PROCESS DESIGN

Process Flow Diagram (Ideal Rankine Cylce)

h1=3602.0 kJ/kg
ṁ=100.2 kg/s P1=10 MPa
T1= 550 OC
S1=6.7585 kJ/kg.K
Superheated

Wout= 95 MW
Turbine

ŋTH=32% ŋT = 100 %

Steam
Boiler P2=200 kPa
T2=120.21 OC
S2=6.7585 kJ/kg.K
h2=2552.198 kJ/kg
Saturated mixture Qout=204789.25 kJ/S
Burner
Condenser

P4=10 MPa
T4= 120.07 OC Feedwater Pump
S4=1.5302 kJ/kg.K
Cooling Pump
Compressed Liquid

P3=200 kPa
T3=120.21 OC
Win =1039.988k kJ/s h3=504.71 kJ/kg
S3=1.5302 kJ/kg.K
Saturated Liquid
Process Flow Diagram
` (Actual Rankine Cylce)

h1=3502.0 kJ/kg
ṁ=123.8 kg/s P1=10 MPa
T1=550 OC
S1=6.7585 kJ/kg.K
1 Superheated

Wout=95 MW
Turbine

ŋTH=22.4%
Qin = 417273.625
kJ/s Steam
Boiler
P2=500 kPa = 0.5 MPa 2
T2=200 OC
h2S=2855.8 kJ/kg
h2a=226.296 kJ/kg Qout=347904.4932 kJ/s
Saturated Mixture
Burner
Condenser

4 Feedwater Pump
3 Cooling Pump

P3=0.5 Mpa
Win =1696.05 kJ/s S3=1.8604 kJ/kg.K
h3=640.09 kJ/kg
Ʋ=0.001093 m3/kg
Saturated Liquid
Process Flow Description

Rankine cycle was consist four main component which are boiler, turbine, condenser,
and pump. Turbine is the device that drive for electric generator. When the fluid flow inside
the turbine, work is done against the blades, Since the blades are attached to the shaft, the shaft
will be rotated and causes for producing work. The work done in a turbine is positive since the
fluid does it. (Gengel & Boles, 2006).

The difference between actual and ideal rankine cycle is at the turbine and pump the
process undergoes irreversible and isentropic respectively. The two commons source of
irreversiblities are the friction and undesired heat loss to the surroundings. Fluid friction causes
pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the connecting pipes. To compensate for these
pressure drops, the water needs to be pumped to a higher pressure. Heat loss from steam to
surroundings takes place when steam flows through the connecting pipes and the various
components (Ghosh, 2012).

Figure 1 : T-s diagram for Rankine Cycle ( (Bhattacharjee, n.d.)

The ideal Rankine Cycle does not involve any internal irreversibilities and consists of the
following four processes. (Bhattacharjee, n.d.)
Step 4-1 : Isobaric Process and heat addition in a boiler

Step 1-2 : Isentropic Expansion in Turbine

Step 2-3 : Isobaric process and heat rejection in condenser

Step 3-4 : Isentropic compression in a pump

Boiler for process (4-1) is undergoes isobaric process where the pressure of liquid is
constant at inlet and outlet of the boiler. The liquid enters the boiler from the pump at low
temperature and it is heated to superheated state. The high pressure steam is produced in the
boiler. Next, The superheated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed for the process
(1-2). In the turbine the steam which has an elevated temperature and pressure that produce
from the boiler is expands through the turbine to produce the work. Then, it discharged with
relative low pressure and temperature by neglecting the amount of heat transfer action with
surroundings (Huang & Gramoll, n.d.).

For the process (2-3) undergoes isobaric process where the temperature at inlet and
outlet of condenser is equal. The output of turbine flow enter the condenser, it perform the
process to condensed steam from the turbine to liquid water. Before enter the boiler, the cooling
water recycles through the cooling tower by pumping the water. This constitutes a cooling
water circuit. Lastly, the process (3-4) undergoes the process Isentropic compression in a pump.
The outlet of condenser will flow through the feedwater pump. To operate the pump, it is
required the power input in order to pressurized the substances.The pump will increase the
liquid pressure to going back to boiler. Then cycle continue to the process (4-1) and repeated
the cycle.