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Ecovillages: Resilient Approach to Sustainable Rural Development In Indian

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 Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63 55

        
      
    
 
   
           
    
   

 
     

           

Journal of Energy and

Environmental Sustainability
Journal homepage : www.jees.in

Ecovillages: Resilient Approach to Sustainable Rural Development In Indian

Context
S. Venkata Mohan*, Shikha Dahiya, G. Velvizhi and C. Nagendranatha Reddy
Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, EEFF Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received : 09 November 2016 Nature was self-sustained by well balanced ecological cycle until human intervention disturbed the
Revised : 04 January 2017 natural ecosystem resulting in environmental damage. Therefore, it is essential to develop a community
Accepted : 10 January 2017 living in a balanced harmony by resolving these issues at grass root level through adopting sustainable
management practices. Keeping this as focal objective, this communication is intended to address the
necessity and development of ecovillage to restore ecological sustainability, harmonious living and
economic stability. The review holistically describes the principles, dimensions and components that
Keywords: can transform an existing village into an resilient ecovillage. Adopting these dimensions and components
Sustainable villages; Circular economy;
can explicit the connectedness of an individual to social and ecological structure. Each component of
Closed loop system; Water Harvesting;
Rural Economy; Health; Renewable energy
ecosystem has its own importance which is designed and integrated optimally linking economy, society
and ecology that makes the system self-sufficient. The concept of ecovillage is self-reliant which aids to
meet most of the self needs towards building a sustainable future encouraging ruralization.
© 2016 ISEES, All rights reserved

1. Introduction resource sustainably. Rediscovering the potential of villages is pivotal for

sustenance of rural economy. A step forward in this direction, in the
Rapid globalization, demographic change, climate change, urban
context of resilience, ‘ecovillage’ concept can help resuscitate rural India
migration, etc. are imposing constant stress on the rural fabric around the
by metamorphose villages into efficient and managed communities with a
globe. In the Indian context, rural framework assumes greater significance
goal of becoming ecologically and economically sustainable human
as ~68% (2011 census) of its population lives in the rural areas as compared
inhabitations. The current rural communities can be re-designed, planned,
to the world rural population of 46% (Muggur, 2016). India population
built, or modified with the intention of improving the livelihood with a
is increasing at rapid phase resulting in an unimaginable stress on the
minimal ecological impact or regenerative impacts (Kasper, 2008). This
available resources (http://countrymeters.info/en/India). An estimate
can also bring the community to live in harmony with nature. This
by the central statistics office (CSO), reported that the share of agriculture
communication discusses the concept of ecovillage in the context of
and allied sectors (including agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery)
existing Indian villages setting. The dimension and components that are
in India is about 15% of the gross value added (GVA) during 2015–16
essential for the rural community and can be re-engineered towards making
(Muggur, 2016). In contrary, the migration of population from villages
themselves self-reliant for most of their needs were delineated.
leads to stress on natural habitat, farming, over-reliance on fossil fuels,
etc. (Fotopoulos., 2000). Deteriorating environment and unpredictable 2. Ecovillage - Origin
weather have induced an agrarian crisis resulting in the collapse of
livelihoods of the rural population. Urban economy alone might not be An ecovillage is a community that holistically integrates ecology,
sustainable since the overall growth depends on the rural development economic, social and cultural dimensions of sustainability in order to
also. India’s economy is growing with 7.6% GDP in 2015-16, but GDP regenerate social and natural environment by the local participatory
of rural India is growing at a relatively lower rate (4.2%, 2013-2014) processes. According to Robert Gilman, there is, at this time, no generally
(Ministry of Finance, GOI 2016). India lives in villages and therefore, agreed-upon definition of an eco-village. Gilman set out a definition of an
the countries growth and development becomes synonymous with the ecovillage that became standard… “human-scale full-featured settlement in
rural development. which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world in a
way that is supportive of healthy human development, and can be successfully
India with huge rural population requires a well-defined, planned and continued into the indefinite future’ (http://www.context.org/iclib/ic29/
organized structure with disciplined communities to utilize the natural gilman1/).

*
Corresponding Author: E-mail: vmohan_s@yahoo.com

© 2016 ISEES All rights reserved

56 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63

The motivation behind these ecovillages is to bring the people back • Community level skill and capacity building
close to the nature and reverse the gradual disintegration of supportive • Access to education
social structures (Dawson, 2010). The concept of ecovillage basically • Waste recycling
gives importance on the low-impact approach of living harmoniously • Circular Economy
with the nature choosing an alternative and sustainable mode of • Women and youth participation and empowerment
functioning. It will be ecologically integrated into the natural world that • Economy upliftment
facilitates a healthy human fabric and leads to development of ecologically • Localized disaster management
harmonious and economically viable communities with the eventual aim • Location specific business models
to sustain themselves infinitely (Kasper, 2008; Dawson, 2010; Ashlock, • Adopting Eco-technologies
2010). Ecovillages are gaining rapid recognition as demonstrations sites • Community participation
of sustainability in practice and as places of inspiration for the society. • Macro-level governance and leadership
Jarna in Sweden (1931), Solheimar in Iceland (1932), Findhorn in
Scotland (1962), Auroville in India (1968), Damanhur in Italy (1970), 5. Design of Ecovillages
Govardhan in India (2003), Hallingelille in Denmark (2005), etc. are Natural capital is the stock of the natural resources (air, water, soil and
some of the ecovillages developed in conjugation to the urban living. all living organisms) providing a wide range of free goods and services
often called as ecosystem services (Aronson et al., 2007). Natural capital
3. Scope of Ecovillage in India Context underpins economy and society and makes human life vulnerable on the
Initially ‘ecovillage’ have originated globally with a strong base of Earth. Sustainable development minimizes the likelihood of dynamic
spiritual foundation, empowerment of women, societal benefits, focusing natural and/or man-made systems to exceed tipping points, when exposed
on peace, harmony living, etc. In the present scenario, the ‘ecovillage’ to disturbances (Bloesch et al., 2015a).The concept of resilience and
concept due to its vast scope can be prudently upgraded to India rural reaching the respective targets provides the method needed to maintain
community in general to re-connect with the nature with an aim of identity and integrity, and to manage system´s dynamics.
sustainable ruralization. The domestic and agro functions traditional A village can be re-designed to resilient (sustainable/eco) village by
practiced since ages are ecologically sustainable. Due to burgeoning adopting the components and its sub-systems with a defined goal that
industrialization (for past 200 years), the traditional functional activities perpetually assist sustainability of the rural setting. Of concern are three
were redundantly replaced with new technological innovations, which interwoven systems: environment, society and economy, forming a
endangered the ecology, environment, social and cultural fabric to a complex super system coined eco-social triad (Bloesch et al., 2015b).
greater extent. To re-introduce the traditional practices into the rural The intersection of sustainability, economy, environment and equality
framework, ‘ecovillage’ will catalyze as a smart and resilient platform to are necessary for the creation of a sustainable community. All dimensions
re-engage with nature and to reinvent Indian villages. should be integrated into the natural world that facilitates a healthy human
community and development leading to ecologically harmonious and
4. Dimensions of Ecovillage economically viable communities with the eventual aim to sustain
Eco-villages will grow out of the needs and opportunities caused by themselves infinitely (Kasper, 2008; Fotopoulos, 2000; Kirby., 2013).
the new ecological constraints, new techniques and technologies for The components that can be considered in the context of ecovillage are
better understanding of ecosystems, efficient technologies for renewable listed below (Fig 1).
resource and new levels of consciousness and awareness in terms of • Sustainable Water Management
global consciousness (http://www.context.org/iclib/ic29/gilman1/). • Sustainable Agriculture
Ecovillage can represent a resilient community designed, planned, built • Sustainable Infrastructure
or modified to promote sustainable living (Jurleit, 2015). The • Sustainable Energy Management
sustainability of a community also depends on creating and maintaining • Sustainable Health
its economic and environmental health, promoting social equity and • Sustainable Waste Management
fostering broad-based citizen participation in planning and implementation • Sustainable Empowerment
(Roseland and Spiliotopoulou, 2016).
Ecovillages are basically designed with organized pillars that address
sustainability and resilience/regeneration of the villages that basically
provides importance to the low–impact approach of living closely with
nature. Ecovillage embraces four dimensions as pillars viz., ecology,
economy, culture and social sustainability (Litfin, 2013) and allows people
to experience their personal connection to the living on earth and earning
their livelihood. The ecological dimension leads to the principles of living
harmoniously with the nature. The social dimension undertakes the
responsibility of people to feel supported by and responsible to those
around them making everyone empowered. Culture dimension deals
with the respect, support, cultural, artistic enrichment, expression and
spiritual diversity. Economic dimension keeps the money in the
community, circulates it through as many hands as possible, earns it,
spends it, and invests it in member-owned retail, saving that money in
home-grown financial institutions (Hart., 2006; Litfin., 2013). These
dimensions are well understood as reliable indicators to measure the
progress towards ecovillage recognition (SDSN., 2015) and broaden the
conceptual reach of villages toward pragmatic expressions of social
experimentation with an intentional communalism.
The following sub-systems should considered consciously towards
building a strong, healthy and self-reliance rural society      ! " # $ % ! & $ % & ' # ( & ) ! * * + , # - . / $ # 0 , # 1 ! ( 0 # 2 0 # % # $ 1 + 1 ! & $ & ' ) + 0 ! & 3 %

• Living with the nature in harmony ( & " 2 & $ # $ 1 % , & ) # 0 $ ! $ , 1 4 # 5 # % ! , $ & ' % 3 % 1 + ! $ + 6 * # ) ! * * + , #

• Conserving and restoring natural capital

• Restoring traditional practices
• Reliable food and water security 5.1 Sustainable Water Management
• Micro-level governance and leadership
• Low carbon footprints Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy and water plays an
• Sustainable and integrated farming crucial and integral part of agricultural/farming based activities. In India,
• Healthy living the groundwater levels are falling 70 meters or more over the past 30
• Reliable livelihoods years and there is significant increase in tube well share in irrigated areas
• Reliable community sanitation from 1% (1960) to 40% (2007) (Chandrashekhar and Das., 2016). In
• Sustainable lifestyle this context, watershed management and rain water harvesting helps to
• Energy resilient harvest water in places where rain fed/irrigation based crops are cultivated
through ground water. Aquifers can be recharged with rainwater to conserve
 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63 57

the ground water. Rainwater can be harvested either by storage of rainwater 5.2.2 Biopesticide
on earth’s surface for future use or recharged to ground water. Roof top
Extensive usage of pesticides in farming practices for pest control also
harvesting is less expensive and easy to construct, operate and maintain.
disturb the balance of an ecosystem, causing harm to both man and
According to a rough estimate, an average rainfall of 1,000 mm,
animals. Conventional pesticides are synthetic in nature and kill or
approximately 4 million liters of rainwater can be collected in a year for
inactivate the pest. The indiscriminate application of pesticides in
an acre of land (kvgktrailblazers.weebly.com/rainwater-harvesting.html).
agriculture resulted in bio-magnification and bio-accumulation in the
This technique is neither energy-intensive nor labor-intensive and thus
environment. Human exposure to chemical pesticides causes serious health
offers a cost-effective alternative to other water-acquiring methods.
implications evening leading to cancer. Biopesticides derived from animals,
Rainwater harvesting helps to overcome water scarcity and is the most
plants, microorganism, and certain minerals (canola oil, baking soda,
reliable solution for augmenting groundwater level to attain self-sufficiency
etc.) (Sarwar ET al., 2015) offers several advantages over the conventional
in both rural and urban settings. This also improves the quality of ground
pesticides and are inherently non-toxic. They affect only the target pest
water through dilution when recharged and reduces soil erosion. In desert,
and closely related organisms and are effective in very small quantities
saline or coastal areas and islands, rain provides good source of quality
and often decompose quickly. In 2014, there are more than 430 registered
water.
biopesticide active ingredients and 1320 active product registered (http:/
Apart from water harvesting, drinking water management is equally
/www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/whatarebiopesticides.html).
important for healthy community. Safe drinking water should be given a
Biopesticides fall into two major classes. Microbial pesticides consist of a
priority by constructing a water treatment plant in village community in
microorganism which may be a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan
the frame work of self-employment. Failure to ensure the safety of drinking
and act as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides are able to control
water may expose the community to the risk of outbreaks of waterborne
pests, though each separate active ingredient is relatively explicit for its
and infectious diseases. Safe sources of water aims looking for alternate
target pests. Widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains
water sources, dual water supply and waste water treatment, exploring
of Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt (Gupta and Dikshit, 2010). Next class
simple, lowcost treatment technologies, revival of traditional water
includes biochemical pesticides which are naturally occurring substances
conservation structures and community based water management
that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. Adoption of biopesticide in
(RGNDWM, 2010, PEO Report No. 210). Effective storing and diverting
India by farmers still needs education for maximizing its gains. Some of
of water to maintain or restore the ecological integrity of river and pond
the biopesticides like Bt, NPV, neem based pesticides, etc. are registered
ecosystems also form part of the sustainable water management program.
in India and being practiced.
The goal of ecovillage is the willingness to live within the limits posed by
Biopesticides have a vital role in ecovillage domain as an alternative
ecosystem flow requirements, undergo refinement to efficiently use
to the conventional and commercially available chemical pesticides. It is
available water supplies, and commit to long-term water planning and
estimated that the total world production of biopesticides is over
adaptive management strategies.
3,000 tons/yr, which is mounting at a rapid rate (Gupta and Dikshit,
5.2 Sustainable Agriculture 2010) which directly provides livelihood to the rural population.
Sustainable agriculture advocates farming practices that follow and 5.2.3 Composting
apply the ecology principles and thereby integrating the economy and
Inappropriate use of synthetic fertilizers, pollution, soil infertility,
society. Practicing sustainable methods for farming improves the ecological
biodiversity loss, etc. have manifested towards organic practices. Organic
resilience and environmental quality of the village. It also enhances the
biomass generated from agricultural activities, dairy practices and animal
quality of life of farmers and society as a whole. Some of the factors that
shelters can be deployed properly by composting it into a valuable end
influence the sustainability in agriculture practices are water quality and
product called manure. It application offers benefits viz. enhanced soil
quantity, soil management techniques, farming practices, reducing or
fertility and soil health, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological
replacing chemical fertilizers, protecting soil from runoff, pest control
risks and a better agricultural environment. There are many techniques
practices, etc. (Kibblewhite et al., 2008). Organic farming and
of composting viz. cold and hot composting, worm composting,
permaculture approaches promote ecosystem function and biodiversity
fermentation and Raised bed faming (Epstein., 1996; Stoffella and
needs is a priority mode. Monoculture farming could be shifted to poly
Kahneds., 2001). Regular composting (cold composting), involves usage
culturing with proper rotation of crop for sustainable agriculture (Connor
of compost bin, enclosure, or even just in a large heap for placing a
et al., 2011; Henkel., 2015).
variety of organic materials in them, and leaving it there until it breaks
Apart from agriculture, small gardens can be an efficient means of
down several months later. Alternate to this approach ‘hot composting’, is
providing access to crops such as greens or vegetables that are easy to
next option which produces compost in a much shorter time, where it
grow and can be an excellent source of food security, even in times of
gives an advantage of killing weed seeds and pathogens (diseases), and
drought. A kitchen garden also serves as source of income to rural women.
breaking down the material into very fine compost (Trautmann and
Integrated farming practices such as agriculture with animal husbandry
Krasny.,1997). Popular hot composting methods includes are Indore
helps yielding manure for farming along with fodder for the animals.
composting, Bangalore composting, Berkley composting, etc. Each
Strategies to enhance income through agriculture activities such as value
technique varies in the nutrient content and the time taken for compositing
addition, product diversification and entrepreneurship development helps
(http://ecovillage.org.in/ecopedia/composting).
to sustain and retain farmer who is the backbone of a village (Mamun et
Worm composting exploits the usage of worms like red wigglers,
al., 2011; Kesavan and Swaminathan., 2008).
white worms, and earthworms to convert the organic into finnier particles.
5.2.1 Biofertilizers The resultant product of worm composting called vermin-compost and is
rich in nutrients and forms the best alternative when there is need to
Fertilizers are the source of nutrients to the soil which enhance the process huge quantities of waste/biomass (Edwards et al., 2010). Another
yield productivity but over usage cause ecologically detrimental functions. composting technique is the fermentation process which takes place at
Greenpeace reports that the unconstrained usage of synthetic nitrogen lower temperatures by mixing microbial consortia under prevailing
fertilizers resulted in high levels of nitrate deposits in ground water and anaerobic conditions. Another popular technique can be used is the raised
posed serious health risks. The high solubility of chemical fertilizers bed faming. This involves creating a raised soil bed comprising of wood,
aggravates their tendency to degrade ecosystems, particularly through sticks and dry foliage and covered with soil. Constraints of efficient
eutrophication leading to the environmental damage. expeditious technology, long time span, intense labor, land and investment
Biofertilizer composed of microorganisms (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, requirements, and economic aspects restricts the farmers to utilizes the
Azospirilium, blue green algae (BGA), etc.) in the form of latent cells or resource available to them in a sustainable manner.
living cells helps to uptake nutrients effectively (Mohammadi and
Sohrabi., 2012; Mazid and Khan., 2014; Vessey., 2003). It aids nutrients 5.2.4 Ancient Farming- A way towards Sustainable agriculture
addition through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing
Modern farming involves massive acreages managed by huge
phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-
machinery to speed up the processes in an unsuitable way. This leads to
promoting substances (Khan et al., 2009; Reddy et al., 2015). Biofertilizer
the development of futile land that could not be recovered easily. Therefore,
like anabaena in association with Azolla contributes nitrogen up to 60
there is need to revert for ancient farming which has been practiced with
kg/ha/season and can enriches soils with organic matter (Fulekar, 2010).
less machinery efforts in a sustainable execution and provide a new horizon
Usage of these fertilzers in the fields provides various ecological benefits
to the present agriculture status harmony with the environment. Ancient
and improves soil quality and also livelihood generation.
farming methods from ancient India like Homa farming (Agnihotra),
Green manuring, cover cropping, crop rotation, polyculture, composting,
58 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63

reduced tillage, etc. are more practical in the present context (Sofia et al., organic life, but that is bound to generate organic as well as inorganic –
2006). These methods are inexpensive and simple to undertake but requires left over waste. Thus, ecovillage must be free of waste accumulation
discipline and regularity. Traditional farmers till date follow the ancient which necessitates in developing a systematic waste management system.
systems of crop rotation, multi-cropping, intercropping and polyculture Rural waste can be categorized into solid and liquid based on its physical
which makes smart use of all inputs available to them, including soil, form (Fig 2) and based on the pattern of use, it can be further classified
water and light. Ancient Americans traditionally followed classic mixed into human waste (faces, urine, etc.), animal waste, agriculture/farm waste
cropping: three sisters, terraces, floating bed, raised bed, back soil, slash (crop harvesting material, weeds, straws, animal wastes, etc.), agro-
and burn, etc. Famers in the rivers of the amazon basin were producing industrial wastes (sugar cane, peals, etc.), household waste (garbage, food
fertile soil on which to grow their crops for past 2000 years, the soils, waste, etc.) and commercial waste (plastics, bottles, etc) (Waste to Resources
known as “black earth,” are still fertile after they were last made for 500 Handbook., 2014). Inspite of the source and the origin, if managed
years. The soil contains high concentrations of humus, powdered charcoal, properly, can generate income and livelihood simultaneously.
pieces of broken pottery, aquatic plant remains and sand. In china ancient Ecosystems are usually stable in nature where the flow of materials
agricultural techniques like row farming used to sow seeds in rows rather and energy are balanced in a closed loop system. Waste products from
than broadcasting or scattering the seeds (http://www.ancientchinalife. one organism or process are used by another organism or processes
com/ancient-chinese-farming.html). This technique facilitated the ancient considering, a zero-waste supply chain that completely reuses and recycles
Chinese farmers to irrigate the fields easily and derive maximum yield of all materials. In a closed loop, waste is considered as unused resources.
crops using the “Dujjangyan irrigation system”. Egypt also used effective Sustainable waste management will recognize waste as a resource and
planning of agriculture in the water limited areas (endorsed as being one find solutions for reuse, recycling, reduction, and energy recovery before
of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale) disposal of waste. Employing nature’s own system of recycling waste
growing crops on the black soil resulted from the flood of the Nile river. eventually becomes a resource. Segregation of solid waste (biodegradable
Part of ancient Mexico City was formed over a lake, on which the and non-biodegradable) and liquid waste (gray water and black water) at
Aztecs tribe built thousands of floating platforms (Chinampas) on which source is an essential pre-requisite for proper management of waste.
crops were grown. Other practices were directing rainfall into spiraling Conventionally, organic matter can be decomposed to form manure
holes that led to underground storage chambers and many indigenous through composting under natural prevailing conditions. Black wastewater,
cultures constructed irrigation canals. Use of raised bed was the practice organic solid wastes, animal waste (cattle dung), etc. can be treated
shared by all these farming societies covered with thick layers of anaerobically to generate biogas. Gobar gas plant facilitates anaerobic
organic matter or mulch (http://wastetoenergysystems.com/how-can- digestion of solid waste and generates biogas which can be used for
ancient-farming-methods-help-with-climate-change/). This technique holds heating and cooking purposes. The solid waste from anaerobic digester
the advantage in periods of excess rain, the beds hold part of the root can be used as compost for agriculture purpose (Monnet, 2003). The
system up in well-oxygenated soil, above the level of the standing water disadvantages conventional gobar gas plants can be overcome by using
which prevents anaerobic decomposition of roots. Ancient agricultural advanced high rate biomethanation digester. Waste paper, cloth, metal
practices hold promise for increasing food production worldwide. These and glass can be recycled and reused. Holistic waste management are best
techniques and their innovation can be easily implemented in ecovillages realized by building up closed-loop system where additional value will
where the communities suffers from futile land, drought conditions, low be generated through recycling and reuse of materials (Kumar and
water availability, high mountains coverings, etc. Going back to the ancient Malegeant, 2006; Venkata Mohan et al., 2016a,b,c).It improves the eco-
farming practices prudently facilitates environmental resilience with efficiency by shifting the linear flow processes to a circular processes by
sustainable agriculture combining environmental and economic issues (Wrinkler, 2011).
5.3 Sustainable Waste Management 5.4 Sustainable Energy Management
Coherent waste management plays a key role in completing a Energy is essential for sustainable development of village but it
sustainability model of a ecovillage. Ecovillage may even lead a 100% invariably adds to the carbon footprints of the community. Sustainability

   7  8 / 2 # % & ' 9 + % 1 # % , # $ # 0 + 1 # 5 ! $ 0 3 0 + * + 0 # + % + $ 5 ! 1 % " + $ + , # " # $ 1

 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63 59

basically addresses the issue of energy avoiding the fossil based sources agriculture activities. Street light with LED integrated solar panels can
and giving priority to the available renewable sources (Fig 3). The most lighten up village streets (Sharma and Purohit., 2014).
commonly used renewable energy sources are solar, water, wind, and Geothermal heat pumps, also referred to as ground source heat pumps
biomass/waste. The renewable energy potential of biomass/agriculture or geo-exchange, refer to systems that use the ground, groundwater, or
is attracting attention. India generates around 600 million tonnes of surface water as a heat source or sink (Omer, 2016). Geothermal heat pumps
agricultural waste annually (Lourdes et al., 2013) with estimated power use 25% to 50% less electricity than conventional heating or cooling systems.
generation potential of 50,000 MW if fully utilised. Wind energy can be Bioenergy produced by conventional anaerobic digesters or advanced
converted into useful forms of energy viz., wind turbines facilitate electrical high rate methanation digestors using solid waste from rural activities is
power, windmills provide mechanical power required for pumping water important renewable source of energy which provides fuel for cooking
for agriculture activities, etc (Premalatha et al., 2014). Solar energy, purposes and organic manure (Dahiya et al., 2015). The advanced high
radiant light and heat from the sun can be used to harness energy by rate methanation digestors can also be linked with sanitary toilets or animal
exploiting solar heaters, solar cookers, photo-voltaic cells, thermal husbandry effluents which can directly facilitate rural sanitation. This
electricity, etc. Solar panels can help meet several energy requirements of technique can arrests cutting of trees for firewood and thereby maintains
households and solar lamps can be used for mobility at nights. Solar ecological balance. Anaerobic digesters or biomethanation reactors plants
heaters would be given priority for heating purposes to avoid fossil fuel requires successful community participation as well as sufficient animal
usage. Solar powered water pumps can be used for drawing water for the husbandry activities to support the feed-stock requirement for functioning.

   :  ; + 0 ! & 3 % ' & 0 " % & ' 0 # $ # 9 + 6 * # # $ # 0 , ! # % 2 0 & 5 3 ( # 5 ! $ 0 3 0 + * + 0 # + %

5.5 Sustainable Infrastructure significantly. The sustainable infrastructure should planned which can
Infrastructure forms the basic framework of a community and is a increase their resilience to future disaster.
crucial aspect of sustainable development as it has ties with primary
concern - human health, environmental systems, air and water quality, 5.6 Sustainable Health
disaster management and economic viability. Sustainable infrastructure The main aim of sustainable villages is to reduce negative human
demands planning which is efficient, helps to support or create closer-knit impact and also make the forms of reorganizing the living conditions in a
neighborhoods and the sense of community with them, and preserves sustainable way. Most of the problems, which we face in our daily life,
natural systems (ISA., 2016). Environmentally friendly processes and can be prevented and stopped by taking appropriate physical, mental and
materials, which are sourced locally, reduce over consumption through social measures. Making healthcare sustainable require focused inter-
insulation, renewable energy usage, good practices for air quality, water ventions in the present system especially in rural areas. Rural unhygienic
management, sanitation, waste management, land use, etc.. Green housing conditions due to lack of awareness in health aspects needs to be give key
concept integrated with construction or maintenance of the infrastructure priority. Rural population majorly suffers from disease such as diarrhoea,
amalgamating with the surrounding ecosystem also plays major role (fig. amoebiasis, typhoid fever, infectious hepatitis, worm infestations and
4). Architectural design based on the concepts of nature, planning designed poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis (TB), whooping cough, pneumonia,
based on the surroundings on the basis of natural features, resource malaria, etc. (Patil et al., 2002). It is estimated that around 37.7 million
availability, safety and environmental constraints are also important Indians are affected by waterborne diseases annually, 1.5 million children
(Prakash et al., 2014). Adopting traditional techniques and using local are affected by diarrhea alone and 73 million working days are lost due to
materials with given priority and will reduce ecological foot prints waterborne disease each year (Report by Khurana and Sen; Water Aid).
60 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63

   <  . 3 % 1 + ! $ + 6 * # ! $ ' 0 + % 1 0 3 ( 1 3 0 # + $ 5 ( & " " 3 $ ! 1 / ! $ 0 3 0 + * ( & $ 1 # = 1

About 80% of rural population lack access to safe drinking water. Access Cultivating azolla or algae can establish a new business opportunities
to safe and adequate drinking water or proper sanitation facilities is one of in the area of aquatic farming since they are easily cultivable and
the main criteria in maintaining sustainable health. Thus, community harvestable. Algae such as spirulina can be used as SCP which have high
sanitation has to be given priority to essentially eradicate most of the nutritious value and good market. Azolla can be used as an ideal feed for
health hazardous associated with the regular human habitat activities. cattle, fish, pigs and poultry, and also is of value as a bio-fertilizer for
Safe waste disposal and management practices have healthy economic wetland paddy (Pillai et al., 2005). The azolla or algae cultivation on the
and aesthetic benefits. effluents reduces the COD efficiently which in turns makes the water
usable for agriculture. The biomass harvested from the azolla and algae
5.7 Sustainable Empowerment can be again used as substrate for the fermentation process for biogas
Empowerment of women and youth in rural context is essential production (Venkata Mohan et al., 2016a).
prerequisite for retaining the sustainable society intact. In the way of Closed-loop systems promotes sustainability and also improves
developing ecovillage, various self-employment models needs to be economic as well as environmental goals simultaneously (Fig 5). Close
considered and designed in conjugation with the Government programs loop approach starts from the household activities. The infrastructure can
particularly refereeing to rural development, skill development, etc. Some be aligned to green building having solar panels, rain water harvesting
of areas that can be considered in this dimension are listed below system and well organized waste segregation system. The solar panels will
• Agri-food Production provide green power and the segregated waste viz. inorganic and organic
• Weaving waste can be treated or recycled. Agricultural biomass or organic waste
• Sericulture provides as feedstock for the anaerobic digester for the production of
• Horticulture biogas and the untreated waste can be composted for organic farming. It
• Dairy and Husbandry can also be substituted to phosphate solubilising bio-fertilizers; ultimately
• Floriculture achieving near to closed looping. The organic crop will be of high value
• Fishery leading to local economic stability.
• Kitchen gardens Integration of various processes leads to the close the loop approach
• Community maintained biogas, water treatment plants, lighting, etc. improves the eco-efficiency by shifting the linear flow processes to a
• Manure Production (composting) circular processes by combining environmental and economic issues in
• Organic farming circular economy mode (Venkata Mohan et al., 2006; Wrinkler, 2011).
India with 15 Agro-climatic zones and 17000- 18000 species of
flowering plants out of which 6000-7000 are estimated to have medicinal 6. Case studies
application Ralegan Siddhi is one of the sustainable model village in India
(Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy). About 960 species of (Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra state). According to the World Bank
medicinal plants are estimated to be in trade of which 178 species have report Group, Ralegan Siddhi transformed from a highly degraded village
annual consumption levels in excess of 100 metric tonnes. Tropical specific ecosystem in a semi-arid region of extreme poverty to one of the richest
ayurvedic plants can be grown in different areas of the country which can in the country. It also demonstrated the possibility to rebuild natural
provide livelihood to the rural population as these farmers. Farming of capital in partnership with the local economy. Anna Hazare, Sarpanch of
these crops will be the added advantage for enhancing the profit from the the village and social activity, for his efforts in establishing this village as
yield. a model is recognized by the Government of India with Padma
Freiamt village in Germany, with 4,300 inhabitants, uses different Bhushan award. The village is located in the rain-shadow area with low
forms of renewable energy including a biogas plant, solar power, wind annual rainfall having barren and undulating land. It demonstrated the
and water energy to produce about 14 million kwh energy annually (3 importance of watershed development and water management (http://
million kwh excess). Wildpoldsried, a municipality in Bavaria, produces www.annahazare.org/ralegan-siddhi.html). Water harvesting structures
321% more energy than it needs and is generating 4.0 million Euro (nulla bunds, cement check dams and Gabion) have been constructed
(US$5.7 million) in annual revenue by selling it back to the national grid. with people’s participation helped in conserving each drop of rainwater
Maintaining a sustainable environment in addition also generates revenue and recharged the groundwater aquifers. Programs like tree
with effective planning and management. planting, terracing to reduce soil erosion, digging canals for retaining rain
 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63 61

   >  ? ) # 0 ) ! # 9 & ' @ ( & A ) ! * * + , # ! $ B ( * & % ! $ , 1 4 # * & & 2 + 2 2 0 & + ( 4 B

water (http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/People/RuralJY.htm#anna). sustainable can manage its resources to meet current needs while ensuring
Due to the availability of water, the agricultural production has boosted that adequate resources are equitably available for future generations. To
up and created employment opportunities within the village itself which meet the current challenges integrated solutions are needed rather than
stopped migration. The per capita income of the villagers has increased fragmented approaches that convene one of those goals at the expense of
several folds resulting in upgrading the economy of the village. The village the others. Ecovillage concept helps to integrate several ecosystem services
also uses non-conventional source of energy viz., solar power, harmoniously with human activities leading to resilience with eventual
biogas (generated from the community toilet) and a windmill. It also goal to become self-reliant communities with minimal ecological impact.
showed the possibility to rebuild natural capital in partnership with the Implementation of closed loop systems broaden the conceptual reach of
local economy. villages towards pragmatic applications, which will ecological integrates
Govardhan Ecovillage, developed by the International Society the nature facilitating the effective balance between the resource and the
for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is located at the foothills of the human needs.
Sahyadri mountains, 108 km north of Mumbai (http://www.ecovillage. India is gradually shifting to the concept of ecovillages. Considering
org.in/). This ecovillage is a model farming community and retreat center India vast rural setting in volume and size, adopting ecovillage concept
which highlights the need to live in harmony with the community, nature will play major role in sustaining the rural fragment of the society intact
and the sacred. With the main focus to develop a ‘spiritual ecology’ this at its origin. Rural community strives for a better quality of life, healthy
eco-community combines the technology of modern science with Vedic ecosystems, effective governance and economic security. The ecovillage
wisdom and provides the sustainable solutions. Practices viz. organic design is very specific to the geographical location and depends on the
farming, animal care, green buildings, water conservation, alternative exact characteristics of that area viz., climate, cultural practices of the
energy, soil biotechnology, waste management, rural empowerment, rural inhabitants, local environmental issues, etc. The present state of activities
education, global outreach, art and handicrafts, plant nursery and research ongoing in the area, social structures, local economy, agricultural practices,
& training are being implemented in the village. This ecovillage also water resources, health issues, etc. will be influential factors in the design.
provides training in organic farming viz. Soil conservation, building up The transformation scope should be laid on a defined goal with a well
of humus, maintaining microbial population, water conservation and planned road map at macro and micro levels. The design should mainly
utilization, effective crop management and pest and disease management, intend to re-organizes the living conditions focusing on environment,
etc. society and economic sustainability. Such system shall empower the rural
population and make them self-reliant socially, ecologically and
7. Prospective and Scope of Ecovillage economically.
A community is unsustainable if it consumes resources faster than Adopting to ecovillages facilities learning from the best elements in
they can be renewed and produces more wastes than the natural self- traditional and indigenous cultures, re-establish low-impact living,
cleaning mechanism. Resilience is the ability of natural or man-made promotes micro-governance, encourage permaculture design, ecological
systems to respond dynamically to changes of ambient conditions with technologies, localized energy generation, waste-management, organic
the aim to retain their inherent function, structure and feedbacks (Bloesch and locally-based food production, etc. for a more ecologically sound
et al., 2005a,b). In ecosystems these cycles are self-regulated and and sustainable living (Dawson, 2010). The willingness to live within the
characterized by recycling of materials and energy. A community that is limits posed by ecosystem with the available resource is vital requirement
of an ecovillage. The initiatives, commitment and resources available will
 62 Mohan et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 55-63

make the community healthier, safer, greener, more livable and more
C P D – I S Y R F Z H \ T S T ^ D • D L M T U X R S _ D _ D € \ U R F L Z V \ F I S N D _ w x \ \ E S V E S Y š S \ I N D € T S \ Œ Œ \ D

O P P O D G R Z S [ \ U I S X R S Y T H Z W W R J Y F I W • R S R Y \ J T H H … ^ I V \ W \ R V M U I s F N R F \ F Y T S Y Y I  S F R J Y F D
‡

prosperous. These resilient-ecosystems embedded with the concept of | R I Y U I s D Z S Y I X I H D ‚ C L

adaptive capacity are generally non-linear and therefore, design should C C D Z s F Y R \ S L Z D L C „ „ ” D

‡
G R F J \ R S J R I W J I X s I F Y \ S ] D M N M s U R F F D

also encompass measures for the new and/or unpredicted vulnerabilities. C O D – I Y I s I w H I F L

‡
D O P P P D
‡
G R Q \ X \ Y T Y \ I S F I W Q \ W R Š F Y … H R _ Y U T Y R ] \ R F t Y G R Z J I [ \ H H T ] R

The Government programs that were specifically designed in this › ^ I [ R X R S Y œ \ F | 

‡
Y G R ‘ T …
‡
I † T U V F T | R † ’ R X I J U T Y \ J _ I J \ R Y … D ’ R X I J U T J … 

context since independence advocates ecovillage concept either directly | T Y w U R D ” L O D

or indirectly viz., Community Development Program (CDP), Rural C ‚ D – w H R K T U L ^ D ‹ D Z S [ \ U I S X R S Y T H v \ I Y R J G S I H I ] … D M N M € U R F F L O P C P D

Electrification Corporation, Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme C ‰ D • w s Y T L _ D T S V ’ \ K F G \ Y L E D  D L O P C P D { \ I s R F Y \ J \ V R F t E S R J I W U \ R S V H … T s s U I T J G W I U

(ARWSP), Crash Scheme for Rural Employment, etc. Recently launched s R F Y J I S Y U I H D z D { \ I s R F Y D ‚ } C ~ L C ˜ ” ž C ˜ ˜ D

programs are National Livelihood Mission, Pradhanmantri Adarsh Gram C ˆ D ‹ T U Y L  D L O P P ” D { w \ H V \ S ] Z J I S I X \ J ’ R X I J U T J … † \ Y G M I X X w S \ Y … M w U U R S J \ R F

Yojana (PMAGY), National Rural Livelihood Mission, Pradhan Mantri M I X X I S ‘ R T H Y G t  S z Ÿ U š X R { H T S J } Z V \ Y I U ~ Z — J H w F \ I S R Y H \ R S F W \ S T S J \ R U F ž

Ujjwala Yojana, National Rurban Mission, etc. Under these programs   ^ I S S T \ R F F I J \ T H R F ¡ L N T s s I U Y O P P ˆ Š ” } Z J I S I X \ J T L € T U \ F L O P P ” ~ D G Y Y s t u u

GOI tried to cover need and time based support for over-all development Y G R X R X I U … v T S K D J I D w K u s T s R U F u J I X X I S Š † R T H Y G u

of rural areas with people’s participation aiming toward sustainable living C ” D G Y Y s t u u J I w S Y U … X R Y R U F D \ S W I u R S u  S V \ T } N R Y U \ R [ R V I S O P  J Y O P C ” ~

community. Swasthya Bharat (affordable health care), Samarth Bharat C  D G Y Y s t u u R J I [ \ H H T ] R D I U ] D \ S u R J I s R V \ T u J I X s I F Y \ S ] } N R Y U \ R [ R V I S O P  J Y O P C ” ~

(specific area of advancement in science), Sashak Bharat (Self-Reliant), C ˜ D G Y Y s t u u † T F Y R Y I R S R U ] … F … F Y R X F D J I X u G I † Š J T S Š T S J \ R S Y Š W T U X \ S ] Š X R Y G I V F Š G R H s Š † \ Y G Š

Swach Bharat (Clean and green/eco friendly technology), Smart cities/ J H \ X T Y R Š J G T S ] R u } N R Y U \ R [ R V I S O P  J Y O P C ” ~

villages (Materials and technologies for farmers and infrastructure), Gram C „ D G Y Y s t u u † † † D T S J \ R S Y J G \ S T H \ W R D J I X u T S J \ R S Y Š J G \ S R F R Š W T U X \ S ] D G Y X H } N R Y U \ R [ R V I S O P

Jyothi, etc. are some of recent programs empowered to facilitate

 J Y O P C ” ~

sustainable rural fabric. Ministry of skill development and enterprise is

O P D G Y Y s t u u † † † D T S S T G T Œ T U R D I U ] u U T H R ] T S Š F \ V V G \ D G Y X H } N R Y U \ R [ R V I S O P  J Y O P C ” ~

also promoting Skill Development programs with particular reference to

O C D G Y Y s t u u † † † D R s T D ] I [ u s R F Y \ J \ V R F u v \ I s R F Y \ J \ V R F u † G T Y T U R v \ I s R F Y \ J \ V R F D G Y X H

the rural welfare.

} N R Y U \ R [ R V I S O P  J Y O P C ” ~

Local skills (In situ) should be integrated into the development agenda
O O D G Y Y s t u u † † † D J I S Y R — Y D I U ] u \ J H \ v u \ J O „ u ] \ H X T S C u

that enable a community to function as a cohesive unit and engage with

O ‚ D K [ ] K Y U T \ H v H T Œ R U F D † R R v H … D J I X u U T \ S † T Y R U Š G T U [ R F Y \ S ] D G Y X H

the modern economy. Proper training and skill development to the rural
O ‰ D  F T L ^ D ¢ D L O P C ” D _ s T Y \ T H ’ T Y T  S W U T F Y U w J Y w U R } _ ’  ~ – I U _ w F Y T \ S T v H R ’ R [ R H I s X R S Y  S

population can make them self-sufficient to establish their own independent

E W U \ J T D ’ R [ R H I s X R S Y L ‰ } O ~ D  _ { | y C P t C ‚ C O „ ‚ „  ˆ ‚ £  _ { | y C ‚ t „  ˜ C ‚ C O „ ‚ „  ˆ O L

O P C ˆ D

business in the community. Capacity building in this regard plays a major O ˆ D z w U H R \ Y L E D L O P C ˆ D

‡
G \ S K ] H I v T H Š J R U Y \ W … H I J T H Š ] H I v T H J I X s T U T v \ H \ Y … T S V U R ] \ I S T H

role. Practical improvements with longer-term systemic changes should T V T s Y T Y \ I S W I U J I X X w S \ Y … J R U Y \ W \ J T Y \ I S F … F Y R X F R — R X s H \ W \ R V v … Y G R † T Y R U

be anticipated for sustained benefits. Design of business models very \ S W U T F Y U w J Y w U T H J I X s I S R S Y F \ S Y G R J I X X w S \ Y … D

specific to location will also benefit the local economy. The government O ” D  T F s R U L ’ D L O P P ˜ D   N R V R W \ S \ S ] M I X X w S \ Y … \ S Y G R Z J I [ \ H H T ] R D ¡ ¤ ¥ ¦ § f ¨ b h a h n ©

machinery at local level and participation of community is highly essential ª

` « g ` ¬ C ˆ t C O Š O ‰ D N R Y U \ R [ R V I S t O P P „ Š P ˜ Š O  D

for its long term success. O  D  R F T [ T S L € D M D T S V _ † T X \ S T Y G T S L ^ D _ D L O P P ˜ D _ Y U T Y R ] \ R F T S V X I V R H F W I U T ] U \ J w H Y w U T H

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with seventeen “Global F w F Y T \ S T v \ H \ Y … \ S V R [ R H I s \ S ] E F \ T S J I w S Y U \ R F D € G \ H I F I s G \ J T H

‡
U T S F T J Y \ I S F I W Y G R

Goals” with 169 targets covers critical sustainability aspects viz., water, N I … T H _ I J \ R Y … { t { \ I D _ J \ D ‚ ” ‚ } C ‰ „ O ~ L ˜   Š ˜ „ C D

sanitation, and hygiene, climate change, women and gender equality, O ˜ D  G T S L ^ D _ D L ¢ T \ V \ L E D L ^ w F T U U T Y L z D L O P P „ D ^ \ J U I v R F \ S _ w F Y T \ S T v H R E ] U \ J w H Y w U R L

economic growth, infrastructure, etc. The concept of ecovillage adequately | I [ T _ J \ R S J R € w v H \ F G R U F L | R †


I U K L “ _ E

follows SDGs individually and also interlinks majority of these goals. O „ D  G w U T S T L  D T S V _ R S L N D £ ‘ T Y R U E \ V D ’ U \ S K \ S ] † T Y R U ƒ w T H \ Y … \ S U w U T H  S V \ T t  F F w R F

Moreover, the ecovillage concept addresses the sustainability issues at T S V T s s U I T J G R F D

grass-root level which eventually cumulate at regional to global scale if ‚ P D  \ v v H R † G \ Y R ^ D L N \ Y Œ  L _ † \ W Y ^ D O P P ˜ D _ I \ H G R T H Y G \ S T ] U \ J w H Y w U T H F … F Y R X F D

applied and can effectively embrace the challenges faced by the mainstream
€ G \ H I F I s G \ J T H U T S F T J Y \ I S F I W Y G R N I … T H _ I J \ R Y … { t { \ I H I ] \ J T H _ J \ R S J R F D
‡

‚ ” ‚ } C ‰ „ O ~ L ” ˜ ˆ Š  P C D V I \ t C P D C P „ ˜ u U F Y v D O P P  D O C  ˜ D

society over next several decades. Incorporating sustainability to village

invariably transforms the country sustainable, eventually makes world
‚ C D  \ U v … L E D L O P P ‚ D N R V R W \ S \ S ] F I J \ T H T S V R S [ \ U I S X R S Y T H U R H T Y \ I S F T Y Y G R R J I [ \ H H T ] R

T Y  Y G T J T t E J T F R F Y w V … D z D Z S [ \ U I S D € F … D O ‚ L ‚ O ‚ ž ‚ ‚ O D

sustainable and thus ensure a better and safe future for the coming ‚ O D  w X T U L _ D T S V ^ T H R ] R T S Y L € D L O P P ” D _ Y U T Y R ] \ J T H H \ T S J R \ S T J H I F R V Š H I I s F w s s H …

generations. J G T \ S L T J T F R I W X T S w W T J Y w U R U T S V R J I Š S I S Š s U I W \ Y I U ] T S \ Œ T Y \ I S D
‡
R J G S I [ T Y \ I S L O ” } C P ~ L

Acknowledgment
C C O  Š C C ‚ ˆ D

‚ ‚ D Q \ Y W \ S D  D L ¡ Z J I H I ] … L Z J I S I X \ J F L M I X X w S \ Y … L M I S F J \ I w F S R F F t  S Y R ] U T Y \ [ R

The authors wish to thank the Director, CSIR-IICT for the kind E s s U I T J G R F Y I _ w F Y T \ S T v \ H \ Y … \ S Y G R • H I v T H Z J I [ \ H H T ] R ^ I [ R X R S Y ¡ € T s R U s U R s T U R V

encouragement. Financial support from CSIR in the form of network W I U Y G R O P C ‚ X R R Y \ S ] I W Y G R _ w F Y T \ S T v H R M I S F w X s Y \ I S N R F R T U J G T S V E J Y \ I S  S \ Y \ T Y \ [ R

project (SETCA; CSC-0113) is gratefully acknowledged. GV duly } G Y Y s t u u F J I U T \ D I U ] u † s Š J I S Y R S Y u w s H I T V F u Z J I [ \ H H T ] R F y  S Y R ] U T Y \ S ] y Z O M O y

acknowledge CSIR for providing research fellowship.

_ M  N E  D s V W ~

‚ ‰ D ‹ R S K R H D ^ T U H I S D L O C F Y M R S Y w U … ‹ I X R F Y R T V t _ w F Y T \ S T v H R E ] U \ J w H Y w U R  L Q w H w D J I X

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‚ D { R U S T H L ^ D € D L E H v w U ƒ w R U ƒ w R L z D E D T S V ^ I U T H L N D L O P P „ D M I X s I F Y \ S ] I W T S \ X T H X T S w U R F

T S V J G R X \ J T H J U \ Y R U \ T W I U J I X s I F Y X T Y w U \ Y … T F F R F F X R S Y D E U R [ \ R † D { \ I U R F I w U J R

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R J G S I H D C P P } O O ~ L ˆ ‰ ‰ ‰ Š ˆ ‰ ˆ ‚ D
‡
_ J I Y H T S V L C Š ‰ ˜ D

‰ D { H I R F J G L z D L ‹ T w W W L ^ D L ^ T \ S Œ R U L  D L Ž R S K T Y T ^ I G T S L _ D L N R S S L  D L N \ F F R L Ž D L _ I S ] L
‚ „ D ^ w ] ] w U L | D ^ D L O P C ” D E ] U \ J w H Y w U R _ \ Y w T Y \ I S \ S  T U S T Y T K T t E S  [ R U [ \ R † D

D L T K R w J G \ L  D L ‘ \ H V R U R U L € D E D } O P C ˆ v ~ D _ w F Y T \ S T v H R ’ R [ R H I s X R S Y  S Y R ] U T Y R V \ S
 ‡
Z J I S I X \ J F D ˆ } ˜ ~

Y G R M I S J R s Y I W N R F \ H R S J R D € U I v H R X … Z K I U I Œ † I x w Š € U I v H R X F I W _ w F Y T \ S T v H R

‰ P D  X R U L E D ^ D L O P C ” D M H R T S R S R U ] … W I U J I I H \ S ] T S V G R T Y \ S ] † \ Y G ] U I w S V F I w U J R G R T Y

’ R [ R H I s X R S Y L C P } C ~ L  Š C ‰ } Z V \ Y I U \ T H ~ D

s w X s F D _ J \ R S Y \ W \ J z D { \ I D _ J \ D ˆ } C ~ L C P „ Š C O ‰ D

ˆ D { H I R F J G L z D L ‹ T w W W L ^ D L ^ T \ S Œ R U L  D L Ž R S K T Y T ^ I G T S L _ D L N R S S L  D L N \ F F R L Ž D L _ I S ] L

‰ C D € T Y \ H L E F G I K Ž \ K G R L  D Ž D _ I X T F w S V T U T X L T S V N D M D • I … T H D O P P O D   M w U U R S Y G R T H Y G

D L T K R w J G \ L  D L ‘ \ H V R U R U L € D E D } O P C ˆ T ~ D M I S Y U \ v w Y \ I S Y I Y G R “ | € I F Y Š O P C ˆ
 ‡

F J R S T U \ I \ S U w U T H  S V \ T D ¡ E w F D z D N w U T H ‹ R T H Y G C P L O L C O „ Š C ‚ ˆ D

’ R [ R H I s X R S Y E ] R S V T { T F R V I S Y G R M I S J R s Y I W N R F \ H \ R S J R D € U I v H R X … Z K I U I Œ † I x w Š

‰ O D € \ H H T \ L € D  T X T H T F T S T S T L _ D € U R X T H T Y G T L T S V _ D N T x T X I S … D O P P ˆ D   E Œ I H H T t T

€ U I v H R X F I W _ w F Y T \ S T v H R ’ R [ R H I s X R S Y L C P } O ~ L  Š C ‚ } Z V \ Y I U \ T H ~ D

F w F Y T \ S T v H R W R R V W I U H \ [ R F Y I J K D ¡ Q Z  _ E Š Q Z “ _ ’ Z | Š O C L ‚ L O ” D

” D M G T S V U T F G R K G T U L ^ D L T S V ’ T F L • D L O P C ” D  S Y R ] U T Y R V ‘ T Y R U M I S F R U [ T Y \ I S T S V

‰ ‚ D € U T K T F G L € D L  G T S L ^ D N D L | T Y G T S \ L | D L N T S x T S D | D L O P C ‰ D • U R R S { w \ H V \ S ] Š U T V \ Y \ I S T H
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