Name :Nazli Amalia Pasaribu

Class :Perkebunan II C
Nirm :01.4.3.17.0565
Subject :English

CAUSE OF DAMAGED CORAL REEFS IN INDONESIA WITH ITS

SOLUTIONS.

Coral reef is one of the natural wealth owned by the state of Indonesia.
Who is not familiar with coral reef ??. Coral reefs have beautiful shapes and
motifs, so many eyes highlight the beauty of these coral reefs.
Most of the world's coral reefs, about 55%, are in Indonesia, the Philippines, and
the Pacific Islands; 30% in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea; 14% in the Caribbean;
and 1% in the North Atlantic. A fact shows that the coral reefs in Indonesia from
year to year continue to decline and damage. This is due to the way of fishing
around coral reefs that are destructive, mining of coral and sedimentation.
According to the Ministry of Environment of the wide range of coral reefs
in Indonesia around 50,000 km2 it is estimated that only 7% of coral reefs are in
excellent condition, 33% good, 46% damaged and another 15% already in critical
condition. Over the past 50 years, the proportion of Indonesian coral reefs has
decreased from 10% to 50% based on the Reef at Risk report in 2002. This
condition is increasingly worrisome and if this situation is not addressed it will
bring catastrophic disasters to marine life and wellbeing society and nation of
Indonesia.
The results of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) survey until the end of
2012 stated that only 30% of Indonesia's coral reefs are in good condition, 37%
are in moderate condition, and 33% are badly damaged. Monitoring of coral reefs
conducted LIPI in 77 areas spread from Sabang to the Raja Ampat Islands.
The cause of coral reef damage is as follows:
1. Sedimentation
Construction on land and along the coast, mining or farming in watersheds and
tropical deforestation causes forest soil to erode and be carried by river to sea and
coral reefs. These dirt, mud or sand can make the water dirty and clearer so that
the corals can not survive because of the lack of light.

2. Deforestation of mangroves
Mangrove forests and seagrass beds that function as filters also become damaged
and cause sediment to reach coral reefs. Deforestation for mangrove forests may
change the area of mangrove forest for firewood, may change the area of the
mangrove forest into an open beach. By opening shrimp farms can damage the
place of provision of natural shrimp.

3. Catching with Explosives

The use of explosives for fishing by fishermen will lead to overfishing, causing
fish catches to decrease in the future. The use of potassium nitrate (a kind of
fertilizer) as an explosive will cause a large explosion, thus killing the fish and
damaging the surrounding reefs.

4. Drainage Flow
The flow of drainage containing manure and waste into the coastal waters
encourages the growth of algae that will inhibit coral polyp growth, reducing the
intake of light and oxygen. Overfishing makes this problem worse as the fish that
normally eat algae are also caught.
5. Catching Fish with Cyanide
Fishing vessels often use cyanide and other toxins to catch tropical fish for an
aquarium and are now used to catch fish that will be consumed in restaurants that
use live fish.

6. Collection and Dredging

Coral reefs for use as construction materials or sold for souvenirs also damage
coral reefs. Similarly, dredging and coral bombing for construction in coral reef
areas.
7. Water Pollution
Other petroleum and chemical products discharged near coastal waters will
eventually reach coral reefs. These pollutants will poison coral polyps and other
marine biota.

8. Management of Recreation Sites

Management of recreational areas in coastal areas that do not pay attention to the
environment, such as boat rentals, fishing and diving equipment often cause coral
damage. Throwing anchors to corals can destroy and break the coral reefs. The
tourists who picked up, collected, kicked, and walked on the reefs contributed to
the destruction of coral reefs.

9. Global Warming
Coral reefs are also threatened by global warming. Coral coral bleaching has risen
over the last two decades, a period where the Earth has experienced some of the
hottest temperatures in history. When sea temperatures rise very high, coral
polyps lose their symbiotic algae inside, thus changing their color to white and
eventually dying.
Global warming is also a result