1.

The concept of differentiation and derivatives

2. Differentiation using the First Principle
3. Rules of Differentiation:
- Constant function
- Power function
- Addition/Subtraction of two functions
- Composite function
- Product of two functions
- Quotient of two functions
- Exponential function
-Logarithmic function
4. Higher order of derivatives
5. Critical points – minimum, maximum, inflection point
6. Application : Business and economics
Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my
 After finishing this class, you should be able to:

•Explain the concept of differentiation.

•Differentiate a function using the First Principle (The Concept of limit)
•Differentiate a function using appropriate differentiation rules:
- Constant functions
- Power functions
- Addition / Subtraction of two functions
- Composite function (Chain Rule)
- Product of two functions
Will be covered on
- Quotient of two functions
the next class
- Exponential Function
- Logarithmic Function

Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my

 The concepts of differentiation:

If f defined as the function of x and can be written as f(x).

Then the derivative of f(x) denoted as f’(x) or dy is read as
“derivative value of function f at x”. dx

The process to get f’(x) is called DIFFERENTIATION

(FIRST DERIVATIVE)

f(x)
differentiate
f’(x)

g(u) g’(u)
y =as a function of x dy
dx
dU
U = as a function of v
dv
Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my
Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my
 Slope of a straight lines:

y/f(x)
C

30 m=?

B The slope for

the line, m is
m=5 m = 30 – 15
15 6–3
m=5
A

m=5

0 x
3 6

The slope (m) of a straight line is always consistent at any points on the line.

Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my

 The slope of a curve
• A curve is not like a straight line – it does not have a consistent slope.
• Slope for a curve can be obtained by drawing a tangent line at any point on
the curve.
• The slope of the tangent line is used to represent the slope of a curve at any
given point.
• Therefore, the slope for a curve vary accordingly to the point where it is
measured.
y/f(x)

Tangent

x
0
Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my
 The slope of a curve
The slope of a curve (at a certain point on that curve) can be obtain by measuring
the slope of tangent line at that point.

The slope for function f at the point

(a,b) is ½.
m =1
2

(a,b)
b 2

a
 The slope of a curve
The slope of a curve (at a certain point on that curve) can be obtain by measuring
the slope of tangent line at that point.

m = 1
1
The slope of the function f at
the point (c,d) is 1.
1

(c,d) 1
d

c
 The slope of a curve
The slope of a curve (at a certain point on that curve) can be obtain by measuring
the slope of tangent line at that point.

The slope for function f at the point

(e,f) is ? 6
(e,f)
f
2

m=?

e
Consider a function, f and suppose that there are 2 points (A and B) on the
function (curve).

B = (x+h, f(x+h))

f(x+h)

A = (x, f(x))

f(x)
h

x x+h
From the diagram:
-PQ is the tangent for the function f at the point A (green line)
-AB is a chord line that touched the function f at the point A and B (grey line)

B= (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)

A Chord touched the

curve at 2 points
(A and B)
A= (x, f(x))
f(x) The tangent touched
h the curve at only one
point (A)
P
x x+h
 The slope for AB chord , (mab) is:

y2 – y1 = f(x+h) – f(x) or f(x+h) – f(x)

x2 –x1 (x+h) – (x) h

B= (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)

A= (x, f(x))
f(x)

P
x x+h
The slope for PQ tangent is an approximation of chord AB to the
tangent, that is when h is approaching 0.

Therefore, we can see that the slope for PQ tangent (mpq)is derive from:
= lim Slope for AB OR lim f(x+h) – f(x)
h0 h0 h
 B = (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)

A= (x, f(x))
f(x)
h
P

x x+h

Thus, the slope for function f at the point A is EQUAL to

The slope for PQ tangent that is lim f(x+h) - f(x), therefore

h0 h
 B = (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)

A = (x, f(x))
f(x)
h
P

x x+h

We called lim f(x+h) – f(x) as Differentiation Using The First Principle

h0 h

And is denoted by f’(x) OR dy/dx

 DIFFERENTIATION : USING THE FIRST PRINCIPLE

dy = f’(x) = lim f(x+h) – f(x)

dx h0 h

Mohd noor abdul hamid : mohdnoor@uum.edu.my