PROPOSAL

A SMART ENERGY METER INCORPORATED WITH A MANAGEMENT

LOAD SYSTEM: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

MUHAMMAD NASRUL SYAFIQ BIN MOHD NAZRI ILANGOVAN /

012016020324

BACHELOR IN ELECTRICAL AND ELCTRONIC (TECHNOLOGY)

ENGINEERING

MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

For office use only (Leave this blank)

Approved Approved with changes

Comments:

Evaluated by:

(Signature of Evaluator)

Name:

Date:

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 6

1.1 Project Background ......................................................................................... 6
1.2 Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 7
1.3 Objective of the Project ................................................................................... 7
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Project .............................................................. 8
1.4.1 Scope ........................................................................................................ 8
1.4.2 Limitation ................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Significance of the Project .............................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 9
2.1 Brief Introduction on smart energy meter ....................................................... 9
2.2 Types and Implementation of smart energy meter ........................................ 10
2.2.1 Three Phase Whole Current Meter 37TM ............................................. 10
2.2.2 MK6 Genius Electric Meter ................................................................... 11
2.2.3 EM101 Single Phase AC Static Energy Meter ...................................... 12
2.3 Recent research on smart energy meter......................................................... 13
2.3.1 An Integrated Prepaid Energy Meter Using GSM ................................. 13
2.3.2 Smart Energy Monitoring and Control System Based on Wireless
Communication. ................................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 Android Based Smart Energy Meter ...................................................... 15
2.3.4 Automatic Energy Meter Reading Using Smart Energy Meter ............. 16
2.3.5 GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Reading System with Instant
Billing 17
2.4 Monitoring System of smart energy meter .................................................... 19
2.4.1 A smart energy management system for monitoring and controlling time
of power consumption.......................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Home Electric Energy Monitoring System ............................................ 20
2.4.3 Energy Management and Monitoring System in Smart Grid ................ 21
2.5 Controlling methods in the smart energy meter ............................................ 22
2.5.1 Automated Controlling of Smart Meters ............................................... 23
2.5.2 Smart Energy Monitoring and Control System Based on Wireless
Communication .................................................................................................... 24
2.6 Payment methods in Smart Energy Meter..................................................... 24
2.6.1 Smart Metering – A Brief Overview of Projects, Benefits, and
Applications. ........................................................................................................ 25
2.7 Variables to be controlled in the smart energy meter.................................... 26
2.7.1 Power parameter .................................................................................... 26
2.7.2 Voltage, Current and time parameter ..................................................... 29

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 2.8 New challenge and perspectives ................................................................... 32
2.9 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER THREE: Methodology .............................................................................. 41
3.1 Research Methodology.................................................................................. 41
3.1.1 Planning ................................................................................................. 41
3.1.2 Analysis.................................................................................................. 42
3.1.3 Design .................................................................................................... 42
3.1.4 Testing and Implementation .................................................................. 43
3.2 Development Methodology ........................................................................... 43
3.2.1 Block Diagram ....................................................................................... 43
3.3 Tools and Hardware ...................................................................................... 45
3.3.1 Arduino UNO......................................................................................... 46
3.3.2 Sensors ................................................................................................... 46
3.3.3 GSM Module Sim900A. ........................................................................ 47
3.3.4 LCD Display .......................................................................................... 48
3.3.5 Relay ...................................................................................................... 48
3.3.6 Step-down transformer........................................................................... 49
3.4 Software Requirement ................................................................................... 49
3.5 Circuit Diagram ............................................................................................. 51
3.6 Circuit Simulation ......................................................................................... 52
3.7 Project Schedule ............................................................................................ 55
CHAPTER FOUR: EXPECTED RESULT ................................................................. 61
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 64

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List of Figures

Figure 2.1- VISIONTEK 37TM which available in the market. [32] ......................... 10

Figure 2.2 MK6 Genius Electric Meter which uses widely as TNB energy meter

trademark with wide advantages. [17] ......................................................................... 11

Figure 2.3 EM101 Single Phase AC Static Energy Meter [24] ................................... 12

Figure 2.4 Proteus 8 schematic diagram simulation; The Prepaid Energy Meter [21] 14

Figure 2.5 Full display of the circuit; functioning with the attached energy meter [27]

...................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2.6 Smart sensor unit block diagram; Smart energy monitoring and control

system block diagram [27] ........................................................................................... 15

Figure 2.7 The completed design for the Android based energy meter [1] ................. 16

Figure 2.8 Simple block diagram of Smart Energy meter; for the automatic energy

meter reading [18] ........................................................................................................ 17

Figure 2.9 Consumer registration for the website and SMS reception in the consumer

phone regarding the electricity consumption [5] ......................................................... 18

Figure 2.10 Detailed circuit for the GSM energy meter [5] ........................................ 19

Figure 2.11 The hardware; left-side the transmitter and right-side is the receiver [14]

...................................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 2.12 The left device is the data acquisition storage while the right side is the

LCD display monitoring system [20] .......................................................................... 21

Figure 2.13 Block Diagram for the Smart Grid Monitoring System [4] ..................... 22

Figure 2.14 Block Diagram for the Automatic Control Smart Meter [10] .................. 23

Figure 2.15 Block Diagram for the smart energy meter in this publication [27]......... 24

Figure 2.16 Block Diagram regarding the Prepaid System for generating and payment

of electricity bills [35] .................................................................................................. 25

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Figure 2.17 The electrical consumption from January until Mei 2016 in Universiti

Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia [26] .......................................................................... 27

Figure 2.18 Malaysian electrical tariff for different power consumption [8] .............. 28

Figure 2.19 Current electrical tariff for residential in Malaysia [8] .......................... 29

Figure 2.20 Show Peak Load monitoring from 6am in the morning until 9 pm [31] .. 29

Figure 2.21 Power factor vs time from 6am until 9 pm [31] ....................................... 31

Figure 2.22 The time vs power in MW which tabulated in 26th December 2009 [7] .. 31

Figure 3.1Block Diagram for research methodology. ................................................. 41

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram for this proposes smart energy meter system. .................. 44

Figure 3.3 Flowchart for the proposed system............................................................. 45

Figure 3.4 Arduino UNO [23] ..................................................................................... 46

Figure 3.5 Voltage Sensor [16] .................................................................................... 47

Figure 3.6 Current Sensor [13] .................................................................................... 47

Figure 3.7 GSM Module SIM900A [11] ..................................................................... 48

Figure 3.8 LCD 16x2 Display [9] ................................................................................ 48

Figure 3.9 5V Arduino Relay [12] ............................................................................... 49

Figure 3.10 110V 220V to 5V 4V step-down transformer [2] .................................... 49

Figure 3.11 Arduino IDE software [3] ......................................................................... 50

Figure 3.12 MIT App Inventor [34] ............................................................................. 50

Figure 3.13 Proteus 8 Professional [22] ....................................................................... 51

Figure 3.14 Microsoft Office [33] ............................................................................... 51

Figure 3.15 Circuit Schematic for the propose Smart Energy Meter. ......................... 52

Figure 3.16 12V DC motor x1 for the circuit simulation from Proteus software ........ 53

Figure 3.17 12V DC motor x3 for the circuit simulation from Proteus software ........ 53

Figure 3.18 12V DC motor x5 for the circuit simulation from Proteus software ....... 54

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Figure 4.1 DC motor vs Voltage, V bar graph ............................................................. 61

Figure 4.2 DC motor vs Current, A bar graph. ............................................................ 62

Figure 4.3 DC Motor vs Power,W bar graph. .............................................................. 62

Figure 4.4 DC motor vs Resistance,ohm bar graph. .................................................... 63

List of Tables

Table 2-1 Tabulated result of energy usage with time, voltage, current, frequency,

power and power factor parameter [31] ....................................................................... 30

Table 2-2 Tabulated table with the related literature with this project; Listed the benefit,

issues and remarks from the journal. ........................................................................... 40

Table 3-1 Gantt Chart for Project 1 Schedule from Week 1 until Week 13 ................ 56

Table 4.1 Tabulated result based on the simulation from Proteus 8 software ............. 61

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Electricity is the second energy resource and is one of the most powerful utilities in our

lives. It has a great impact on modern life. We cannot think a single day without

electricity. The most economic development of a country depends on the sufficient and

reliable source of electricity. As a secondary energy resource, it must depend on the

primary energy sources. Primary energy resources depend on geographical region,

availability of resources, workforce, technology and import capability.

Demand for electricity is increased with the advancement of modern technology,

improvement of living standard, an increase of agricultural production, development of

industries as well as overall development of the country. Load shedding occurs when

generation is less than demand. The overnight mitigation of load shedding is

impossible; it needs long term planning, a huge amount of money and availability of

primary resources.

Existing conventional electrical metering system has a huge amount of non-technical

losses. Analog and digital post-paid metering have vast drawbacks like the reading

collection, manual billing, manual calculation, complex and time-consuming revenue

collection, manual connection, and re-connection. Existing prepaid metering system is

not 100% user-friendly. Different vendors customized the meters by their standards.

The meters purchased from a vendor cannot be synchronized to the system of other

vendors.

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As a result, consumer freedom is limited and has to pay more for technical supports due

to monopoly behaviour of the vendor.

1.2 Problem Statement

In Conventional metering system to measure electricity consumption the energy

provider company hire persons to visit each house and record meter reading manually

which is used for billing, the bill then sent to consumer by post or hand delivery, this is

not only sluggish but laborious, with the company having no control over these meters.

There is a stark amount of revenue loss being incurred by our country due to energy

theft which is a serious problem, people try to manipulate meter reading by adopting

various corrupt practices such as current reversal, partial earth fault condition, bypass

meter and magnetic interference. With the aid of this project a definite solution is

proffered which allows power companies to have total control over energy meters and

have real time information of same from a remote location with little human effort and

at reduced cost as compared to conventional methods.

1.3 Objective of the Project

The main objectives of the project are:

1. To design a GSM based Automatic Metering system.

2. To construct a smart meter that can configure and reconfigure with versatile

tariff plan.

3. To make a prepaid energy meter with the remote monitoring system.

4. To develop an automatic load management system with system power limit.

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1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Project

1.4.1 Scope

The scope of this project is to design and construct GSM based a one phase two wire

energy meter with voltage rating of 220V, current of 25 -100A operating at 50Hz and

interfaced with a microcontroller unit and GSM module with a LCD with the wireless

communication features over SMS. Within the scope of this project, the prototype

model is equipped with a dedicated SIM (Subscriber Identification Module).

1.4.2 Limitation

Focusing only on the measure and control of the indoor energy meter, without any

implementation regarding the outside energy meter.

1.5 Significance of the Project

The significance of this project benefits the consumers by:

1. Precise consumption information.

2. Clear and accurate billing.

3. Automatic outage information and faster recovery.

4. Better and faster customer service.

5. Smart automated processes instead of manual work.

6. Accurate information from the network load to optimise maintenance and

investments.

7. Observation and control of energy consumption and production.

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Brief Introduction on smart energy meter

Smart metering is a subject that as of late has pulled in much consideration all over the

world. Smart metering gives off an impression of being a solution for rising costs of

power, gas or water (Zabkowski, et.al.,2012). The proof from many ventures running

in Europe and the USA demonstrated that this innovation is actually attainable and can

profited, not only for the families but also providers.

In Malaysia from early age of electrical energy usage, a semi-government company

which set up to ensure the citizen of Malaysia will gain easy access to electrical energy

around the country which is nowadays an essential necessity. Tenaga Nasional Berhad

or familiarly known as TNB, provided a sure way using a power station and

transmission tower throughout the nation to transmit electrical energy to resident and

industrial usage, (Berhad, 2011).

The vision and mission are stated as below which is “To Be among the Leading

Corporations in Energy and Related Businesses Globally” and “We Are Committed to

Excellence in Our Products and Services”, (Berhad, 2011). The energy monitoring by

the current energy meter has been developed to create awareness for residents regarding

the electricity consumption and power usage, (Sudin, et.al., 2008).

The smart energy meter has many predecessors but it always encompasses only on

certain part for example regarding controlling using the smartphone by using Bluetooth

module as medium, prepaid energy meter which uses prepaid phone as a means to pay

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the electricity consumption and also the smart electricity load management which act

automatically to regulate the electricity consumption.

2.2 Types and Implementation of smart energy meter

There is various type of smart energy meter which range from GSM, wifi, IOT using

the wifi module and regular energy meter which uses the transmission grid as means

connecting, with no feedback regarding the reading. In this sub-topic I will explain

regarding the types which the product had been used nation-wide and also

internationally. The product will be focuses only on market product and which already

been commercialized.

2.2.1 Three Phase Whole Current Meter 37TM

VISIONTEK 37TM Three Phase Electronic Energy Meter was designed for both

commercial and industrial uses. By the means of the distribution networks

(VISIONTEK, 2008). The target audience for this energy meter is the energy markets

which requires flexible tariff and modern energy management.

Figure 2.1- VISIONTEK 37TM which available in the market. [32]

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The time zones and the tariff are programmable while the measured value is not just

the power. The other measured value is active energy, reactive energy, apparent energy,

maximum demand (kW and kVA), Instantaneous Phase Current, Instantaneous

Frequency and Instantaneous Power Factor.

2.2.2 MK6 Genius Electric Meter

The MK6 combine the versatility of scripting and power utility measurement with the

design which also can be described as an economical meter (Sudin, et.al., 2008). The

most obvious advantages are for its communication and data storage capabilities.

Which also the TNB market product for the current time. With interface easy to

understand and its future market prospect, which will become the electric revenue meter

in the future for TNB.

Figure 2.2 MK6 Genius Electric Meter which uses widely as TNB energy meter

trademark with wide advantages. [17]

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The energy meter user manual also included the step by step guide for installation the

energy meter which specifically the MK6E Energy Meter (Instrument, 2014). Which

encompasses the EziView, which is the user interface with the tutorial. For resident to

understand the energy meter installation and configuration much more easily for the

technician to install it.

2.2.3 EM101 Single Phase AC Static Energy Meter

The user manual gives the parameters which the energy meter uses, the energy meter is

mostly uses in rural area which uses the digital meter after the renewal (Limited, 2010).

The rural area which encompasses this energy meter is the latest digital energy meter

for the rural village since it is hard to do the installation since the location is quite far

from the respected power plant.

Figure 2.3 EM101 Single Phase AC Static Energy Meter [24]

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2.3 Recent research on smart energy meter

Regarding the research of smart energy meter, many had been done, design and

implemented. From a GSM based energy meter into IoT smart energy meter. All have

its advantages and disadvantages. In this sub-topic I will touch regarding the features

of the energy meter and the uniqueness of it. In the end there will be a table to evaluate

the research of previous energy meter.

2.3.1 An Integrated Prepaid Energy Meter Using GSM

This research aims to take accurate energy meter readings and processing bills which

payment can be done remotely using smart phone, payment will be done using phone

credit (K.Sheelasobanarani, et.al., 2014).

In this research the importance was placed into the monitoring electricity consumption

which then the microcontroller (PIC 16F877A) will calculated the electricity with the

country energy tariff as reference to create the resident bill. Which in this case the

country energy tariff is from India.

After the generated bill was calculated the resident will receive text message by GSM

which implemented inside the energy meter. Also, with the credit balance of the prepaid

for the electricity which the resident will later decide to recharge the value if the

consumption is too much. Which the resident able to remotely pay the electricity bill

by the means of phone prepaid.

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Figure 2.4 Proteus 8 schematic diagram simulation; The Prepaid Energy Meter [21]

2.3.2 Smart Energy Monitoring and Control System Based on Wireless

Communication.

This research also has monitoring part regarding the energy meter. Enable to remotely

generate the electricity bill by using the energy meter device (Mubdir, et.al., 2013). The

wireless module gives the connection between the main computer with the energy meter

device. Also, there is controlling method from the main computer which responsible in

controlling the electricity supply for the consumers if the bill has not been paid after

the specific time or other client caught in electricity theft.

Figure 2.5 Full display of the circuit; functioning with the attached energy meter [27]

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The use of the main computer is not only control but also storage the data regarding

the electricity consumption from the energy meter. The history or the data is stored

inside the EEPROM which act as memory storage.

Figure 2.6 Smart sensor unit block diagram; Smart energy monitoring and control

system block diagram [27]

2.3.3 Android Based Smart Energy Meter

This research focuses mainly on monitoring the energy consumption but with different

parameter which consists of power, voltage, current, active power, reactive power and

apparent power (A.A.Noman, et.al., 2017). The function of this research was to create

understanding for the resident or the consumers regarding the energy consumption in

more in-depth and familiar parameter such as voltage and current.

The monitoring will be view by the use of android application. The apps will be

connected with the circuit by using the Bluetooth module. Which then the application

will show the power, voltage, current, active power, reactive power and apparent power

consumption.

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 Figure 2.7 The completed design for the Android based energy meter [1]

The load which represents by the bulb for the use as representative for measurement of

energy consumption. Which uses transformer to 5V which uses for Arduino to process

the coding already been programmed into it to display it either by LCD or the

application which uses the Bluetooth. The LCD display is used as direct display from

the energy meter while the android application for mobile monitoring.

2.3.4 Automatic Energy Meter Reading Using Smart Energy Meter

The energy meter able to be monitored and controlled regarding the usage by cut the

connection or reconnecting back remotely (Iqbal, et.al., 2014). In this research, the

monitoring and controlling of the energy meter was done via text message from the

consumer to the device by the means of GSM module for connection. The energy meter

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will give the value for the usage of electricity any time of the day only when ask by the

consumer with the means of text message (SMS).

Figure 2.8 Simple block diagram of Smart Energy meter; for the automatic energy

meter reading [18]

The block diagram shows that the voltage and current sensor were both attach directly

with the microcontroller (dsPIC30F3014) which will then connected with the GSM

SIM9000 module and also LCD for the display. The android also could monitor the

usage of the electricity. Which also will be receive by the text message when prompted

by the consumer.

2.3.5 GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Reading System with Instant Billing

The electronic metering or otherwise known as E-metering is widely used in the

researcher country which demand an advancement in term of technological part for the

energy meter (Ashna.K, et.al., 2013). Which in this case use GSM modem for data

storage which uses web interface to manage the data globally and to generate the

automatic billing which will be delivered to the consumer through the means of SMS.

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Figure 2.9 Consumer registration for the website and SMS reception in the consumer

phone regarding the electricity consumption [5]

The circuit which uses PIC family microcontroller (PIC16F877A) as the brain of the

system to process the instruction between others electronic devices such as LCD

display, GSM modem, rectifier, EEPROM, RTC, Transceiver and single-phase

microchip IC. Below is the complete schematic of the circuit.

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 Figure 2.10 Detailed circuit for the GSM energy meter [5]

2.4 Monitoring System of smart energy meter

For the monitoring part it will be only two either on-site display which usually will be

either in LCD display or analog display, and the other one is remote monitoring which

use either a web browser or phone app to access the data or power consumption. In this

sub-topic I will explain regarding the available monitoring system of the smart energy

meter.

2.4.1 A smart energy management system for monitoring and controlling time of

power consumption

Energy resources and their management is one of the prime difficulties to the world,

particularly low economy creating nations like Malaysia where the significant

commitment to energy generation is in light of imports setting a significant weight on

the nation economy (Fakharuddin, et al., 2012). This overwhelming is making affliction

to policy makers and scientists.

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Household energy scene has changed altogether throughout the years. From being an

energy rich nation 10 years back, Malaysia is moderate and will, before long be joining

other nations that need to depend on imports so as to take care of household demand.

Subsequently, legitimate administration of energy is a vital issue that should be routed

to help the economy towards a higher development direction. An all-encompassing

methodology tending to the issues of vitality supply, request and valuing should be

embraced.

Figure 2.11 The hardware; left-side the transmitter and right-side is the receiver [14]

2.4.2 Home Electric Energy Monitoring System

With this research the focus of the monitoring is through LCD or on a computer (Josué,

et.al., 2011). The data from the energy meter regarding the electricity consumption will

be transmitted via wifi module using the internet connection. The LCD will be as home

display whenever the resident in their home and able to monitor the electricity

consumption directly, while the wifi module enable the resident to monitor the energy

usage remotely.

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 Figure 2.12 The left device is the data acquisition storage while the right side is the

LCD display monitoring system [20]

2.4.3 Energy Management and Monitoring System in Smart Grid

It is based on hybrid energy which uses renewable energy, in this it is the Solar panel

(PVC) cell (Arif, 2015). This monitoring system uses the wifi module as connection

module from the energy meter into the power station for management of the smart grid.

The voltage and current sensor function as data reading and send the information to the

power station for data reference.

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 Figure 2.13 Block Diagram for the Smart Grid Monitoring System [4]

Depends on the block diagram the dotted line represents the wifi connection between

the energy meter into the computer at the power station.

2.5 Controlling methods in the smart energy meter

In smart energy meter there is also two method of control which is either remotely

and on-site. Remotely is controlling the load or input power from the power station or

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from application. On-site is from a technician worker who go from resident to another

resident to turn off the input power. In this sub-topic I will discuss regarding the

control method of the energy meter.

2.5.1 Automated Controlling of Smart Meters

Lessening the energy usage has now turned into a pivotal objective for some individuals

(D, et.al., 2015). Straightforwardness in the power utilization and ordinary input on

energy use must be given to buyers with the goal that they can roll out a few

improvements in the power utilization example to spare vitality. In this paper, we have

proposed an intelligent framework which gives customary input with respect to the

energy usage to the buyers.

For this reason, smart power meters that can be remotely observed and controlled are

utilized. By outfitting the clients with the criticism in regards to the power utilization

continuously, this framework helps in distinguishing the greatest energy drunks and

helps purchasers in diminishing their energy use.

Figure 2.14 Block Diagram for the Automatic Control Smart Meter [10]

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2.5.2 Smart Energy Monitoring and Control System Based on Wireless

Communication

This paper exhibits new structure of a brilliant vitality meter incorporated with a

checking and control framework to screen the nature of electrical power provided to

shoppers and to ensure them upon anomalous circumstances with the capacity of

putting away every one of the occasions in genuine date and time as a history (Mubdir,

et.al., 2013).

This framework gives a few focal points to service organizations, for example,

expended vitality, issuing the bills remotely and utilize numerous duties for charging

power at various occasions amid the day. Likewise, the framework offers an ability to

detach/continue the supply for a customer if the bill has not been paid after an explicit

time or different customers got in power robbery.

Figure 2.15 Block Diagram for the smart energy meter in this publication [27]

2.6 Payment methods in Smart Energy Meter

For the current market in energy meter there is only one payment method which is

directly payment either by online or cash but it needed to be externally meaning through

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a merchant site which needed your account number for the specific energy meter. The

new way of payment in smart energy meter is prepaid which the account of the energy

-meter will be through prepaid which correspond through phone number. It signifies

every phone number will be assign to their own respected energy meter and electrical

account number.

2.6.1 Smart Metering – A Brief Overview of Projects, Benefits, and Applications.

Smart metering is a point that as of late has pulled in much consideration all over the

world. Smart metering has all the earmarks of being a solution for rising costs of power,

gas or water (Zabkowski, et.al., 2012). The proof from many tasks running in Europe.

What's more, the USA demonstrated that this innovation is in fact possible and can

create the value included for the family units and providers. In this paper we point to

systematize the learning of smart metering arrangements, bring up the advantages of

smart metering and present a short review of the SMEPI venture drove by Vedia S.A.

in participation with GridPocket and SGGW.

Figure 2.16 Block Diagram regarding the Prepaid System for generating and

payment of electricity bills [35]

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2.7 Variables to be controlled in the smart energy meter

In the energy meter there is a lot of variable which could be calculated and analyze. In

this particular energy meter, the parameter which I decided to focus on are power,

voltage, current, resistor and time. In this sub-topic I will explain regarding how to

measure the parameter and analyze the data. Also, given example of the tabulated data

from previous experiment. Also, how the data have been taken and tabulated.

2.7.1 Power parameter

The parameter for the voltage will be recorded by using a set of sensors either the

voltage or current sensor. Which then the measured value will be calculated and

processed into the Arduino which then will either store the value into specified storage

or display either on-site display using LCD or remotely monitoring using application

or web browser. Figure 2.17 is the sample data obtain from previous project in

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia regarding the energy usage for just one

institution which do not have a monitoring and control system to regulate the usage of

the electricity consumption (mri, 2016). This led to overuse of electricity and lead to

waste of money which can be used for another project or better modification of the

infrastructure for the student and staff comfort.

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 Figure 2.17 The electrical consumption from January until Mei 2016 in Universiti

Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia [26]

With the consumption of the electricity already measured thus the needed amount to be

paid can be calculated by including the given tariff to generate the bill. Figure 2.18 is

the tariff which has been agreed upon with different power consumption in Malaysia.

The given tariff needs to be multiplied with the power consumption and will produce

the generated bill needed to be paid by the customer. The tariff has been renewed for

the current electricity consumption.

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 Figure 2.18 Malaysian electrical tariff for different power consumption [8]

Residential electrical tariff in Malaysia is different than other industry which will be

display in Figure 2.19 (Berhad, 2018). For every first 200 kWh it will be multiplied

with 21.8 cent while the next 100 kWh will be multiplied with 33.4 cent and so on as

shown in the table. It also indicated that for every household that at least connected

with TNB but do not use any electrical appliance needed to pay minimum RM 3 per

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month if there is connection from the residential home with the transmission grid of

TNB.

Figure 2.19 Current electrical tariff for residential in Malaysia [8]

The power consumption could also be monitored, below is one of the results which is

represented in graph show the consumption power versus time (Vani, et.al., 2015). This

result was recorded in a residential home in India since the project was conducted there.

Figure 2.20 Show Peak Load monitoring from 6am in the morning until 9 pm [31]

2.7.2 Voltage, Current and time parameter

The voltage, current and time correlate with each other. Which will also give the

tabulated result in power which following the rule of P=IV (Vani, et.al., 2015). P is

equal to power, I equal to current and V equal to voltage. Below is the tabulated result

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of the combination of, power, voltage, current and time from 1 February 2015 until 7

February 2015. The energy usage recorded was in residential home in a city in India.

Table 2-1 Tabulated result of energy usage with time, voltage, current, frequency,

power and power factor parameter [31]

Power factor could also be considered as one of the parameters which can be tabulated

against time (Vani, et.al., 2015). The result will be shown below. The power factor

differs to time due to the inconsistency of the phase which not constant due to the

inconsistency of energy usage which varies with time.

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 Figure 2.21 Power factor vs time from 6am until 9 pm [31]

The next graph show that the peak consumption of power is show from morning which

wake up and prepare to go to work for the one that working until late at night which

show that it is hectic and business is operated from early as 7 am until late midnight

which clearly show the graph start decreasing during midnight and early morning

(Berhad, 2018). This result was tabulated from National Load Dispatching Center,

Malaysia which directly taken from the system.

Figure 2.22 The time vs power in MW which tabulated in 26th December 2009 [7]

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2.8 New challenge and perspectives

The challenges that present in this experiment is regarding the detection of voltage or

current which may harm the residential home or generate expensive electrical bills

which will burden the family or an organization to pay for it. Therefore, the use of the

voltage and current sensor not only for calculating and monitoring the energy usage and

display the calculated result either on-site through LCD display or remotely inside an

application or website which exist in the current literature of smart energy meter.

The other challenges which exist is the using GSM module as connection bridge

between the circuitry of energy meter and the application. The command will be late

since it will be in the form of SMS but it can be improved by making the connection

either with wifi and bluetooth module. It will be faster responded with slow delay

between receiving and transmitting.

2.9 Conclusion

In conclusion, for the related literature and related product only show either monitoring,

controlling or prepaid payment system. There are some which combine 2 system which

is either monitor with control or prepaid with control but there is still not any energy

meter system which encompasses the three aspect of what I propose for the project

energy system. Below is the related literature and product specification regarding each

of them with enlisted benefit, issues and remarks for each of them. Table 2.-2 Tabulated

table with the related literature with this project; Listed the benefit, issues and remarks

from the journal.

32 | P a g e
 No Author, Year Benefits Issues Remark

1. H. M. Zahid Iqbal et.al, 2015 Remote monitoring and Lack online prepaid Using gsm as a means for generation

[18] bill generation by SMS. system and control of bill utilities. Provide text message

system for managing with the total usage with the specified

the electrical usage. tariff according to the industry.

2. K Sheelasobanarani et.al, 2014 Remote monitoring and No control system for Just monitoring and online prepaid

[21] bill generation by SMS managing the electrical system. Able to get accurate bill

and online prepaid usage. reading.

system.

3. A.A.Noman et.al, 2017[1] Remote monitoring by Lack online prepaid Application for monitoring purposes.

the means of system and control Using bluetooth module to connect

33 | P a g e
 applications. system. between the phone and energy meter.-

4. Ashna.k et.al, 2016 [5] Remote monitoring by Lack online prepaid Able to store energy usage inside the

website and generation system and control server using website as proxy. Also

of bill to notified the system. monitor remotely by website within the

resident by SMS. power station.

5. Nor’aisah Sudin et.al, 2008 Monitoring on-site No online prepaid Specifically monitored which enable

[30] using the LCD display. system or control the resident to view the consumption

system. by referring to the generated bill.

6. Bilal Mubdir et.al, 2013 [27] Remote monitoring and No online prepaid Project which refer to storage of data

control energy meter. system, control system regarding the electricity consumption

lack automatic and also controlling the electricity

implementation. usage by cutting the connection and

reconnecting it back if the resident has

34 | P a g e
 problem regarding payment and also

energy theft.

7. VISIONTEK, 2008 [32] On-site monitoring No online prepaid Given the specification regarding the

energy meter using system and control specific energy meter in the brochure,

LCD. system. also the parameters which is

measured.

8. Electronic Distance Meter On-site monitoring No online prepaid The user manual existed as a guide for

Instrument (EDMI), 2014 [17] energy meter using system and control the programmer and also the resident

LCD. system. if they wanted to understand the usage

of the energy meter and the user

interface regarding the energy meter.

9. Larsen and Toubro Limited, On-site monitoring No prepaid system or Primarily focuses on the energy meter

2010 [24] using LCD display. control system. design and display. Also display the

35 | P a g e
 corresponding value on the LCD with

what it means.

10. Sandra T. Barnes, 2018 [6] Explain regarding the Mainly focuses on the In depth understanding and tabulated

uses of energy for the metropolitan area for result regarding the electricity

Metropolitan city. the electricity consumption for the political

consumption. metropolitan city.

Neglecting the rural

area energy

consumption.

11. Tenaga Nasional Berhad, 2014 Gives the specific tariff Installation and Easy to understand the tariff and to

[8] for electrical configuration regarding know the design dimension but the

consumption for every the energy meter still installation and configuration needed

industry. Also given the need to be done

36 | P a g e
 schematic design supervise since the expert help for further understanding

regarding the energy manual have term and implementation.

meter. which is hard to

understand for beginner

workers.

12. John Twidell et.al, 2015 [19] Too much energy usage No monitoring, The book gives a brief introduction

which endanger nature controlling or online regarding the current use of energy on

and resulting in safe prepaid system for the this earth and the effect on nature,

and clean energy which energy meter. renewable energy is better in the

is renewable energy. aspect of safe and clean energy.

13. Martin Charter et.al, 2001 [25] Give clear view No monitoring, Only focusing on the environmental

regarding controlling or online law and environment condition.

inappropriate energy prepaid system for the Nothing on energy meter technology.

energy meter.

37 | P a g e
 usage by companies in

the city.

14. SA Parker et.al, 2015 [28] On-site monitoring No remote monitoring, Focusing more on the benefit in

using LCD display. controlling or online reading energy meter and from the

prepaid system. reading to control energy usage

monthly.

15. H.G. Rodney Tan et.al, 2007 Remote monitoring and No online prepaid Only on monitoring remotely using

[15] billing using SMS to system and control SMS, and generation of bill. Focuses

notified the bill system. mainly on GSM module.

generated.

16. Birendrakumar Sahani et.al, Remote monitoring and No online prepaid Use IoT technology as the means for

2017 [29] controlling via wifi, IoT system, simple on and monitoring and control the energy

technology. off control for the meter access into the assigned place.

energy meter.

38 | P a g e
 17. Tomasz Zabkowski et.al, 2012 Remote monitoring and No online prepaid Give the info regarding the monitoring

[35] generation of bill by the system or control and generation of bill including the

power station. system. benefit and applications.

18. Azhar Fakharuddin et.al, 2012 Remote monitoring No online prepaid Remote monitoring and data storage

[14] system by using system nor control for energy uses by the customer and

computer via wifi. system. remote bill generation.

19. João Gil Josué et.al, 2011 [20] Remote monitoring No online prepaid The monitoring on-site will be through

system by using LCD system nor control the LCD display but for remote

display and computer system monitoring it will be through the

via wifi. computer via wifi.

20. Hamza Arif, 2015 [] Remote monitoring No online prepaid The monitoring system which uses the

system by using system, only basic system is basic monitoring and data

computer inside the control system. storage which compile the resulted

power station via wifi. electric consumption for the resident.

39 | P a g e
 21. Chaitra Pallavi D et.al, 2015 Remote monitoring and No online prepaid The control method needs to be

[10] automated controlling system. preassign first by stated the tariff, then

using application. it will be control. Cannot be control in

real-time.

22. G. Vani et.al, 2015 [31] Remote monitoring and No online prepaid Only focuses on calculating the

data storage. system and control parameter in energy consumption, and

system. store the data while monitoring the

energy usage in real time.

Table 2-2 Tabulated table with the related literature with this project; Listed the benefit, issues and remarks from the journal.

40 | P a g e
 CHAPTER THREE: Methodology

3.1 Research Methodology

For this methodology we will the normal research methodology which start from

planning, follow by analysis. After that the design of the project and end with the testing

and implementation. Figure 3.1 shows the process from the Brainstorming phase until

the market launch phase which if there is problem during the testing and

implementation it will went back to planning phase to overcome that said problem. In

this sub-topic I will explain my project development during each phase.

Figure 3.1Block Diagram for research methodology.

3.1.1 Planning

During the first week until the third week which is regarding title hunting. Finding the

necessary title required to start research in to start the first step in final year project. The

propose title is then define as not suitable, therefore the supervisor propose the

necessary title which will achieve the necessary standard for the final year project in

bachelor degree.

Which is decided to be a smart energy meter with load management system: design and

implementation. Then needed to find the first layout, or the brief overview regarding

the smart energy meter. Finding the necessary journal which had related literature

regarding the smart energy meter.

41 | P a g e
3.1.2 Analysis

Further analysis will be done regarding the related literature and product. Also, started

writing the Chapter 1 which started from the Problem Statement. From that I develop

the Project Background, Introduction, Objective, Scope and Limitation of the Project

and finally end with the significant of the project.

Which is then start from week 3 until week 6. Focusing on the journal, which is the

related literature in smart energy meter and accomplishing Chapter 1 in proposal due to

presentation which occur in week 6. This is the first presentation regarding Project 1.

After the presentation I started research in depth regarding the needed material and

software needed to realize the smart energy meter which could accommodate the

objective which already clearly stated in Chapter 1.

The material mainly focuses on Arduino as the processor, voltage and current sensor

for measuring the energy, LCD display which act as energy meter display, GSM module

as connecting device and the for the software I will use Arduino IDE and App Inventor

for the circuitry and application coding. The listed material and software will be further

explaining in the material section.

3.1.3 Design

For the design of the project, it will be a simple box which able has connection for

accessibility to the load or switch. This to make the integration of the circuitry easier

into the energy meter. Below is the basic sketch for the smart energy meter which my

project focuses on.

42 | P a g e
3.1.4 Testing and Implementation

For this part it will be further explain in Project 2 when the product has been finished

assemble and able to produce the desired result. This section will be further explained

in Chapter 4, but overall the desired result and testing will be conducted in two

environment which is a residential home and a control circuit with many different loads

which encompasses bulb, buzzer, led or motor.

For the result it will be recorded with parameters as follows: power, voltage, current,

time, and resistance (loads). This five are the basis parameter which this project will be

focuses on. After the desired result been calibrated and analyze further parameter could

be added into the mixture which focuses on the resistance such as number of loads, size

of the room which the energy meter implemented into or the volume of the loads

connected with the energy meter.

3.2 Development Methodology

In this topic the presentation of the project will be in more vivid and clear. Also, the

application of the project will be much more define in term of the flowchart and also

block diagram for the clarification of the project function while circuit schematic will

give the outline of how the project will be connected and build upon. In this subtopic I

will clearly explained regarding the diagram and circuit for the proposed project.

3.2.1 Block Diagram

In order to obtain clear idea regarding the project for the clarification of the study and

further understanding of the project. In this section block diagram was used to explain

the rough idea of the project. Also, the flow of the project from one block into another.

43 | P a g e
Firstly, The Arduino uno will act as the processor for the circuit. It will be responsible

for executing the desired output through coding inside Arduino IDE. The receive input

for Arduino will be recorded and delivered by the voltage and current sensor which will

receive from the AC input power supply which will be rated 220 V which in turn step

down by transformer into 5V.

Also, another input will be received through GSM module which will be connected

with android application for controlling the loads. The output will be two which is the

loads connected with the circuit and also the LCD display which will be responsible to

show the reading regarding the energy usage. Below is the finalized block diagram.

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram for this proposes smart energy meter system.

44 | P a g e
 Figure 3.3 Flowchart for the proposed system.

3.3 Tools and Hardware

For every project and device there is the necessary material or hardware needed for the

realization of the prototype. Listed below is all the necessary material needed for the

accomplishment in creating the device and project.

45 | P a g e
3.3.1 Arduino UNO

As the brain of the device, the most important thing in this circuit which able to carry

command to processed the data and execute the necessary output which designed to

achieve the objective which already planned and predetermined with the coding.

Figure 3.4 Arduino UNO [23]

3.3.2 Sensors

For this project or device, it will be equipped with sensors to collect, calculate and

processed the data to obtain the necessary output which able to achieve the desired

objective of this project. For this project the sensor that is available is voltage sensor

and current sensor.

The voltage sensor is responsible to calibrate the voltage consumption for the day and

will switch off any load if the electricity consumption more than needed which will be

predetermined using the application. While current sensor will be responsible for

calculating and measuring the current for monitoring purposes, through the LCD

display and android application.

46 | P a g e
 Figure 3.5 Voltage Sensor [16]

Figure 3.6 Current Sensor [13]

3.3.3 GSM Module Sim900A.

For this project it uses GSM module as a means for connecting bridge between the

phone application with the circuitry of the energy meter. GSM module not only allow

the user to monitor the energy usage within the application but also allow the

application to control the loads which have been connected with the energy meter by

the means of SMS. The glaring disadvantages is the respond time when the instruction

been sent and the respond or output change from the load.

47 | P a g e
 Figure 3.7 GSM Module SIM900A [11]

3.3.4 LCD Display

For lacking in the standard energy meter reader, LCD will be substitute for it in display

the energy reading for the current energy usage by the means of the current sensor

reading, while Arduino will process the data and display the energy in voltage, current

and power.

Figure 3.8 LCD 16x2 Display [9]

3.3.5 Relay

The relay responsible as a switch which will close and open upon command either by

Arduino itself through automated programming or control command through the

Android application which will be connected via GSM module.

48 | P a g e
 Figure 3.9 5V Arduino Relay [12]

3.3.6 Step-down transformer

For this project which uses direct AC power supply from the transmission grid towards

residential which have 220 V power supply a step-down transformer needed to reduce

the voltage to safe input voltage which allow the Arduino to work which will not fry

the Arduino with excessive voltage.

Figure 3.10 110V 220V to 5V 4V step-down transformer [2]

3.4 Software Requirement

For this project the software which require to use is only two which is Arduino IDE and

also AppInventor.com. This is due to easy accessibilities, open-source platform also

free to use. For coding of the circuitry with microcontroller Arduino UNO, it will be

49 | P a g e
using Arduino IDE. All the calculation, and processing of the output from the input

given will be done within Arduino IDE software.

Figure 3.11 Arduino IDE software [3]

For the application will be done by using the AppInventor.com which is mainly due to

user-friendly interface and easy to learn coding for the application. Also, the QR code

will be automatically generated and provide help in providing the application into

Google Playstore. AppInventor.com only focuses and build application for Android

platform only, that is the only drawback.

Figure 3.12 MIT App Inventor [34]

Not forgetting the Proteus 8 Professional which will be use for the design of the circuit

schematic and simulation of the circuit to ensure the material functioning perfectly and

avoid short circuited during the real connection when assembling the circuit.

50 | P a g e
 Figure 3.13 Proteus 8 Professional [22]

Not forgetting the use of Microsoft Office in completing the report from beginning until

the end. This use Microsoft Office 2016 due to easy to use button and interface with

optimize function for easier experience while writing the report.

Figure 3.14 Microsoft Office [33]

3.5 Circuit Diagram

For the circuit it will be done inside Proteus, while we can simulate the circuit for the

function, we can also get the circuit schematic for our circuit from Proteus. Below is

the circuit schematic taken from Proteus.

51 | P a g e
 Figure 3.15 Circuit Schematic for the propose Smart Energy Meter.

From the circuit schematic the use of voltage sensor able to enable the function of

current sensor wince in the circuit schematic it just needed to monitor the reading for

power (watt), voltage (volt), current (ampere) and resistance (ohm). From this circuit

we are able to monitor the following parameter through the virtual monitor which act

as the serial monitor like in Arduino IDE and LCD display as the on-site display.

Subtopic 3.6 will explain the obtain result from the simulation.

3.6 Circuit Simulation

For the simulation of the circuit, the result will be able to observe in Figure 3.16, Figure

3.17 and Figure 3.18. All of the simulation was tested with different numbers of load

which is the 12V DC motor.

52 | P a g e
 Figure 3.16 12V DC motor x1 for the circuit simulation from Proteus software

Figure 3.17 12V DC motor x3 for the circuit simulation from Proteus software

53 | P a g e
 Figure 3.18 12V DC motor x5 for the circuit simulation from Proteus software

From the above we could observe that with higher number of load the power also

increase from 117.37W with one 12V DC motor to 120.55W with 5 12V DC motor.

With increment around 1W for every addition of 12V DC motor. For the simulation the

use of DC motor as a load will be efficient due to rotation.

The virtual monitor needed two of the above due to GSM module SIM900, which is

available from Proteus library. The first or blank serial monitor was use to send message

or input the command to send message while the other will display the result of the

message which include the Voltage, Current and Resistance measurement.

From the measurement we could observe that the reading for the voltage not really

affected too much this is due to the arrangement of the loads in parallel. But the current

due have an increase from 27.21A with one 12V DC motor until 27.81A with five 12V

DC motor. This which in turn increase the power intake which is from the formula

P=IV.

54 | P a g e
The resistance remains constant due to the value of current and voltage does not vary

too much from the 12V DC motor which 0.16ohm. From this we could observe that to

increase more power, higher current consumption loads needed to be administered or

the load itself could be put in series connection to increase the voltage consumption,

but in series the current will be constant. In Chapter 4 will show the expected result in

tabulated and graph form for easier understanding and much more in-depth analysis.

3.7 Project Schedule

The schedule for the project will be displayed by the means of Gantt Chart by using

Microsoft Excel. For this project clear identification and flow the Gantt Chart will be

shown below. The chart clearly shows the time taken for each topic needed to be

accomplished and will be in in order from the first task until the final task which is

Presentation for Project 1 part 2.

55 | P a g e
 Table 3-1 Gantt Chart for Project 1 Schedule from Week 1 until Week 13

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week

No. Task/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Project Briefing

2 Meeting supervisor

3 Seeking title

4 Class Project

5 Researching journal

Chapter 1 -

6 Introduction

1.1 Problem

7 Statement

56 | P a g e
 1.2 Project

8 Background

1.3 Objective of

9 Project

1.4.1 Scope of

10 Project

1.4.2 Limitation of

11 Project

1.5 Significant of

12 Project

Project

Presentation (Part

13 1)

57 | P a g e
 Chapter 2 -

14 Literature Review

2.1 Brief

15 introduction

2.2 Types and

16 Implementation

17 2.3 Recent research

2.4 Monitoring

18 system

2.5 Controlling

19 methods

2.6 Payment

20 method

58 | P a g e
 2.7 Variable to be

21 controlled

2.8 New challenge

22 and perspective

23 2.9 Conclusion

Chapter 3 -

24 Methodology

3.1 Research

25 methodology

3.2 Development

26 methodology

3.3 Tools and

27 Hardware

59 | P a g e
 3.4 Software

28 Requirement

29 3.5 Circuit Diagram

3.6 Circuit

30 Simulation

3.7 Project

31 Presentation part 2

Table 3.1 – Gantt Chart for Project 1 scheduling from Week 1 until Week 13.

60 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FOUR: EXPECTED RESULT

From Chapter 3, specifically the subtopic 3.6 which is circuit simulation which give

us the result from comparing the different numbers of loads with effect to voltage,

current and power.

12V DC Motor Voltage,V Current,A Power,W Resistance,ohm

1 4.3 27.29 117.37 0.16
2 4.32 27.51 118.73 0.16
3 4.34 27.81 120.55 0.16
Table 4.1 Tabulated result based on the simulation from Proteus 8 software

From Table 4.1 we able to analyse the data further into 4 separate graph which 12V DC

motor become the change variable and the other parameter become the response. Figure

4.1 until Figure 4.4 will show the analyse data in bar graph which included the value

during the simulation.

DC motor vs Voltage

4.3 4.32 4.34

1 2 3

12V DC Motor Voltage,V

Figure 4.1 DC motor vs Voltage, V bar graph

61 | P a g e
 DC Motor vs Current

27.29 27.51 27.81

1 2 3

1 2 3

12V DC Motor Current,A

Figure 4.2 DC motor vs Current, A bar graph.

DC motor vs Power

1 1

1 2 3

12V DC Motor #REF!

Figure 4.3 DC Motor vs Power,W bar graph.

62 | P a g e
 DC motor vs Resistance

1
0.16 0.16 0.16

1 2 3

12V DC Motor Resistance,ohm

Figure 4.4 DC motor vs Resistance,ohm bar graph.

From the Figure 4.1 until Figure 4.4 it is save to conclude that with the passing of time

meaning in one day the number of loads as in the electrical appliance usage in daily life

will varies with early in the morning not many switch on or use but later during the day,

specifically during noon or early evening the usage of electrical appliance will reach

the maximum usage in one day that will also effect the power consumption. Which in

Figure 4.3 shows that with higher number of loads, or dc motor in this simulation the

power usage will be higher. Also, the voltage and current follow this same trends. Only

resistance show the same constant number at 0.16 ohm. Which may need to have higher

range from input voltage and current so they will be a variation for the resistance.

Therefore, we can conclude that with the passing of time the voltage, current and power

consumption will increase based on tabulated data.

63 | P a g e
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