Upco min g Retail Fo rmats

Modern Formats Area (sq. ft) Points of Differentiation

Shopping Malls 60,000-7,00,000 Multi-format, multi-product,

multi-brands &
C at eri n g l i f es t yl e n e ed s .
Hyper marts 50,000-70,000 Multi-verticals.
Super marts 5,000-10,000 Singl e verti cal .

Departmental 20,000-50,000 Singl e Verti cal.

Stores

Apparel Stores 20,000-25,000 Multi-branded single verticals,

focusing on
hi gh-end custom ers.
Specialty format 2,000-5,000 Multi-branded, single vertical on
specific needs of customers.
Exclusive formats 500-5,000 Owned/ Franchi sed si ngl e product.
 COMPANY PROFILE

Introduction of Vishal Retail Ltd.:

V i s h a l R et a i l L td , a l e ad i n g p l a ye r i n t h e In d i an r et ai l i n d u s t r y, i s a p i o n ee r i n
d i s c o u n t ret ai l i n g a n d i s f o c u s ed o n t i e r II a n d III c i t i es i n t h e co u n t r y. It h as a
strong presence in manufacturing and retailing of r e a d ym ad e garm ent s
(apparels); retailing of non-apparels and a large variet y of FMCG products. The
co m p a n y h a s p an - In d i a p r es e n c e w i t h 1 0 8 m i d -s i z ed h yp e rm a rk et fo rm at s t o r es
as on April 28, 2008 covering about 2.3mn sq ft retail space area. Vishal is
supported b y strong manufacturing set-up in Gurgaon, Dehradun and Manesar
with a cap aci t y o f 5,00 0 garment pi eces per da y in each u nit. It also has 2 9
wareho us es l ocat ed i n 8 ke y citi es in In di a cov erin g o ver 1.1m n sq ft area.

Vishal started as a humble one store enterprise in 1986 in Kolkata (erstwhile,

Calcutta) is today a conglomerate encompassing 117 showrooms in 75 cities / 20
s t at es . In d i a ’s fi r s t h yp er -m ar k et h as al s o b ee n o p e n e d fo r t h e In d i an c o n s u m er
b y Vishal. Situated in the national capital Delhi this store boasts of the singe
largest col lecti on of good s and commo dit ies sold un d er on e ro of i n Ind ia

The group had a turnover of Rs. 1463.12 million for fiscal 2005, under the
d yn am i c l e a d e rs h i p o f M r. R am C h an d r a A g ar wa l . T h e g r o u p h ad o f t u r n o v e r R s
2884.43 million for fiscal 2006 and Rs. 6026.53 million for fiscal 2007.

The group’s prime focus is on retailing. The Vishal stores offer affordable
famil y fashion at prices to suit every pocket.
The group’s philosoph y is integration and towards this end has initiated
backward integration in the field of high fashion b y setting up a state of the art
manufacturing facility to support its retail endeavors.

Co mpa ny Ba c kg r o und:

Vishal Retail was incorporated on July 23, 2001 as Vishal Retail Private
Li m i t ed as a r et ai l er o f r e ad y- m ad e ap p a rel s i n K o l k at a i n 2 0 0 1 . T h e c o m p an y
has acqui red the business of 'M/ s The Vis hal Garm ent s ' and 'M/ s Vis hal
Garm ents ' in 200 1. In 2 003 , th e com pan y h as acqui red the m an ufactu rin g
facili ties from Vish al Fas hio ns P riv at e Li mited and M/s Vis hal Ap parels.

Vis hal is o ne of fastest grow in g retaili n g grou ps in In di a. It s o utl ets cater t o

almost all price ranges. The showrooms have over 70,000 products range which
fu l fi l l s al l yo u r h o u s eh o l d n e ed s , an d c an b e c at e re d t o u n d e r o n e r o o f. It i s
cov erin g ab out 2 059 292 l ac s q. ft. in 1 8 stat es acros s In di a. Each sto re giv es
you i nt ernati onal qualit y goods and pri ces hard to m at ch. The cost benefi ts that
are derived from the large central purchase of goods and services are passed on
to the consumer.
 The Founders

Mr. Ramchandra Agarwal Mrs. Uma Agarwal

Mr. Surendra Agarwal

 Objectives of study
1. T o e v a l u a t e t h e r e c e n t t r e n d o f I n d i a n r e t a i l i n d u s t r y i n o r d e r t o c o m e o u t w i t h
pro sp ect s fo r Indi a o ne of l eadin g ret ail chai n.

2.To know the consumer’s expectations from vishal mega mart.

3.Simultaneousl y to know the people perceptions towards retail outlet

4 . T o c o m e o u t w i t h c o n c l u s i o n an d s u g g es t i o n b a s e d o n an al ys i s , i n t er p r et at i o n
of the data.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

 S o m et i m e re s p o n d en t s ar e n o t t a k i n g i n t e r es t i n s u ch t yp e o f s u r v e ys
therefore t here is chance that the y m i ght be givi ng wrong information.

 The respondents are free from all barriers so he/she can give his/her
opinion which may not be true in man y occasions.

 The staff of the Vishal onl y provides/ communicates the merits of its
products.
.

MAJOR COMPETITORS OF

VISHAL MEGAMART

1. BIG-BAZAR

Type Subsidiary of Pantaloon Group

Founded 2001

Headquarters Mumbai, India

Industry Retail

Parent Pantaloon Group

Owner Kishore Biyani

Slogan Is se sasta aur accha kahi nahin

Big Bazaar is a chain of shopping malls in India currently with 29 outlets, owned by the

Pantaloon Group. It works on same the economy model as Wal-Mart and has had considerable

success in many Indian cities and small towns. The idea was pioneered by entrepreneur Kishore

Biyani, the head of Pantaloon Retail India Ltd.

COMPANY PROFILE OF BIG-BAZAR:

Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited, is India's leading retail company with presence across multiple

lines of businesses. The company owns and manages multiple retail formats that cater to a wide

cross-section of the Indian society and is able to capture almost the entire consumption basket of

the Indian consumer. Headquartered in Mumbai ( Bombay), the company operates through 4

million square feet of retail space, has over 140 stores across 32 cities in India and employs over

14,000 people. The company registered a turnover of Rs 2019 crore for FY 2005-06.

Pantaloon Retail forayed into modern retail in 1997 with the launching of fashion retail chain,

Pantaloons in Kolkata. In 2001, it launched Big Bazaar, a hypermarket chain that combines the

look and feel of Indian bazaars, with aspects of modern retail, like choice, convenience and

hygiene. This was followed by Food Bazaar, food and grocery chain and launch Central, a first

of its kind seamless mall located in the heart of major Indian cities. Some of it's other formats

include, Collection i (home improvement products), E-Zone (consumer electronics), Depot

(books, music, gifts and stationary), aLL (fashion apparel for plus-size individuals), Shoe

Factory (footwear) and Blue Sky (fashion accessories). It has recently launched its etailing

venture,

Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited, is India's leading retail company with presence across multiple

lines of businesses. The company owns and manages multiple retail formats that cater to a wide

cross-section of the Indian society and is able to capture almost the entire consumption basket of

the Indian consumer. Headquartered in Mumbai ( Bombay), the company operates through 4

million square feet of retail space, has over 140 stores across 32 cities in India and employs over

14,000 people. The company registered a turnover of Rs 2019 crore for FY 2005-06.

Pantaloon Retail forayed into modern retail in 1997 with the launching of fashion retail chain,

Pantaloons in Kolkata. In 2001, it launched Big Bazaar, a hypermarket chain that combines the
look and feel of Indian bazaars, with aspects of modern retail, like choice, convenience and

hygiene. This was followed by Food Bazaar, food and grocery chain and launch Central, a first

of its kind seamless mall located in the heart of major Indian cities. Some of it's other formats

include, Collection i (home improvement products), E-Zone (consumer electronics), Depot

(books, music, gifts and stationary), aLL (fashion apparel for plus-size individuals), Shoe

Factory (footwear) and Blue Sky (fashion accessories). It has recently launched its retailing

venture,

The group's subsidiary companies include, Home Solutions Retail India Ltd, Pantaloon

Industries Ltd, Galaxy Entertainment and Indus League Clothing. The group also has joint

venture companies with a number of partners including French retailer Etam group, Lee Cooper,

Manipal Healthcare, Talwalkar's, Gini & Jony and Liberty Shoes. Planet Retail, a group

company owns the franchisee of international brands like Marks & Spencer, Debenhams, Next

and Guess in India.

Big Bazaar is not just another hypermarket. It caters to every need of your family. Where Big

Bazaar scores over other stores is its value for money proposition for the Indian customers. At

Big Bazaar, you will definitely get the best products at the best prices -- that’s what we

guarantee. With the ever increasing array of private labels, it has opened the doors into the world

of fashion and general merchandise including home furnishings, utensils, crockery, cutlery,

sports goods and much more at prices that will surprise you. And this is just the beginning. Big

Bazaar plans to add much more to complete your shopping experience.

Sales Promotion Strategies By Big Bazaar:

The greatest opportunity for new business is always the existing customer base. Big Bazaar

totally focuses on this policy.

Using creative and innovative customer communication is far more likely to be remembered than

the "same old stuff" everyone does.

One of your products/services? Making sure they are aware of your full range of capabilities can

be a simple way to get new orders.

Even the most dedicated sales person may not call at the appropriate time. A planned approach to

customer communication will be most effective.

Customers like to be appreciated, its human nature. So look carefully at how you can

motivate your customers and build their trust.If you are not promoting your products or services

you can be sure your competitors are. Look at things you can leverage to generate customer

interest and buying decisions

Product range of Big Bazaar:

1-Apparel and Accessories for Men, Women and Children

2-Baby Accessories

3-Cosmetics.

4-Crockery.

5-Dress Materials Suiting & Shirting.

6-Electrical Accessories.
7-Electronics.

8-Footwear Toys.

9-Home Textiles.

10-Home Needs.

11-Household Appliances.

12-Household Plastics.

13Hardware.

14-Home Decor Luggage.

15-Linens.

16-Sarees.

17-Stationery.
 Easy Day
" Easy Day " Departmental Store Near District Courts ( Police Lines Road ) Jalandhar

Easy day is a joint venture of bharti and wal mart.

, Bharti Retail has opened 59 Easy Day stores in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and

New Delhi. In addition, it also has launched three compact hyper stores called Easy Day Market

in Punjab. The company has deliberately focused on north India in its first phase of operations in

an effort to consolidate presence in one market, before expanding to another region. The Easy

Day stores source fresh fruits and vegetables from Bharti-Walmart. In an interesting HR

innovation the stores plan to tap workforce from the likes of cart vendors, housewives and retired

personnel, by offering flexi-hour work schedules. Such groups of persons will also be enrolled

for structured training modules at the Bharti Retail Academy.

“Easy Day” retail stores, typically measuring between 2,500 and 4,500 sq ft of space, apart from

stocking food and grocery will among others also offer personal care products, stationery,

household articles, processed foods, meat, poultry and fresh produce including bakery and dairy

products. Although, Wal-Mart has revolutionised retail business the world over with its “Every.

Product range of easy day:

1-Apparel and Accessories for Men, Women and Children

2-Baby Accessories

3-Cosmetics.

4-Crockery.

5-Dress Materials Suiting & Shirting.

6-Electrical Accessories.

7-Electronics.

8-Footwear Toys.

9-Home Textiles.

10-Home Needs

PRICE GAP ANALYSIS

 1) PRICE GAP BETWEEN VISHAL MEGA
Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day
FOOD ITEMS (Price) (price) PRICE GAP
everyday ghee Rs.256 Rs.254 Rs.2
Ashirwad Atta(10kg) Rs.211 Rs.205 Rs.6
soyabin oil Rs.80 Rs.54.5 Rs.25.5
Kabuli Channa (1kg) Rs.58 Rs.46.5 Rs.11.5
Rajma Rs.51 Rs.48 Rs.3
urad dal Rs.81 Rs.100 Rs.19
britianna ghee Rs.260 Rs.273 Rs.13
Kaju Rs.260 Rs.255 Rs.5

∑X =
85

MART AND EASY DAY

MEAN= ∑X÷n=85÷8=10.62 Ans.

2) PRICE GAP BETWEEN VISHAL MEGA

MART AND BIG BAZAAR

Vishal Mega Mart big bazaar

FOOD ITEMS (Price) (price) PRICE GAP
everyday ghee Rs.256 Rs.250 Rs.6
Ashirwad Atta(10kg) Rs.211 Rs.185 Rs.26
soyabin oil Rs.80 Rs.53.5 Rs.26.5
Kabuli Channa (1kg) Rs.58 Rs.52 Rs.6
Rajma Rs.51 Rs.51 Rs.0
urad dal Rs.81 Rs.82 Rs.1
britianna ghee Rs.260 Rs.293 Rs.33
Kaju Rs.260 Rs.240 Rs.20
Vishal Mega Mart big bazaar
FOOD ITEMS (Price) (price) PRICE GAP
everyday ghee Rs.256 Rs.250 Rs.6
Ashirwad Atta(10kg) Rs.211 Rs.185 Rs.26
soyabin oil Rs.80 Rs.53.5 Rs.26.5
Kabuli Channa (1kg) Rs.58 Rs.52 Rs.6
Rajma Rs.51 Rs.51 Rs.0
urad dal Rs.81 Rs.82 Rs.1
britianna ghee Rs.260 Rs.293 Rs.33
Kaju Rs.260 Rs.240 Rs.20

∑X
=118.5

LITREATURE REVIEW
Article1

Vishal Mega Mart Aurangabad store on verge of closure

THE THREE and half year old Vishal Mega Mart retail store in Aurangabad operations is most likely to
be closed as the company has not opened the store from February 2,2010. Though the company cited the
reason as landlord - management dispute for over three months pending rental, relevant sources claims it
as a step towards permanent closure of store

Article 2
Promoters of Dabur pick up stake in Vishal Mega Mart

2006 New Delhi, June 21 - The Delhi-based Burman family, promoters of Dabur India, seems to
have hopped on to the retail bandwagon. The company has invested Rs 4 crore to pick up stake
in North India-based retail chain Vishal Mega Mart. There has been widespread speculation over
the past few months on the family making investments in the retail sector
Confirming the development, Mr Ram Chandra Agarwal, Managing Director of Vishal Mega
Mart, said that the Burmans had picked up one per cent stake in the company for Rs 200 per
share.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is the way to systematically solve the research problem .It may be under

stood as a science of studying to how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various

steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the

logic behind them.

In research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic

behind the methods we use in the content of our research study and explain why we are using a

particular method and why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being

evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others.

Secondary data are those which have been collected by someone else and which have alread y

been passed through the statistical process. There are several ways by which secondary data can

be classified.
Survey Method:
The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a

researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed (such as opinions

on library services). Surveys are used extensively in library and information science to assess

attitudes and characteristics of a wide range of subjects, from the quality of user-system

interfaces to library user reading habits. In a survey, researchers sample a population. Basha and

Harter (1980) state that "a population is any set of persons or objects that possesses at least one

common characteristic." Examples of populations that might be studied are 1) all 1999 graduates

of GSLIS at the University of Texas, or 2) all the users of UT General Libraries. Since

populations can be quite large, researchers directly question only a sample (i.e. a small

proportion) of the population

Types of Surveys:

Surveys can be divided into two broad categories: the questionnaire and the interview.

Questionnaires are usually paper-and-pencil instruments that the respondent completes.

Interviews are completed by the interviewer based on the respondent says. Sometimes, it's hard

to tell the difference between a questionnaire and an interview. For instance, some people think

that questionnaires always ask short closed-ended questions while interviews always ask broad

open-ended ones. But you will see questionnaires with open-ended questions (although they do

tend to be shorter than in interviews) and there will often be a series of closed-ended questions

asked in an interview.

Survey research has changed dramatically in the last ten years. We have automated telephone

surveys that use random dialing methods. There are computerized kiosks in public places that

allows people to ask for input. A whole new variation of group interview has evolved as focus

group methodology. Increasingly, survey research is tightly integrated with the delivery of

service. Your hotel room has a survey on the desk. Your waiter presents a short customer

satisfaction survey with your check. You get a call for an interview several days after your last

call to a computer company for technical assistance. You're asked to complete a short survey

when you visit a web site. Here, I'll describe the major types of questionnaires and interviews,

keeping in mind that technology is leading to rapid evolution of methods. We'll discuss the

relative advantages and disadvantages of these different survey types in Advantages and

Disadvantages of Survey Methods

Questionnaires:
When most people think of questionnaires, they think of the mail survey. All of us have, at one

time or another, received a questionnaire in the mail. There are many advantages to mail surveys.

They are relatively inexpensive to administer. You can send the exact same instrument to a wide

number of people. They allow the respondent to fill it out at their own convenience. But there are

some disadvantages as well. Response rates from mail surveys are often very low. And, mail

questionnaires are not the best vehicles for asking for detailed written responses.

A second type is the group administered questionnaire. A sample of respondents is brought

together and asked to respond to a structured sequence of questions. Traditionally, questionnaires

were administered in group settings for convenience. The researcher could give the questionnaire

to those who were present and be fairly sure that there would be a high response rate. If the

respondents were unclear about the meaning of a question they could ask for clarification. And,

there were often organizational settings where it was relatively easy to assemble the group (in a

company or business, for instance).

What's the difference between a group administered questionnaire and a group interview or focus

group? In the group administered questionnaire, each respondent is handed an instrument and

asked to complete it while in the room. Each respondent completes an instrument. In the group

interview or focus group, the interviewer facilitates the session. People work as a group, listening

to each other's comments and answering the questions. Someone takes notes for the entire group

-- people don't complete an interview individually.

Survey Interviews:
Interviews are a far more personal form of research than questionnaires. In the personal

interview, the interviewer works directly with the respondent. Unlike with mail surveys, the
interviewer has the opportunity to probe or ask follow-up questions. And, interviews are

generally easier for the respondent, especially if what is sought is opinions or impressions.

Interviews can be very time consuming and they are resource intensive. The interviewer is

considered a part of the measurement instrument and interviewers have to be well trained in how

to respond to any contingency.

Almost everyone is familiar with the telephone interview. Telephone interviews enable a

researcher to gather information rapidly. Most of the major public opinion polls that are reported

were based on telephone interviews. Like personal interviews, they allow for some personal

contact between the interviewer and the respondent. And, they allow the interviewer to ask

follow-up questions. But they also have some major disadvantages. Many people don't have

publicly-listed telephone numbers. Some don't have telephones. People often don't like the

intrusion of a call to their homes. And, telephone interviews have to be relatively short or people

will feel imposed upon.

Constructing the Survey:

Constructing a survey instrument is an art in itself. There are numerous small decisions that must

be made -- about content, wording, format, placement -- that can have important consequences

for your entire study. While there's no one perfect way to accomplish this job, we do have lots of

advice to offer that might increase your chances of developing a better final product.

First of all you'll learn about the two major types of surveys that exist, the questionnaire and the

interview and the different varieties of each. Then you'll see how to write questions for surveys.

There are three areas involved in writing a question:

x determining the question content, scope and purpose

x choosing the response format that you use for collecting information from the respondent
 x figuring out how to word the question to get at the issue of interest

Finally, once you have your questions written, there is the issue of how best to place them in

your survey.

You'll see that although there are many aspects of survey construction that are just common

sense, if you are not careful you can make critical errors that have dramatic effects on your

results.

Details Of Research:

Method Used: Survey method

Type Of survey: Interview

Instrument used: Questionnaire

Sample size: 133

Data used: Both Primary & Secondary

Data Collection:

Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection

can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.

Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a continuum. At the one end of this

continuum are quantatative methods and at the other end of the continuum are Qualitative

methods for data collection .

Data collection methods :
The Quantitative data collection methods, rely on random sampling and structured data

collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They

produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. Quantitative research is

concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a

phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may be randomly

assigned to different treatments. If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on

participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the

dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a

larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. Typical

quantitative data gathering strategies include:

x Experiments/clinical trials.

x Observing and recording well-defined events (e.g., counting the number of patients

waiting in emergency at specified times of the day).

x Obtaining relevant data from management information systems.

Primary Data Collection:

The considerable and diverse array of primary data methods includes, e.g., true experiments such

as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other controlled trials; other prospective but

uncontrolled trials; observational studies such as case-control, cross-sectional studies, and

surveillance studies; and simpler designs such as case series and single case reports or anecdotes.

These methods can be described and categorized in terms of multiple attributes or dimensions,

such as whether they are prospective or retrospective, interventional or observational, controlled

or uncontrolled, and other attributes noted below. Some of these methods have alternative names,

and many studies employ nearly limitless combinations of these attributes

Secondary data:

Secondary data originally collected for a different study, used again for a new research

question.

The secondary data used in this project is :

 through internet

 through books of retail

 company profiles of big bazaar and easy day.

RESEARCH APPROACH

The research approach was used survey method which is a widely used method for data
collection and best suited for descriptive type of research survey includes research instrument
like questionnaire which can be structured and unstructured. Target population is well identified
and various methods like personal interviews etc. are employed.

SAMPLING UNIT

It gives the target population that will be sampled. This research was carried at Vishal
Mega Mart, Shakti tower near bus stand, Jalandhar city.

These were 133 respondents.

 SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS:

 We can en cash bran d image o f Vish al R et ail Ltd . to s ell it s n ew p ro du ct.

 It s ell s p ro du ct at ch eap er prices .

 Garment sector of the Vishal is much more superior to other retail stores.

 It o ffers wi de ran ge of produ cts un der on e roo f.

 It p ro vid es go od after-sal e servi ce.

 It is th e onl y sto re i n jal and har w here you can ex ch an ge th e go ods after
purchase. (On selected items).

 The Vishal Mega Mart is situated at the big market place.

 It s egments on mid d le an d l ow er mi ddl e income grou ps, w hi ch cons titut e

majo rit y o f t he po pul atio n in In di a.

 It h as w ell ed d esi gn store & w ell o rganiz ed sto re.

WEAKNESSES:

 Need to incorporate man y new features as per customer requirement.

 Lack o f p ro per ex tractio n o f wo rk from s taff.

 Need to include more varieties of the same item.

 Need to provide more offers/ discounts on FMCG. Here the perception of

the people is quite low, because from m y consumer behavior survey I have
found out that most of respondents think that Vishal Mega Mart is not
providing good offers/discounts on FMCG in comparison of Big bazaar.

 N e ed t o i m p ro v e s t o r e l a yo u t a c co rd i n g t o cu s t o m e r fa ci l i t y.

 People are not so modern in jalandhar and their perceptions are quite
advance.

OPPORTUNITIES:

 To increase the customer satisfaction b y providing different variet y of

products.

 Z- l i n e ( M a n u f a c t u r i n g u n i t o f V i s h a l ) i f w e c r e a t e t h e b r a n d i m a g e o f
it. It will get addit io nal sales in th e fut ure.
  Coming era is of knowledge and information if we sell our
manufacturing unit product through int ernet so we can creat e its brand
image + additional sales in future.

 There i s a boo m o f ret ail in fut ure accordi n g to current s cen ario. If
V i s h a l c r e a t e s b r a n d i m a g e o f i t s Z -l i n e p r o d u c t , s o i t c a n g i v e d i r e c t
competition to the other branded products in future.

THREATS:

 Big baza,eas y da y are the main competitors.

.

 In creas ed co mp etitio n in th e d om esti c m ark et.

F in d in g s
1. Vishal mega mart does not spend on advertisement compare then easy day , big bazaar.

2. They need media advertisement and through media create the brand awareness.

3. Provide more discounts like easy day in food section.

4. Need a strong customer relation , make customer loyalty programme.

5. Employees are not trained in vishal and easy day , big bazzar have treained employees.

6. Vishal needs more variety and assortment like easy day, big bazaar.
 SUGGESTIONS:

 Compan y need to spend a lot on advertising and promotion to create brand

image of its product.

 Make frequent advertisements in both print and electronic media.

 M ak i n g s t al l s i n c o rp o r at e m e l a s l i k e t ra d e f ai r, m a yb e b en ef i ci al t o
create brand image of its product.

 Need to provide additional offers and discounts as per customer

requirements.

 Need to include varieties of similar item.

 Provide more discounts on FMCG.

 Provide better customer service.

 Main tai ned p rop er displ a y to creat e i mpuls e. (It i s ass u med th at n ear
about 70% sales comes from impulse marketing and if proper display is
not maintained impulse cannot be created).
 Vishal mega mart

1. How often do you visit Vishal mega Mart.?

(a) Once [ ] (b) twice [ ] (c) Thrice [ ] (d) More (please specify)………

2. How much money do you usually spend on Vishal Mega Mart in a month?
(a) 0 to 2000 [ ] (b) 2000 to 5000 [ ] (c) 5000 to 10000 [ ] (d) More than 10000 [ ]

3. Which products you prefer to buy from Vishal Mega Mart

(a) FMCG [ ] (b) Cloths [ ] (c) House furnishing [ ] (d) All type [ ]

4. Have you visited Easy day & Big Bazar ?

(a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ]

4(b) Which store do you think is better in the following attributes

Attributes Your Choice

Price Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day

Product Quality Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day

Product Variety Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day

Offers Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day

Staff Knowledge Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day

Service Quality Vishal Mega Mart Easy Day

5. How is the behavior of staff members at Vishal Mega Mart?

Very good Good Average Poor Very poor

6. Give your suggestion.

______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

7. CUSTOMER PERSONAL INFORMATIONS:-

1. Name: - .
 2. Address: -
.
3. Phone No. .
4. Age (in year):-

18-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-50 >50

5. Income
5000-10000 11000-20000 21000-30000 31000-40000 > 41000

6. Qualification
(a) 10th [ ] (b) 12th [ ] (c) Grad. [ ] (d) PG. [ ] (e) Diploma [ ] (f) Other………

Surveyor Name: Date: Time:

 Questionnaire Analysis

ABBREVIATIONS:

V – vishal mega mart

Ed- easy day

bb- big bazar

NA- Not attempt

MONTHLY VISIT AND AGE GROUP

age group
18-25 34
26-30 36
31-35 21
36-40 24
41-50 7
> 50 8
NA 3
133

> 50 NA
41-50 6% 2%
5%

18-25 18-25
26% 26-30

36-40 31-35
18% 36-40
41-50
> 50
31-35 26-30
27% NA
16%

Interpretation:

On the basis of this figure we can say that mostly customers visit once or twice in a
month at Vishal Mega Mart as the percentage of those customers is 76 % . New
customers are very less as they are only 1% who have visit first time.
INCOME

Income
5000-
10000 11
11000 -
20000 32
21000 -
30000 45
31000 -
40000 22
> 41000 20
NA 3
133

NA 5000-10000
2% 8%
> 41000
15%
5000-10000
11000-20000
11000-20000
21000-30000
31000-40000 24%
17% 31000-40000
> 41000
NA

21000-30000
34%

Interpretation:-
The income of Vishal Mega Mart is not so much as about 30% customers earns between Rs
11000 – 20000.
MONTHLY PURCHASE

Monthly purchase
0-2000 33
2000-5000 40
5000-10000 38
> 10000 19
NA 3
133

NA
2%

> 10000 0-2000

15% 23% 0-2000
2000-5000
5000-10000
> 10000
5000-10000 NA
28%
2000-5000
32%

Interpretation:-
About 60 % customers expend till Rs. 5000 only in a month in Vishal Mega Mart. A few person

are there who purchse more than Rs.10000 in a month. Purchasing power of Vishal’s customers

is not high and they don’t invest big amount in purchasing from Vishal Mega Mart
PRICE

Price
v 32
ed 26
bb 7
v & ed 40
v & bb 5
e d & bb 7
NA 16
133

ed & bb NA
5% 12% v v
24%
v & bb ed
4% bb
v & ed
v & bb
ed & bb
ed
v & ed NA
20%
30%
bb
5%

Interpretation:-

Mostly customers consider Vishal Mega Mart as the most cheap retail store. Along with Vishal
Mega Mart, Easy Day is also considered as cheap store. As we are seeing in the chart that the
customers who accepts Vishal Mega Mart and Easy Day as low price retailers are the most and
the percentage is 75.
PRODUCT QUALITY

v 22
ed 30
bb 38
v & ed 8
v & bb 7
ed & bb 12
NA 16
133

Product Quality

ed & bb NA v v
9% 12% 16%
ed
bb
v & bb
5% ed v & ed
23% v & bb
v & ed
6% ed & bb
bb
29% NA

Interpretation:-
Big Bazar and Easy Day are considered the stores that have better quality than Vishal Mega
Mart. About 51 % customers accepts that Big Bazar and Easy Day have quality based products
and the consumers who prefer Vishal Mega Mart With Big Bazar and Easy Day in the case of
quality is very less
PRODUCT VARIETY

Product Variety
v 13
ed 20
bb 45
v & ed 8
v & bb 7
ed & bb 23
NA 17
133

NA v
13% 10%

ed v
15%
ed
ed & bb
17% bb
v & ed
v & bb
v & bb ed & bb
5%
bb NA
34%
v & ed
6%

Interpretation:-
Vishal Mega Mart and Easy Day are much behind to Big Bazar in the sense of product variety.

Mostly consumers thinks that Big Bazar provides much varieties to purchasers
STAFF KNOWLEDGE

Staff Knowledge
v 17
ed 23
bb 41
v & ed 2
v & bb 18
ed & bb 10
NA 22
133

NA v
17% 13% v
ed
ed & bb
7% ed bb
17%
v & ed
v & bb v & bb
14%
ed & bb

bb NA
v & ed 31%
1%

Interpretation:-
According to respond the employees of Big Bazar have more knowledge about store than the

employees of Vishal and Easy day.

Service

Service
v 28
ed 15
bb 50
v & ed 1
v & bb 10
ed & bb 11
NA 18
133

NA
14% v
v
21%
ed & bb ed
8%
bb
v & ed
v & bb ed
7% v & bb
11%
v & ed ed & bb
1% NA

bb
38%

Interpretation:-
Service of Big Bazar is superior to its competitors as 40 % respondents are in favour of Big

Bazar. Vishal Mega Mart is the second choice for customers in the case of service.
Staff behavior

Staff Behaviour
Very good 15
Good 58
Average 47
Poor 6
NA 3
Very poor 4
133

Po o r N A Very poor
5% 2% 3%
Very
good
11% Very good
Good
Average
Average Po o r
35%
Good NA
44% Very poor

Interpretation:-
Behaviour of Vishal Mega Mart is not proper so good as it should be. 35% respondent rank

average to staff behavior of Vishal.

O ffe r s

Offers
v 35
ed 22
bb 1
v & ed 51
v & bb 5
ed & bb 3
NA 16
133

ed & bb
2% NA
v & bb 12% v v
4% 26% ed
bb
v & ed
v & bb
ed ed & bb
v & ed 17%
38% NA

bb
1%

Interpretation:- According to respondents vishal Mega Mart and Easy Day are the best in the

case of Offers. 40 % respondents are in the favour of Vishal Mega Mart and Easy Day. Along

with this 27 % 16% are in favour of Vishal Mega Mart and Easy Day respectly.
Conclusion:
After completing this research we come to know that Only easy day is ahead of Vishal Stop

because of its prime Location and higher product range. is new big bazar jalandhar in as

compared to Vishal Megamart and it is slowly covering its market. But there are few areas where

these malls needs amendments and these suggestions are mentioned in these malls. Advertising

is an important factor of getting sales promotion and Vishal Megamart is ahead of big bazaar,

easy day in apparel in the jalandhar, but Product Quality of easy day is better than Big Bazaar in

jalandhar. Product Range of easy day is better than that of Big Bazaar.

Overall Vishal Megamart is in compeition with easy day, big bazaar.

 BIBILIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.com
www.vishalmegamart.com
www.indianretailindustry.com
http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html