APPENDICES (LABORATORY EQUIPMENT­ SAMPLING ANALYSIS)

Sewage treatment
1. Settleability test (SV30 & SVI)
Objective:
­ To determine the settling characteristic of activated sludge mixed liquor suspended
solid (MLSS)
Apparatus:
a) Sample taken from oxidation ditch
b) 1000 ml cylinder
c) Stop watch
Procedure:
a) Pour water from each sample from oxidation ditch about 1000 ml into a
measuring cylinder.
b) Observe and record the reading of the sludge volume after 5 minutes and 30
minutes.
c) Calculate SVI using the formula given:

SVI = Settled volume of sludge (mL/L)(after 30 minutes)(1000mg/g)

MLSS (mg/L)

Figure 41: Pour sample from oxidation Figure 42: Sample of Sludge Volume
ditch to 1000ml measuring cylinder Testing

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2. MLSS and Suspended Solid Test
Objective:
­To determine total concentration of mixed liquor suspended (non­soluble) solid in
the aeration basin of an activated sludge and suspended solid of effluent and influent.
Apparatus:
a) Sample taken from oxidation ditch, influent and effluent
b) Filter disc
c) Aluminum Disc
d) Suction Flask
e) Oven
f) Filter paper
g) Cylinder
Procedure:­
a) Take two small bottles with influent, effluent and one sample for each
oxidation ditch.
b) First, shake each bottle vigorously for 30 seconds. Then, pour 50 ml of each
sample into labeled measuring cylinders.
c) Take a filter paper using tweezers and put the filter paper in the weighing
machine. The readings are recorded .The weighted filter paper was put in an
aluminum weighing dish.
d) Put the filter paper from filtration apparatus. Pour the sample in the cubicle.
Then, turn on the vacuum pump for suction. Then, let the suction to remove
all traces of water, turn vacuum pump off.
e) Remove filter from filtration apparatus and transfer to an inert aluminum
weighing dish.
f) Dry in an oven at 105°C to 110°C for 2 hours. If volatile solids are to be
measured, ignite at 550°C for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace.
g) After 2 hours, take the sample out. Cool in the desiccator to balance the
temperature and weight the filter paper.

MLSS/SS = (After heated­Before heated)(1000)(1000mg/g)

Dilution (mL)

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Figure 43: Sample of MLSS Figure 44: Sample of SS Figure 45: Clipper
from oxidation ditch from influent and effluent

Figure 46: Filtering Flask Figure 47: Filtrate sample of

MLSS

Figure 48: Put in the oven Figure 49: Sample of MLSS

for 2 hours after heating

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3. Ammonia Test
Objective:­
­To determine the content of ammonia in water
Apparatus:­
a) Sample of influent and effluent
b) Digital ammonia meter
c) Ammonia Reagent
d) Filter paper
e) Measuring cylinder
Procedure:
a) 10 ml sample of influent is filtered and 30 ml of distilled water is mixed in a
cylinder.
b) 10 ml of the soluble is taken for testing.
c) 4 drops of the first reagent is mixed with the sample and shaken slowly for 10
seconds.
d) Another 4 drops of the second reagent is mixed with the sample and shaken
slowly for 10 seconds.
e) The sample then is tested with the digital ammonia meter for 3.29 min.
f) The steps are repeated by using 10 ml of filtered effluent.

Figure 50: Ammonia Figure 51: Ammonia Figure 52: Ammonia Meter
Reagent A Reagent B

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4. Nitrate Test
Objective:
­ To determine the content of nitrate in water.
Apparatus:
a) Sample of effluent
b) Digital Nitrate Meter
c) Nitrate Reagent
d) Filtered Paper
e) Measuring cylinder
Procedure:
a) 10 ml of sample of final effluent is taken for testing
b) The sample is mixed with the nitrate reagent and shaken vigorously for 30
seconds.
c) Then, followed by 10 seconds of slow shakes.
d) Then, sample then is tested with digital nitrate meter.
e) Nitrate test is not conducted towards influent due to very low content of
nitrate.
Calculation:­
Factor for Ammonia: 1.216
Factor for Nitrate: 4.43
Parameter (Ammonia/Nitrate): Reading  Volume of dilution  Factor

Figure 53: Nitrate

Reagent Figure 54: Nitrate Meter

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5. COD Test
Objective:
­ To determine the oxygen required to oxidize organic material in water.
Apparatus:
a) Distilled water
b) Influent ( 10 ml of influent and 30 ml of distilled water)
c) Effluent
d) Tubes and rack
e) COD Digester
f) COD meter
g) COD reagent
Procedure:
a) 2 ml of COD reagent is mixed with 2 ml of distilled water in the tube
b) 2 ml of COD reagent is mixed with 2ml of influent solution
c) 2 ml of COD reagent is mixed with 2ml of effluent solution
d) The mixtures are tested at the COD meter.
e) Then, the tubes are put into COD digester for two hours and let cool for
approximately an hour.
f) The tubes are tested with COD meter.

Figure 55: COD Figure 56: COD Water

Digester Test Kit

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6. Transparency Test
Objective:
­ To determine the turbidity of water
Apparatus:
a) Sample taken from oxidation ditch
b) Turbidity tube
Procedure:
a) Sample of water is poured in the turbidity tube until it fully filled.
b) Take your filled turbidity tube to a shaded spot. If there is no shade around,
use your body to block the sun from shining on the tube.
c) With your hand over the opening, shake the tube vigorously. This will help to
re­suspend any sediment that has settled to the bottom.
d) Look down through the tube toward the target disk on the bottom tube.
 If the disk is visible, record the water level in centimeters (cm)
 If the disk is not visible, slowly release water from the release valve,
until the disk become visible. Record the water level in centimeters
(cm).
e) Match your turbidity measurement in centimeters to the corresponding NTU’s
using the conversion chart. Record NTU’s on the data sheet.

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Distance from bottom of tube NTU’s
(cm)
< 6.25 > 240
6.25 to 7 240
7 to 8 185
8 to 9.5 150
9.5 to 10.5 120
10.5 to 12 100
12 to 13.75 90
13.75 to 16.25 65
16.25 to 18.75 50
18.75 to 21.25 40
21.25 to 23.75 30
23.75 to 26.25 27
26.25 to 28.75 24
28.75 to 31.25 21
31.25 to 33.75 19
33.75 to 36.25 17
36.25 to 38.75 15
38.75 to 41.25 14
41.25 to 43.75 13
43.75 to 46.25 12
46.25 to 48.75 11
48.75 to 51.25 10
51.25 to 53.75 9
53.75 to 57.5 8
57.5 to 60 <8
Over 60

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Sludge treatment
1. MLSS Test
Objective:
­To determine MLSS content in the sludge
Apparatus:
a) Weighing machine
b) Filter paper
c) Aluminum weighing disc
d) Suction flask
e) Tweezer
f) Oven
Procedure:
a) Sample taken from thickened sludge (after be in thickening tank)
b) 5 ml of the sample is measured using cylinder
c) Filter paper is weighed and recorded
d) The filter paper is put on the base and clamped and vacuum is applied while
pouring the sample into it.
e) Then, heat it in oven for two hours.
2. Density Test
Objective:
­ To determine the density of thickened sludge
Apparatus:
a) Weighing machine
b) Aluminum weighing disc
c) Tweezer
d) Oven
Procedure:
a) Aluminum disc is weighed and tare to zero
b) Sample taken from thickened sludge is put into the disc and weighed to 5g
c) The sample is heated in the oven for two hours.

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3. Filtrate Test
Objective:
­To determine filtrate quality
Apparatus:
Apparatus:
a) Weighing machine
b) Filter paper
c) Aluminum weighing disc
d) Suction flask
e) Tweezer
f) Oven
Procedure:
a) 50 ml of water discharged from dewatering tank is measured in cylinder.
b) Filter paper is weighed.
c) Filter paper is put on the base and clamped and vacuum is applied while
pouring the sample into it.
d) The sample then is heated in the oven for two hours
4. Sludge Cake Test
Objective:
­ To determine the dryness of sludge cake
Apparatus
a) Weighing machine
b) Aluminum weighing disc
c) Tweezer
d) Oven
Procedure:
a) Sludge is taken from dewatering tank before being discharged to sludge
hopper
b) 10 g of the sludge is weighed.
c) The sample then is heated in the oven for two hours.

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In­situ Sampling
1. MLSS Test
Objective:
­ To determine total concentration of mixed liquor (non soluble) solid in the
aeration basin of an activated sludge system and compared to lab test.
Apparatus:
a) MLSS meter
Procedure:
a) MLSS meter is inserted into oxidation ditch
b) Readings is taken

Figure 57: MLSS Meter

2. DO Test
Objective:
­ To determine DO content in the aeration basin
Apparatus:
b) DO meter
Procedure:
a) DO meter is inserted into oxidation ditch
b) Readings is taken

Figure 58: DO Meter

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3. Oxygen Reduction Potential (ORP) Test
Objective:
­ To determine the cleanliness of the water and its ability to break down
contaminants.
Apparatus:
a) ORP meter
Procedure:
a) ORP was take at oxidation ditch
b) Reading will be recorded at 8 points during aerobic while during anoxic will
be taken at 11 points after blower has been stopped in 15 minutes.
c) Calculate the average ORP for the data.

Figure 59: ORP Meter

4. COD Test
Objective:
­ To determine the COD content in the effluent and influent.
Apparatus:
a) COD water test kit
Procedure:
a) Fill 2 ml of sample into the tube
b) Add 2 drops of Reagent­I and 1 drop of Reagent­II
c) Shake the tube few times
d) Wait for 3 ­5 minutes for the reaction time.
e) Put the tube on the color chart and compare

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5. Ammonia Test
Objective:
­ To determine the Ammonia content in the effluent and influent.
Apparatus:
b) Ammonia water test kit
Procedure:
f) Fill 2 ml of sample into the tube
g) Add 2 drops of Reagent­I and 2 drop of Reagent­II
h) Shake the tube few times
i) Wait for 3 ­5 minutes for the reaction time.
j) Put the tube on the color chart and compare

Figure 60: Add 2 drops of reagent in the sampling tube

Figure 61: COD chart Figure 62: Ammonia Chart

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