Arnold van der Valk Og — Herbaceous MEL a eer Wied tl Tie ay in ECS UIE a AN "a) AG. Van der Valk (e,) testing whether the species composition deviates from a specified null-model where species are assumed fo be independent of each other (Conner and Simberloff 1979; Gotelli and McCabe 2002; Hahbell 2001; Wilson et al. 1996), In order to investigate the role of competitive Jiieraetions between different PINE spectes ff RAEI more directly, we need to inves- tigate, celevant. MINN ecological :daia using BAL serapetiion models that are tailored to the relevant ecological data, Historically, plant competition mod- els have been developed for annual plants, e.g, crop for weed plants, by expressing yield, biomass or Fecundity of individual plants as a function of phint density (Bleasdale and Nelder 1960; Damgaant 998, 2004; Firbank and Watkinson 1985: Law and Wai- kinson (987; Pacala and Silander 1990; Rees et al. cl odes ae less relevant for GNA PN GERAD dorninarcad: by perennial plants, where it is often difficult to distinguish the individuals and, consequently, 0 obtain individval- level data, When individual plants ean be counted, itsey clog alan Peay nierdeally alee: oh the number of individuals is of limited value for describing the amount of competition, However, the use of non-manipalative techniques in order to estimate compelitive etfects directly in natural plant SGHMMIRIHES is a topic of rising interest (Freckleton ind Watkinson 2001), and several methods have been iy different types of natural herbal plant and ecological measures (e.g. Law et al 1997; Rees et al, 1996; Roxburgh and Wilson 20008, b: Turnbull et al. 2004). For example, Rees et al (1996) used the eoiints of anna plants HM thowiands of small quadrates snd Turnbull et al, (2004) made a neighbourhood analysis of individual plants of the same dune population of annual species, whereas Law et al, (1997) in a pioneering study estimated competition coefficionts from spatial tumover data of four perennial grass species. The present study aims to desctibe the GBRMHIGH whore ramet or individ- uuab-level data is not available or is too laborious to obtain The ecological measures used in this study come from a non-destructive pin-point analysis (Kent ail Coker (992: Levy and Madden 1933), where a frame with a fixed grid pattern is placed above the vegetation. A pin that is inserted vertically theough fone of the grid poinis into the vegetation will typically touch a number of plants, and the number of times the: pin: touches different (AMIE: spocies is reconed. This procedure is repeated at each grid point. pin-point analysis provides the estimates of two important flERE ecological variables: ll cover and 3D-space occupancy af the plants. The cover of f specific WHE species 1s defined ax the relative umber of pins in the grid that touch the specie thus MINE cover measures the caver of the all species when it is projected onto the two-dimen- sional ground surface. Rather than measuring the size of individual plants, the 3D-space occupancy of the species within the frame is measured as the average number of hits per pin, which has. been shown to be correlated to plant biemass Jonasson 1983, 1988), In order to simplify the writing, the average mumber of hits per pin will be referred 10 as “compactness” instead of using the texm *3D-spac occupa Wiis pectin propeoaga:mellod oc rasdatliag ud _predicting pli! community dyram- ies, which is applicable 10 many herb and grassland by expressing the compactness as a function of fll cover, whore both the compactucss and plant cover are measured by a single non- destructive pin-point analysis. Most importantly, and critically forthe application ofthe suggested method, is the fact that, due to the growth form of most species, the compactness will increase relatively fasier than the nn cover during the growing season, This change in the measures of compactness. and PRI cover dicing the: growing season: ia analogossio the change in cumulative biomass relative 10 the density of annual plants, which also increases during the growing season, The underlying assumption of the method used here is that the species-specitic measure of compactness at the ened of the growing season relative to plant cover may be used as a measure of growth or the ecological success of the species over the growing season. This measure of ecological success is expected to depend on the biotic and biotic environment and the cover of other species, which compete for resources such as light, water and nutrients, Furthermore, it is assumed, everything ‘lee beiig’ squil, that & (MIE speci that grow to a relatively high compactness has. a relatively high plant cover the following year, i plants allocate resources. into occupying esoure space the following year. We apply the method to aDja'far Shiddieg LeaNie eslT e Tohari COR Maat arts Bibliographic information ™* Aspek Dasar Agronomi Berkelanjutan rate’ UGM PRESS, 2018 = 6023861059, 9786023861057 om 400 pages