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9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 1
Course objectives
To give a thorough understanding of various parameters,
performance criteria & constraints and analytic models
used in Electrical Power Transmission Systems
To study the design and analysis techniques related to
mechanical design of Transmission Lines and related
components of the Transmission System
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Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
After completion of this course students will be able
Explain components of overhead and underground
transmission system and their functionalities. (Level: C2)
Apply knowledge related to design parameter evaluation
of transmission system line models. (Level: C3)
Analyze different designs of electrical transmission
system to meet particular applications. (Level: C4)
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Grading Policy: Breakup
Midterm: ~20%
Quizzes: ~24%
Assignments (Matlab) ~10%
Final: ~46%
Grading breakup can change during the semester in benefit of
all the students
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Transmission Line vs Distribution Line
Transmission Line
Normally carries electricity at voltages
of 69 kV or greater
is used to transmit electric power over
relatively long distances, usually from
a central generating
station to main substations.
Distribution Line
Normally considered to be a line that
carries electricity at lower voltages of
12kV to 44kV
Is used to distribute power draw from
high-voltage transmission systems to
end-use customers.
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TRANSMISSION LINES
FUNCTION - to transfer bulk of electrical energy from generating
power plants to electrical substations located near demand centres.
When interconnected with each other, they become transmission
networks (Pakistan National Grid)
Four basic electrical parameters
– resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and
conductance (G).
Most transmission lines use HVAC.
HVDC used for greater efficiency for long distances including
submarine power cable.
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Voltages used in Transmission line
AC Transmission
– In three phase power system, the rated voltage is always given as
line to line, rms voltage
– 230, 345, 500, and 765 kV (ANSI) for USA and Canada
– 130, 275, and 400 kV in Europe
– 34.5-115kV are referred to as Sub-transmission voltages
DC Transmission
– DC single pole and bipolar lines: ± 100 kV and ± 500 kV exist.
Voltage Levels
– Below 11kV: Low voltage
– 11kV – 100kV: HV (high Voltage)
– 100kV – 345kV: VHV (Very high voltage)
– 345kV -765kV: EHV ( Extra high voltage)
– Above 765kV: Ultra high voltage
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Transmission Voltages in Pakistan
500 kV, 220 kV, 132kV and 66kV Transmission lines
twelve 500 KV and twenty nine 220 KV Grid Stations,
5187 km of 500 KV transmission line and 9687 km of 220 KV
transmission line in Pakistan except KESC
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A typical PowerTransmission System
500kV
500kV 500kV
110 km transmission
Step down line to Rawat
Step up
transformer,
Power
Transmission
transformer
Substation
132kV Rawat
13.8kV
Step down
At Tarbela
transformer
generation is at
at Local
13.8kV/18kV
Distribution
11kV Substation Distribution
transformer
HT 11kV 400V 230V
Distribution Line LT Line Domestic users at
230Volts per phase.
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effective resistance
– High voltage noise and corona 10 ms
Time in ms
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With Transmission Networks
We can build generation
in areas removed from the
loads
– More desirable
environmental and fuel
factors
We can build larger, more
efficient generators
– Economies of scale
We can get power to remote
areas with lower losses
– Rural electrification
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Why do we need new transmission?
Meet regulatory reliability and public policy
requirements
Meet the growing need for safe, reliable electricity
Connect new generation sources to the grid
Improve reliability, efficiency
Renewable portfolio standards and integrating
renewables
Access additional resources to reduce cost,
diversify risk
Reduce congestion
Improve economics
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Some definitions
Insulators – Used to contain, separate, or support electrical conductors
Interconnection – Points on a grid or network where two or more
transmission lines are connected at a substation or switching station, or
where one stage of the energy supply chain meets the next.
Load Center – A particular geographical area where energy is used.
Rights-of-Way (ROW) – A legal land right, easement, set aside for the
transmission line structure and conductors needed for clearances and
maintenance activities.
Shield and Ground Wire – Wires used primarily for protection from
lightning strikes and corresponding surges.
Substation – A part of an electrical transmission system that transforms
voltage from high to low, or the reverse.
Switching Station – A part of an electrical transmission system that ties two
or more electric circuits together through switches, to permit a circuit to be
disconnected, or to change the electric connection between circuits.
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Course contents
Power Systems Overview (Lectures 1-3)
– Power system infrastructure,
– transmission and sub-transmission system,
– AC/DC system,
– standard voltages for transmission and sub transmission
– Conductor types & Power Cables.
Primary Parameters of Transmission Line (Lectures 4-7)
– Resistance, Skin effect,
– Line inductance based on flux considerations.
– Inductance of single phase 2-wire line,
– Inductance of composite conductor line, use of tables.
– Inductance of 3-phase line with equilateral and un-symmetrical spacings,
– Transposition, inductance of bundled conductors.
– Capacitance of two-wire and 3-phase line,
– Effect of earth on capacitance; capacitance of bundled conductors, parallel circuit
lines.
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Course contents (continued)
Steady State Analysis of Transmission Lines (Lectures 8-11)
– Representation of lines in terms of ABCD parameters for short,
– Medium and long transmission lines,
– Voltage and current waves,
– SIL loading, power flow through the line, power transmission capability,
– Voltage regulation, Ferranti effect,
– Series and shunt compensation for long transmission line.
Insulators for Overhead Transmission lines (Lectures 12-15)
– Insulator material, types of insulators,
– voltage distribution over insulator string,
– string efficiency, methods of improving the string efficiency, testing of insulators.
Corona (Lectures 16-18)
– The phenomenon of corona, disruptive critical voltage and visual critical voltage,
– conditions effecting corona loss,
– power loss due to corona, radio interference due to corona.
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Course contents (continued)
HVDC Transmission (Lectures 26-28)
– Scope, advantages & disadvantages,
– current technologies and future trends for HVDC
– Economic comparison of AC and DC transmission systems
Underground cables (Lectures 29-32)
– Types
– Calculation of inductance and capacitance
– Insulation resistance, insulation breakdown of cables
– Thermal characteristics of cables
– Calculation of current rating of the cables
– Fault locating techniques
– Cable jointing techniques
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Types of transmission structures
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Transmission Line Right-of-Way (ROW)
ROW Cross-Section
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Overhead vs Underground Transmission lines
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G/n Vr Load
Vs B/n
Vs- sending end voltage Vr- receiving end voltage Is- sending end current
Ir- receiving end current Ic- capacitance current R- loop Capacitance ()
X- loop Inductance () C- capacitance (F) G – loop conductance
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