11- ST.

PATRICK
ABM 2

ORANGE KATHERINE LUGOD

ELIEZL LLENADO
LENIN LABIAN
ARIZZA DIOSO

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL BULLYING TO SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL STUDENTS
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN

Bullying is a form of aggression in which there is an imbalance of power between the bully
and the victim that occurs largely in the context of the peer group (Mishna, 2003). Bullying is
identified as one of the most prominent problems faced by children in the education system, as
well as one of the most significant health risks (Raskauskas & Modell, 2011). Peer
victimization is a serious worldwide problem and is a predictable, accepted, and often
unspoken, painful part of childhood (Mishna, 2003). In Canada, reported rates of bullying vary
from about 15% to 25% of students being bullied (Beran, Hughes & Lupart). Recognition of
the seriousness of bullying has led to the accumulation of a large body of research. Norwegian
researcher Dan Olweus has contributed significant research to bullying. By most accounts,
youth-on-youth victimization or bullying empirical research began, or at the very least grew,
with the focus of Olweus in the late 1970s. Much of the early research was conducted outside
the US and focused on overt bullying, but the research has expanded into a much broader scope
(Brank, Hoetger & Hazen, 2012). Olweus states that approximately 15% of students are bullied
regularly (Banks, 1997). It has been demonstrated that bullying is unpredictable, occurs in all
types of schools, is more prevalent in early adolescence, and may have lifelong consequences
(Rose & Monda-Amaya, 2012). Nansel and colleagues published the first large-scale study of
bullying in the United States in 2000. After surveying 15,000 adolescents, found the prevalence
of student involvement high, with nearly 30% of students reporting experiences of bullying.
The authors also found a substantial relationship between involvement in bullying and lower
self-perceived academic achievement (Glew, Fan, Katon, Rivara & Kernic, 2005). In
understanding how prevalent the issue of bullying is amoung students with disabilities, it is
relatively unclear because research focusing on this demographic is limited. However, experts
agree that children with disabilities are harassed by peers at higher rates than their peers without
disabilities (Raskauskas & Modell, 2011). Bullying can have an overwhelming impact on
students’ performance, emotional health and well- being, and ability to reach their true
potential. Victimization can also hinder a student’s ability to learn in the school environment
and can impede on the ability of students with disabilities to obtain the education critical to
their development (Raskauskas & Modell, 2011).

Experiencing relative bullying according to Chester, Keyleigh, could also be a lot of distressing
than physical or verbal bullying as a result of it queries the relationships they need come back
to depend on most. There is a prevailing stereotype that implies these are girly behaviours. The
media and well-liked literature usually depict women as being bitch whereas boys can
delineated their issues through fighting. The analysis moves on the far side this, distinctive that
relative bullying is equally as damaging for boys and women. There is beyond question cross-
over between the four completely different kinds of bullying, however it's necessary that
college anti-bullying policies place the maximum amount stress on these a lot of hidden
bullying behaviors because the a lot of ancient ones. relative bullying are often troublesome to
identify as a result of the behaviours are delicate and, as they occur at intervals relationship
teams, Associate in Nursing outsider could must distinguish between traditional conflict and
bullying. Bullying could be a wide acknowledged concern, with the most recent Ditch the Label
survey finding over 1 / 4 of respondents had been intimidated within the previous month.
Bullying describes once a personal or cluster of scholars repeatedly and on purpose hurt another
person. there's an influence imbalance in bullying that sets it other than different kinds of
aggression as well as fights between students. Traditionally bullying could are seen as a
ceremony of passage, however over the last 20 years plenty of analysis has incontestable that
bullying will have long lasting, damaging effects. we all know that bullying college in class at
school has been connected to poor school attending and lower attainment, and depression and
anxiety in adulthood. It is necessary to boost awareness of relative bullying through discussions
at school. If adolescents, teaching workers and oldsters are attentive to what constitutes relative
bullying and the way harmful it are often, it'll go an extended approach in serving to to spot
and intervene. (Chester,Keyleigh,2017)
Despite the fact that extensive research has yet to be conducted to help fully understand the
effects of social bullying, students have concluded that, at the very least, children who are
targeted by social bullying or cyberbullying display negative reactions that are similar to those
of children who are victims of traditional bullying (Beran & Li, 2007). In fact, it could be
argued that the effects of social bullying are even more damaging than those of traditional
bullying since victims cannot as easily escape the wrath or their tormentors (Brown, Jackson
and Cassidy, 2006). Since these cyber attacks become permanent once they have been
introduced to the online world, students may in fact experience a prolonged sense of
victimization because of continually revisiting the incident, thus leading depression and other
types of mental disorders (Brown et al., 2006). Researchers have concluded that adolescents
who are socially well adjusted and who have strong parental support are much less likely to
feel the more extreme effects of cyberbullying; the students who struggle with more severe
cases of cyber victimization are those who also have problems with social adjustment (Feinberg
& Robey, 2009; Dempsey et al., 2009). These students are ones who feel the major effects
because they do not feel as though they have any power to stop the harassment, which
ultimately makes them feel severely humiliated even if there are no other witnesses to the attack
(Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007; Beran & Li, 2005). Social bullying or cyberbullying has been
linked to multiple maladaptive emotional, psychological, and behavioral outcomes (Hinduja &
Patchin, 2006). The physical and metal effects of cyberbullying vary depending on the victim,
but the consequences include low self- esteem, anxiety, feeling sad, being scared, feeling
embarrassed, depression, anger, truancy, decreased academic achievement, an increased
tendency to violate others, school violence, and suicide (Willard, 2006; Beran & Li, 2005;
Hinduja & Patchin, 2007; Hinduja & Patchin, 2009). There is a relationship between Internet
harassment and depressive symptomatology, with targets of online harassment reporting more
frequent cases than non-targets (Ybarra, Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2007; Ybarra, 2004).
Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) studied 84 adolescents about cyberbullying, and they found that
93% of those who were identified as victims believed that their experiences had negatively
affected them. While this may be a higher percentage than most other studies, researchers are
continually seeing a high number of students who experience one or more of the negative
effects associated with cyberbullying victimization. For example, in a study of 384 students,
Hinduja and Patchin (2007) found that 42.5% of the cyberbullying victims felt frustrated, 40%
were angry, 27% were sad, and 31.9% experienced repercussions at school. Mitchell, Wolak,
and Finkelhor (2004) found that of over 1,500 youth surveyed, approximately one-third felt at
least one negative effect because of a cyberbullying incident. Another study found that 38% of
cyberbullying victims felt very or extremely upset or afraid, with some becoming very jumpy
or irritable because they were unable to stop thinking about an incident (Wolak et al., 2006).
Because of the pervasive effects felt by cyberbullying victims, there are often behavior,
academic, or attendance problems that permeate into the school environment. Since this
happens with relative regularity, cyberbullying is an issue that schools are forced to address.
Students who are victims of cyberbullying report having unfavorable attitudes towards school,
they demonstrate behavior problems while at school, they have higher rates of substance abuse
problems, and report higher frequency of peer aggression (Hinduja & Patchin, 2007; Ybarra,
2004; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2004a). They are less likely to come to school, have difficulty
concentrating while at school, receive lower grades than students who are not victims, have
elevated levels of distress, and are more likely to encounter instances of face-to-face bullying
while at school (Juvonen & Gross, 2008; Beran & Li, 2007). These students are also more
likely to have received detentions and suspensions from school, and most alarmingly, students
who have been targets of Internet harassment were eight times more likely to report carrying a
weapon to school in the past month (Burgess & Cavanaugh, 2009; Ybarra et al., 2007)

According to the “Bullying UK” This sort of bullying is usually more durable to recognise and
is usually distributed behind the rear of the one who is being hangdog. It includes: Lying
pretend rumours and spreading gossip Encouraging others to show against somebody Leaving
somebody out perpetually and inspiring others to try and do the identical Socially excluding
somebody on-line, cyberbullying, negative comments on posts and pictures Damaging
someone's social name or social acceptance Using mortifying nicknames and continued once
asked to prevent. Emotionally your shallowness and confidence may be taking a knock and
you will be experiencing anxiety and depression which may have a heavy play your emotional
and mental state and well-being. it's vital to do associated speak to an adult you trust, like your
oldsters, an educator or a relative maybe. Seeking support will facilitate a gain the strength that
would induce the bullying to stopped. It is laborious to completely perceive the explanations
behind why individuals feel the requirement to bully others. a number of the a lot of common
reasons are: Attention seeking behaviour, doesn’t matter if it's positive or negative. Might be a
necessity for them to assume they'll get what they need from being a bullying. To impress
others and assume they're gaining respect and recognition amongst their peers to penalize
individuals they're jealous or covetous of, thus targeting them for bullying. Because others do
it and that they too afraid to talk up. They may have low shallowness, confidence and potential
anger problems. Been hangdog themselves. Whatever the reasons could also be, it doesn't
provide anyone the proper to create others feel low or bully others to create themselves feel
higher. Bringing you are doing commenting on everything you do attempting to be higher than
you dominant over you. (Bullying UK, Advice for young people, 2018)

LOCAL

According to Dela cruz, Cyndy; In the Philippines, many attribute President Duterte’s electoral
victory to a strong social media presence and awareness from supporters and detractors alike.
Similarly, in the United States, President Trump’s astounding victory may not have been
predictable on the basis on old measures of popularity, but perhaps to a more subtle, even
subliminal influence, perhaps attributable to social media as well.THE ANTI-BULLYING
ACT OF 2013 (RA 10627)
this law finds applicability in school-related bullying incidents which cover those uttered on
social media platforms. When “Bullying” under this law refers to any severe, or repeated use
by one or more students of a written, verbal or electronic expression, or a physical act or
gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student that has the effect of actually
causing or placing the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his
property; creating a hostile environment at school; infringing on the rights of another student
at school; or materially or substantially disrupting the education process. (Sec. 2, RA 10627)
When done through the use of the Internet, the law categorizes the same as “cyber-bullying.”
(Sec. 2-D, RA 10627) (”Bullying on social media: The Philippines’ current legal platform”’
2017; Dela Cruz Cyndy P.)

Marta Santos Pais, Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against

Children, identified several key areas where improvement was needed for governments and
institutions, also emphasizes the importance of early childhood prevention and noted that the
“parent-child relationship is a critical factor in predicting the risk of bullying in
adolescence.” According to the report, 176 million children under five witness domestic
violence on a regular basis at present and children who bully others are twice as likely to have
been exposed to domestic violence than other children.

“Exposure to toxic stress, domestic violence and a violent family environment has an
irreversible impact on the development of very young children,” Santos Pais noted that teachers
also play a great role in promoting “a culture of respect and safety” in schools and that sports
environments can often become contexts where competitiveness leads to “humiliation,
shaming and exclusion of those who fail to win.”“Analyses of data from Ethiopia, India, Peru
and Vietnam reveal that violence in schools, including physical and verbal abuse by teachers
and by other students, is the most common reason given for disliking school and, significantly,
it is associated with lower scores in mathematics and lower self-esteem,” (Lee-Brago,Pia,
2018)

According to the PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group, cyber bullying is becoming epidemic in the
country. Cyberbullying is the use of digital media to harass others for the purpose of
manipulating the victim and placing the target in a humiliating situation.To avoid becoming a
victim, the PNP has a few reminders:Make sure to log out all personal accounts on social
media.Do not easily give personal information to anyone especially on social media.
And for those who experience cyber bullying, [the PNP] advises not to engage with online
trolls or bullies.Save all evidences of cyber bullying and do not solve the situation on your
own. Instead, report the case to authorities right away.This is one of the steps to prevent cyber
bullying.This may be a small step but it can make a bigger difference.

Based on section 2 of RA 1067, bullying takes many forms.It defines bullying as "any severe
or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal, or electronic expression, or a
physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student that has the
effect of actually causing or placing the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm
or damage to his property; creating a hostile environment at school for the other student;
infringing on the rights of the other student at school; or materially and substantially disrupting
the education process or the orderly operation of a school.”The law says bullying may be in
the form of pranks, teasing, fighting, and the use of available objects as weapons; any act that
causes damage to the victim's psyche or emotional well-being.

For the sharp-tongued, bullying can also be any slanderous statement of accusation that causes
the victim undue emotional distress like direct directing foul language or profanity at the target,
name-calling, tormenting, and commenting negatively on the victim's looks, clothes, or
body.Cyber-bullying or any bullying done through the use of technology or any electronic
means is also bullying punishable under the law.Aquino classifies bullying into five basic
forms: physical, verbal, relational aggression, cyberbullying, and sexual bullying.The lawyer
said physical bullying is often the easiest to identify, as this usually involves hitting, kicking,
destroying, or stealing property.Verbal bullying is name-calling, insulting, threatening,
intimidating, and also racist remarks and sexist comments.

Aquino also cited Senator Juan Edgardo Angara's anti-bullying bill, which seeks to amend the
existing anti-bullying law, by including penalizing teachers and other school personnel, who,
themselves, bully the students.

"Senate Bill No. 2793 aims to give more teeth to the DepEd (Department of Education) order
by penalizing a teacher or any other school personnel who commits acts of bullying to a student,
with a fine of not less than PHP50,000 but not more than PHP100,000 and/or by imprisonment
from six months to a year," Aquino said.

He continued: "If the bullying resulted in the student attempting to commit suicide, the penalty
will be a fine of not less than PHP100,000 but not more than PHP500,000 and/or imprisonment
of one to three years. If the suicide attempt results in the death of the victim, the penalty will
be a fine of not less than PHP500,000 but not more than PHP1 million and/or imprisonment of
three to six years." (Arayata,Ma. Cristina,2018)