Dynamics Lab Manual

Dhaanish Ahmed Institute of Technology

K.G.Chavadi, Coimbatore – 641105.
DYNAMICS LABORATORY
MANUAL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

III YEAR / V SEMESTER

Name of the student :

Branch / Section :
Roll Number :

CONTENTS

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 Dynamics Lab Manual

Page Signature
Ex.
No. Date Name of the Experiment No Marks of
. staff

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INDEX
S. No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

2. COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICKS

3. IZOD IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

4. CHARPY TEST ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

5. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

6. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

7. DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAMS

8. DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAMS

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Ex. No : TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Date :

Objective:

To develop an understanding of stress-strain curves of materials, and learn how to use

them to determine various mechanical properties of ductile materials
.
Aim:

To conduct tension test on the given ductile material to determine the following ,
a) Yield stress.
b) Nominal Breaking Stress .
c) Actual Breaking Stress
d) Ultimate stress.
e) Percentage of reduction in area.
f) Percentage of increase in length.

Theory:

The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece is fixed into
grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is small enough, the
deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An entirely deformed solid will return to its original form as
soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The
initial part of the tension curve, which is recoverable immediately after unloading ,is termed as elastic and the
rest of the curve, which represents the manner in solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed as plastic. The
stress below which the deformation is essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In
some materials the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indication both an upper
and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic
deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the
load passes through the maximum and then begins to decrease. At this stage the “ultimate strength”, which is
defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to the original cross sectional area, reaches the maximum value.
Further loading will eventually cause neck formation and rupture. Usually a tension test is conducted at room
temperature and the tensile load is applied slowly. During this test either round or flat specimens may be used.
The round specimens may have smooth or threaded ends. The load on the specimen is applied mechanically or
hydraulically depending on the type of testing machine.

Application:

The stress values found out from the experiment are used for the design of Reinforced Concrete,
Prestressed Concrete, Steel structural elements.

Apparatus Required:

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 Universal testing machine

 Vernier caliper
 Scale
 Specimen

Formula used:


Yield Stress = N/mm2


Ultimate Stress = N/mm2


Nominal Breaking Stress = N/mm2


Actual Breaking Stress = N/mm2


% reduction in area = X 100


% of increase in length = X 100

Procedure:

 Diameter of the specimen is measured.

 Fix the specimen at the two grip of UTM.
 Left valve of testing machine is opened.
 Release the cross head to move the grip up and down.
 Open the right valve slightly and then close the pushes and rest button.
 The machine is started and load is applied uniformly on the specimen. Readings are noted.
 The yield load, breaking load, Ultimate load are noted.
 The specimen is removed and the diameter of the neck and elongated gauge length are measured.

Observations:
 Ultimate load =
 Breaking load =
 Original diameter of rod =
 Original gauge length =
 Original area =
 Final neck diameter =
 Final gauge length =

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 Final neck area =

Tabulation:
Cross Sectional
Sr. No Type of load Load in KN Stress in N/mm2
Area in mm2

1. Yield point load

2. Ultimate load

Breaking point
3.
load

Model Calculation:


Yield Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2


Ultimate Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2

Nominal Breaking Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2

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
Actual Breaking Stress = N/mm2

= N/mm2


% of reduction in area = X 100

= X 100

= %


% of increase in length = X 100

= X 100

= %

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Result:

 Ultimate Stress =
 Nominal Breaking Stress =
 Actual Breaking Stress =
 Yield Stress =
 % of reduction in cross sectional area =
 % increase in length =

Inferences:

Viva Questions:

 Which steel have you tested? What is its carbon content?

 In what region of a stress vs. strain graph do you find Young’s Modulus?
 What general information is obtained from the tensile test regarding the properties of the material?.
 What kind of fracture has occurred and why?
 Which is the most ductile material? What is its elongation?

Ex. No : IZOD IMPACT TEST ON METAL SPECIMEN

Date :

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Objective:

To determine the impact strength of given mild steel specimen.

Aim:

To conduct the impact test of given mild steel specimen.

Theory:

The impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to
brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the
material. Several Engineering materials have to with stand impact or suddenly loads while in service. Impact
strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads of all types of
impact tests, the notched bar test are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures the energy
necessary to fracture a standard notched bar by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch
toughness of material under shocking loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design
problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of same material under different conditions. This test can also be
used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature

Application:

In the design of machine elements (power hammer) subjected to impact loads.

Apparatus Required:

 Specimen
 Impact testing machine
 Vernier calliper

Formula Used:

Cross section area of the specimen under notch, A = Breadth X Depth under notch mm2

Impact value of the specimen = (Absorbed Energy / Area of the cross section
under notch) J/mm2

Procedure:

 Raise the hammer and lock it.

 Set the pointer at the maximum graduated energy range of the dial.

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 Release the trigger and allow the pendulum to swing and the pointer to move within the dial.
 Note down the energy observed in the dial and lock the pendulum in original position.
 Keep the specimen vertically in the vice notch. So the centre of mark is levelled with the top of the vice
notch taking the direction below the 28mm portion should produce upward and remaining portion
should be kept inside the vice.
 Note down the energy spends in bending specimen from the dial and tabulated the result.

Tabulation:

Dimension of the specimen:

Sr. Initial Energy Residual Energy (B) in Absorbed Energy

No (A) in joule Joule (A-B)

1.

2.

3.

Model Calculation:

Cross section area of the specimen under notch, A = Breath X Depth under notch mm2

 Impact value of the specimen = (Absorbed Energy / Area of the cross section
under notch) J/mm2

Result:

 Impact value of the specimen =

 Energy absorbed by the specimen =

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Inferences:

Viva- Questions:

 Define impact load?

 Give the dimensions of the specimen for Izod test?

 How to mount the specimen for the Izod test?

 What do you infer from the initial reading dial reading?

 Why the stress induced due to suddenly applied load is greater than the stress due to gradually applied
load.?

Ex. No : CHARPY TEST ON METAL SPECIMEN

Date :

Objective:

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To determine the impact strength of given mild steel specimen by conducting charpy test.

Aim:

To conduct impact test (Charpy test) of Mild steel specimen.

Theory:

The impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to
brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the
material. Several Engineering materials have to with stand impact or suddenly loads while in service. Impact
strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads of all types of
impact tests, the notched bar test are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures the energy
necessary to fracture a standard notched bar by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch
toughness of material under shocking loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design
problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of same material under different conditions. This test can also be
used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.

Application:

In the design of machine elements (power hammer) subjected to impact loads.

Apparatus Required:

 Impact testing machine

 Mild Steel Specimen

Formula Used:

Cross section area of the specimen under notch, A = Breadth X Depth under notch mm2

Impact value of the specimen = (Absorbed Energy / Area of the cross section

under notch) J/mm2

Procedure:

 Raise the hammer and lock it.

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 Set the pointer at the maximum graduate energy range of dial.

 Release the trigger and allow the pendulum to swing and the pointer to move within the dial.
 Note down the energy observed in the dial and lock the pendulum in original position.
 Keep the specimen horizontally in the vice. So the centre mark faces the non striking end of the
pendulum.
 Allow the pendulum to strike the specimen
 Note down the energy spends in breaking the specimen from dial and tabulate the result.

Tabulation:

Dimension of the specimen:

Sr. Initial Energy Residual Energy (B) in Absorbed Energy

No (B) in joule Joule (A-B)

1.

2.

3.

Model Calculation:

Cross section area of the specimen under notch, A = Breath X Depth under notch mm2

Impact value of the specimen = (Absorbed Energy / Area of the cross section

under notch) J/mm2

Result:

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 Impact value of the specimen =

 Energy absorbed by the specimen =

Inferences:

Viva – Questions:

 Define Toughness.

 Give the dimensions of the specimen for Charpy test?

 How to mount the specimen for the Charpy test?

 What do you infer from the initial reading dial reading?

 What are the differences between Izod and Charpy test?

Ex. No : ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

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Date :

Objective:

To determine the Rockwell hardness number and compare the hardness of the materials.

Aim:

To conduct Rockwell Hardness test for Mild Steel, Aluminium and Copper.

Thoery:

Rock well hardness test consists in touching an indenter of standard cone or ball into the surface of a test
piece in two operations and measuring the permanent increase of depth of indentation of this indenter under
specified condition. From it, Rockwell hardness is deduced. The ball (B) is used for soft materials (e.g. mild
steel, cast iron, aluminium, brass.) and the diamond cone (C) for hard ones (High carbon steel. etc.)

HRB means Rockwell hardness measured on B scale

HRC means Rock well hardness measured on C scale

Application:

In the design of machine elements where friction exists, it is necessary to ascertain the hardness of the
material.

Apparatus Required:

 Rockwell hardness testing machine.

 Specimens
 Steel ball, Diamond cone intender.

Procedure:

 For the given specimen load is selected using table.

 The surface of the specimen is cleaned before placing it on the movable platform.
 The platform with the specimen moved until the surface of the specimen touches the intender to get the
smallest point in the dial towards red mark.
 Select the load selection in turned and load is applied and maintained on the specimen by pressing the
load levers.
 The initial loading of 100 Kg reads against the red mark. Then apply the load and maintain until longer
pointer comes to rest.
 The load on the specimen is raised gently passing down release the levers.
 Hardness number is noted and the procedure is repeated and the values are tabulated.

Tabulation: 1

Sr. No Material Load in Kg Penetrator Scale Hardness

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1. Aluminium

2. Aluminium

3. Aluminium

Tabulation: 2

Sr. No
Material Load in Kg Penetrator Scale Hardness

1. Copper

2. Copper

3. Copper

Tabulation: 3

Sr. No
Material Load in Kg Penetrator Scale Hardness

1. Mild Steel

2. Mild Steel

3. Mild Steel

Result:

 The Rockwell hardness number of Aluminium =

 The Rockwell hardness number of Copper =

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 The Rockwell hardness number of Mild Steel =

Inferences:

Viva – Questions:

 Define Hardness?

 Why diamond tip drill bits are used in drilling operations?

 What is penetration?

 Copper is harder than aluminium true or false?

 What is the significance of minor load applied in Rockwell hardness test?

Ex. No : BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

Date :

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Objective:

To determine the Brinell hardness number and compare the hardness of the materials.

Aim:

To conduct Brinell Hardness test for Mild Steel, Aluminium and Copper.

Theory:

It consists of pressing a hardened steel ball into a test specimen. In this test usually a steel ball of
Diameter D under a load “P” is forced into the test piece and the mean diameter “d” of the indentation left in
the surface after removal of load is measured. According to ASTM specifications a 10 mm diameter ball is used
for the purpose. Lower loads are used for measuring hardness of soft materials and vice versa. The Brinell
hardness is obtained by dividing the test load P by curved surface area of indentation. This curved surface is
assumed to be portion of the sphere of diameter D.

Application:

In the design of machine elements where friction exists, it is necessary to ascertain the hardness of the
material.

Apparatus Required:

 Brinell hardness testing machine.

 Specimens

Formula:

Brinell hardness number, BHN =

Where, P = Load in Newton

D = Diameter of the intender in mm

d = Diameter of indentation in mm

Procedure:

 For the given specimen load is selected using table.

 The surface of the specimen is cleaned before placing it on the movable platform.
 The platform with the specimen moved until the surface of the specimen touches the intender to get the
smallest point in the dial towards red mark.
 Select the load selection in turned and load is applied and maintained on the specimen by pressing the
load levers.

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 The initial loading of 100 Kg reads against the red mark. Then apply the load and maintain until longer
pointer comes to rest.
 The load on the specimen is raised gently passing down release the levers.
 The diameter of the penetrator and the indentation diameter are noted.
 Hardness numbers are calculated by using the above formula.

Tabulation: 1

Sr. Diameter of Brinell Mean

No Indenter impression d Hardness Brinell
Load in Kg diameter D mm number Hardness
Material
mm Number

1 Mild steel

Tabulation: 2

Sr. Diameter of Brinell Mean

No Indenter impression d Hardness Brinell
Load in Kg diameter D mm number Hardness
Material
mm Number

1 Aluminium

Tabulation: 3

Sr. Diameter of Brinell Mean

No Indenter impression d Hardness Brinell
Load in Kg diameter D mm number Hardness
Material
mm Number

1 Copper

Model Calculation:

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Brinell hardness number, BHN =

Result:

 The Brinell hardness number of Aluminium =

 The Brinell hardness number of Copper =
 The Brinell hardness number of Mild Steel =

Inferences:

Viva – Questions:

 Bring out the differences between Rockwell hardness test and Brinell hardness test?

 How will you calculate the load for Brinell hardness test?

 Mild steel is harder than Copper true or false?

 What is the value of minor load to be applied in Brinell hardness test?

Ex. No : DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAM

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Date :

Objective:

To find Young’s modulus of given material by conducting deflection test.

Aim:

To conduct the deflection test for the simply supported steel beam.

Theory:

If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a concentrated load at the center, the beam bends
concave upwards. The distance between the original position of the beam and its position after bending is
different at different points along the length if the beam, being maximum at the center in this case. This
difference is called ‘deflection’. In this type of loading the maximum amount of deflection is given by the
relation,

Where δ = Deflection in mm
W= load acting at the center, N
l=length of the beam between the supports, mm
E=young’s modulus of material of the beam, N/mm 2
I=second moment of area of the cross section (moment of inertia) of the beam,
about the neutral axis, mm 4

Bending stress:

As per bending equation,

Where M= bending moment, Nmm

I= moment of inertia, mm 4
s =Bending stress, N/mm 2
y=distance of the fiber of the beam from the neutral axis.

Application:

To compare the actual deflection of the structural elements with the allowable deflection specified by
the codes.

Apparatus Required:

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 Beam of any cross section.

 Support
 Hanger
 Set of weights.
 Deflectometer
 Scale

Formula Used:

Moment of Inertia, I = mm4

Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

Where, δ = Deflection in mm
w = Load in N
E = Young’s modulus in N/mm2
I = Moment of Inertia in mm4
L = Length of the beam in mm
a = Distance between LH support and deflection meter in mm
x = Distance between RH support and load in mm
Procedure:
 Find the distance between the support span and mark the midpoint.
 Place the deflection meter. So that the tip of head just touches the midpoint.
 Note the readings of deflection meter.
 The beam is loaded gradually in steps till the maximum deflection is one tenth of every increment of
beam.
 Note the deflection for beam and also unloading corresponding steps in which it is loaded and deflection
are noted.
Observation:
Specimen – Mild steel
Breadth of cross section (b) =
Length of beam (L) =
Depth of cross section (d) =
Distance between LH support and deflection meter (a) =
Distance between RH support and load (x) =
Tabulation:

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Load Deflection Reading Young’s

Sr. No Mean deflection modulus

Kg N Loading Unloading
mm N/mm2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Model Calculation:

Moment of Inertia, I = mm4

Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

Graph:
 The graph is plotted between the load Vs deflection. Load is taken in Y-axis and deflection in X-axis.

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Result:

 Young’s modulus of given beam =

 From graph =

Inferences:

Viva- Questions:

 Define Youngs modulus?

 What is deflection?

 Define Beam.

 Define flexural rigidity.

 What is the nature of stress induced in a beam?

Ex. No : AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICK

Date :

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Objective:

To determine the crushing strength of brick by compression test.

Aim:

To conduct compression test on brick.

Theory : -

Bricks are used in construction of either load bearing walls or in portion walls in case of frame
structure. In load bearing walls total weight from slab and upper floor comes directly through brick and then it
is transversed to the foundation. In case the bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force on other hand in
case of frame structure bricks are used only for construction of portion walls, layers comes directly on the lower
layers of wall. In this case bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force. Hence for safely measures before
using the bricks in actual practice they have to be tested in laboratory for their compressive strength.

Application:

The compressive strength of brick is the most important of all the properties. Therefore, it is not
surprising that the brick is always tested for its compressive strength at the laboratory before it is used in
important works like brick masonry.

Apparatus Required:

 Compression testing machine / Universal testing machine (UTM),

 Vernier calliper
 Materials: brick

Procedure:

 Measure the diameter and height of specimen by vernier calliper.

 Place the specimen between loading plates of compression testing machine (or between the lower and
middle cross heads of UTM) such that line of action of compression load coincides with the axis of
specimen

 Apply the load gradually by operating the load control wheel till the failure of specimen occurs.

 Record the maximum load obtained during the process of application of load.

 Observe the failure pattern of specimen and record it. (Broken into pieces without appreciable
reduction in height / turned to bulky shape with appreciable reduction in height with or without
cracks on outer surface etc.)

 Repeat the steps 1 to 4 for other specimen.

Sample Calculations:

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Material: ……………….(Cast iron / Mild steel / Copper/brick)

Cross sectional area = A=πd2/4 = …………………………= ………….mm2

Crushing strength = σ = P/A = ……………………………..= ……………N/mm2

Results:

Crushing strength for Brick = ……………..N/mm2

Inferences:

Viva-Questions:

 Define compressive strength.

 What are the types of bricks?

 What is the size of the brick?

 What are the major ingredients in brick earth?

 What is the significance of compressive strength?

Ex. No : DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAM

Date :

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Objective:

To find Young’s modulus of given material by conducting deflection test.

Aim:

To conduct the deflection test for the simply supported steel beam.

Theory:

If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a concentrated load at the center, the beam bends
concave upwards. The distance between the original position of the beam and its position after bending is
different at different points along the length if the beam, being maximum at the center in this case. This
difference is called ‘deflection’. In this type of loading the maximum amount of deflection is given by the
relation,

Where δ = Deflection in mm
W= load acting at the center, N
l=length of the beam between the supports, mm
E=young’s modulus of material of the beam, N/mm 2
I=second moment of area of the cross section (moment of inertia) of the beam,
about the neutral axis, mm 4

Bending stress:

As per bending equation,

Where M= bending moment, Nmm

I= moment of inertia, mm 4
s =Bending stress, N/mm 2
y=distance of the fiber of the beam from the neutral axis.

Application:

To compare the actual deflection of the structural elements with the allowable deflection specified by
the codes.

Apparatus Required:

 Beam of any cross section.

 Support

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 Hanger
 Set of weights.
 Deflectometer
 Scale

Formula Used:

Moment of Inertia, I = mm4

Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

Where, δ = Deflection in mm
w = Load in N
E = Young’s modulus in N/mm2
I = Moment of Inertia in mm4
L = Length of the beam in mm
a = Distance between LH support and deflection meter in mm
x = Distance between RH support and load in mm
Procedure:
 Find the distance between the support span and mark the midpoint.
 Place the deflection meter. So that the tip of head just touches the midpoint.
 Note the readings of deflection meter.
 The beam is loaded gradually in steps till the maximum deflection is one tenth of every increment of
beam.
 Note the deflection for beam and also unloading corresponding steps in which it is loaded and deflection
are noted.
Observation:
Specimen – Mild steel
Breadth of cross section (b) =
Length of beam (L) =
Depth of cross section (d) =
Distance between LH support and deflection meter (a) =
Distance between RH support and load (x) =
Tabulation:

Sr. No Load Deflection Reading

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Young’s
Mean deflection
Kg N Loading Unloading modulus
mm
N/mm2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Model Calculation:

Moment of Inertia, I = mm4

Young’s modulus, E = [L3 – a2 – x2] N/mm2

Graph:
 The graph is plotted between the load Vs deflection. Load is taken in Y-axis and deflection in X-axis.

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Result:

 Young’s modulus of given beam =

 From graph =

Inferences:

Viva- Questions:

 Define Youngs modulus?

 What is deflection?

 Define Beam.

 Define flexural rigidity.

 What is the nature of stress induced in a beam?

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