GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

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Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources
of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a
few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high
temperatures of molten rock called magma.

Importance of geothermal energy in Turkey. Today, at some locations around the

country, geothermal energy is used to generate electricity, or geothermalheat is used directly
for applications such as space heating, aquaculture, and industrial processes [24]

Sources which have no direct waste products (such as wind, solar, and hydropower) are
brought up on this point. With global demand for energy growing, the need to adopt
various energy sources is growing. Energy conservation is an alternative or
complementary process to energydevelopment.

Geothermal Power Plants

www.eia.gov

Geothermal power stations are similar to other steam turbine thermal power
stations in that heatfrom a fuel source (in geothermal's case, the Earth's core) is used
to heat water or another working fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of
a generator, thereby producing electricity.

Geothermal power plants use hydrothermal resources that have both water (hydro) and heat (thermal).
Geothermal power plants require high-temperature (300°F to 700°F) hydrothermal resources that come
from either dry steam wells or from hot water wells. People use these resources by drilling wells into the
earth and then piping steam or hot water to the surface. The hot water or steam powers a turbine that
generates electricity. Some geothermal wells are as much as two miles deep.

Types of geothermal power plants

There are three basic types of geothermal power plants:

 Dry steam plants use steam directly from a geothermal reservoir to turn generator turbines. The first
geothermal power plant was built in 1904 in Tuscany, Italy, where natural steam erupted from the earth.
 Flash steam plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the earth and convert it to steam to
drive generator turbines. When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the
ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are flash steam plants.
 Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot water to another liquid. The heat
causes the second liquid to turn to steam, which is used to drive a generator turbine.
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Volcanic eruption
 Volcanic Eruptions. A volcanic eruption occurs when molten rock, ash and
steam pour through a vent in the earth's crust. Volcanoes are described as
active (in eruption), dormant (not erupting at the present time), or extinct
(having ceased eruption; no longer active).
 Types of volcanic eruptions
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 "Eruption" redirects here. For other uses, see Eruption (disambiguation).
 "Volcanic eruption" and "Volcanic eruptions" redirect here. For the short story, see Volcanic
Eruption. For the film company, see Volcanic Eruptions.
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 Some of the eruptive structures formed during volcanic activity (counterclockwise): a Plinian eruption
column, Hawaiian pahoehoe flows, and a lava arc from a Strombolian eruption.
 Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic
bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic
vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after
famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may
exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may
display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.
 There are three different types of eruptions. The most well-observed are magmatic eruptions,
which involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it
forward. Phreatomagmatic eruptions are another type of volcanic eruption, driven by the
compression of gas within magma, the direct opposite of the process powering magmatic
activity. The third eruptive type is the phreatic eruption, which is driven by
the superheating of steam via contact with magma; these eruptive types often exhibit no
magmatic release, instead causing the granulation of existing rock.
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