Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
4.1 INTRODUCTION
There are many research models that have been used in research work, but the
appropriateness of a model for the specific place and population has to be determined. Working
with the models, the investigator found that the Chi-Square Test proved to be more effective in
establishing the significance of demographic variables. Shanthi Nachiappan and Shanti N.,
(2007), Naresh Singh and Ashish Mitra (2007) and Tawari, C.C. and Davies, O.A. (2009 ) have
used the Chi-Square Test to determine whether there is a significant difference between the
expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. This test will also
single out the non significant variables and establish the variables that require for further studies.
In addition, coefficient of contingency was added-in the analysis to define the strength of the
relationship among variables. Further statistical tests on the independent variables have been
carried out using ANOVA, Cross Tabulation Analysis and K-Mean Cluster Analysis.
Laura G et al (2005), Robert A. Opoku (2006) and Lloyd W Fernald Jr (2003) have used
the Cross Tabulation Analysis to evaluate their data leading to a remarkable results. On the other
hand, Lavvanya Latha K and B.E.V.V.N. Murthy (2009) have used the ANOVA to analyse its.
Thomas A. Brunner and Michael Siegrist (2011); Henri Hakala and Marko K (2011), Luis J.
Callarisa Fiol et al (2011) and Hart O Awa, et al (2011) have used the K-Mean Cluster Analysis
in arriving at their result. We found that the statistical tools used by the earlier researchers have
given excellent results. As such, we have decided to adopt similar statistical tools in our research
to examine the entrepreneurial activities within the PURA Scheme clusters in Thanjavur District.
4.2 VARIABLES
the independent variables which were the deciding factors for villagers to chose
“Skill Based Training” and “Entrepreneurship Development Programme” number of hours and
number of times (Frequency) attended are taken respectively. The variables were selected based
Sample size of nine hundred was planned for the research study but only six hundred
villagers responded to our request. Nevertheless, the sample from six clusters which comprises
of 600 respondents, aged between 18 and 65 who are either employed or unemployed, self -
employed or business owners who reside in the study area of Thanjavur District was selected.
Table 4-1 shows that employed (wage workers)1 and unemployed people are the dominant
1
Wage workers is not daily rated workers; their income depended on the availability of job as per day.
4.3.1 Breakdown of Sampling
Table 4-1
For the purpose of the study, the researcher has divided overall sample into two sub-samples.
countries and time. Self-employed and business owners can be considered as equivalent to
type of employment and others who are in the labour force but are not economically active. The
entrepreneurs’ group includes both individuals who declared themselves as self-employed and
those who declared that they own a private firm and employ others (i.e. Small Scale
Industries/Business Owners). The share of non-entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs taken for the
Table 4-2
Achampatti 23 32 55 9.16
Veeramarasanpatti 32 42 74 12.33
Rayamundanpatti 38 29 67 11.16
The Chi-Square Test was used in testing the selected variables to determine their
significance in this research. However to test the strength of the variables in relation, the
Coefficient of Contingency (COC) was used. In addition, F-Test and ANOVA were used in
examining the correlation of the tested independent variables to identify the factor that
encourages the villagers to be entrepreneurs. Cross Tabulation Technique has been used in
Table 4-3
Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Age
2
Age Group Category of Respondents Total χ value
(Years) Non- Entrepreneur
Entrepreneur
18 – 29 51 75 126(21)
30 – 39 130 77 207(34.5)
50 – 59 16 32 48(8)
60 - 65 4 22 26(4.3)
Total 316 284 600
Notes: Figures in parentheses represent percentages
Analysis of Table 4-3 revealed that the relationship between entrepreneurship and age of
respondents in the Clusters was high. This implied that there is significant relationship between
entrepreneurship and age of respondents. The calculated value of χ 2 (41.44) is more than the
table value of χ2 (9.488) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 4. The null hypothesis (H0) “Age and
Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village are independent”, was rejected while
the alternative hypothesis (H1) “Age and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme
Village are not independent” was accepted. Since chi-square usually indicates statistical
significance but does not express the magnitude of relationship, the coefficient of contingency
parameter had significant role on the respondents’ perception of the entrepreneurial activities.
The evidence from the illustrations of Table 4-3 shows that highest percentage (34.5%) of
respondents came from the average age group of 30 to 39 years. However, the strength of
relationship is rather weak but it has influenced Entrepreneurship Development in the PURA
Scheme Village. According to the findings of Storey (1994), an individual’s age is an important
factor influencing the decision to start-up a business and normally the business owners will fall
Table 4-4
Analysis of Table 4-4, revealed that the relationship between entrepreneurship and gender of
respondents in the Clusters was high. This implied that there is significant relationship between
entrepreneurship and the gender of respondents. The calculated value of χ 2 (9.481) is more than
the table value of χ2 (3.841) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 1. The null hypothesis (H0) “Gender and
while the alternative hypothesis (H1) “Gender and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA
Scheme Village are not independent” was accepted. The coefficient of calculated contingency
was C = 0.12. It was found that gender as a parameter had significant role in the respondents’
attitude towards entrepreneurial activities. This is evident from the illustrations of Table 4-4
where the highest percentage (54.6%) of respondents came from the Female Gender Group.
However, the strength of relationship is rather weak. Nevertheless gender does influence
entrepreneurship development. The findings coincide with the research work done by Sharmina
A.,(2010), Madhavi S., (2010), Shiralashetti A.s., (2010) that women were better gender in
Table 4-5
Widow 19 23 42(7)
Total 316 284 600
Notes: Figures in parentheses represent percentages
Table 4-5, revealed that the relationship between the entrepreneurship and marital status of
respondents in the Cluster was high. The calculated value of χ2 (7.791) is more than the table
value of χ2 (5.991) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 2. The null hypothesis (H0) “Marital Status and
Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village are independent”, thus, was rejected
PURA Scheme Village are not independent” was accepted. The coefficient of calculated
contingency was C = 0.11. It was found that Marital Status as a parameter had significant role on
the respondents’ attitude towards the entrepreneurial activities. This is evident from the
illustrations of Table 4-5 where the highest percentage (53.1%) of respondents came from the
married group. However, the strength of relationship is rather weak; nevertheless marital status
Table 4-6
education of respondents in the Cluster was high. The calculated value of χ2 (32.05) is more than
the table value of χ2 (9.488) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 4. The null hypothesis (H0) “Education and
Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village are independent” , thus, was rejected
while the alternative hypothesis (H1 ) “Education and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA
Scheme Village are not independent” was accepted. The coefficient of calculated contingency
was C = 0.27. It was found that Education status as a parameter had significant role on the
respondents’ attitude towards the entrepreneurial activities. This is evident from the illustrations
of Table 4-6 where the highest percentage 67.6 per cent of respondents came from the SSLC
group 28.5 per cent and UG/PG group percentage of 32.3 per cent. Even though, the strength of
Table 4-7
experience of respondents in the Cluster was low. The calculated value of χ2 (2.925) is less than
the table value of χ2 (3.841) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 1. The null hypothesis (H0) “Experiences
and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village are independent”, thus, is accepted
while the alternative hypothesis (H1 ) “Experiences and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA
Scheme Village are not independent” was rejected. The coefficient of calculated contingency
was C = 0.06. It was found that Experience status as a parameter had no significant role on the
respondents’ attitude towards the entrepreneurial activities. The strength of relationship is rather
weak but experience does influence entrepreneurship development. According to Truls Erikson
(2003) experience is not required for entrepreneurship as it is based on the individual attitude
towards business venture. Boyd and Vozikies (1994) mentioned that people with strong beliefs
about their capabilities will be more persistent in their efforts in entrepreneurial activities.
Likewise, villagers in PURA Villages have strong determination and have taken up
the Cluster was high. The calculated value of χ2 (127.7) is more than the table value of χ2
(7.815) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 3. The null hypothesis (H0) “Income and Entrepreneurship
Development in PURA Scheme Village are independent”, thus is rejected while the alternative
hypothesis (H1 ) “Income and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village are not
independent” was accepted. The coefficient of calculated contingency was C = 0.5. It was found
that Income as a parameter had significant role on the respondents’ in the entrepreneurial
activities. This is evident from the illustrations of Table 4-8 where the highest percentage (40%)
Table 4-9
Table 4-9, revealed that the relationship between the entrepreneurship and Skill Based Training
of respondents in the Cluster was high. The calculated value of χ2 (82.61) is more than the table
value of χ2 (3.841) at P ≤ 0.05 level, df = 1. The null hypothesis (H0) “Skill Based Training and
Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village are independent”, thus, was rejected
while the alternative hypothesis (H1 ) “Skill Based Training and Entrepreneurship Development
in PURA Scheme Village are not independent” was accepted. The coefficient of calculated
contingency was C = 0.35. It was found that Skill Based Training status as a parameter had
significant role on the respondents’ approach towards the entrepreneurial activities. This is
evident from the illustrations of Table 4-9 where the highest percentage (53%) of respondents
came from the group who have attended the training. Thus, skill based training does influence
entrepreneurship development. Majority of the young villagers have taken up skill-based training
Table 4-10
in the Cluster was high. The calculated value of χ2 (89.72) is more than the table value of χ2
was rejected while the alternative hypothesis (H1 ) “Entrepreneurship Development Programme
and Entrepreneurship Development in PURA Scheme Village is not independent” was accepted.
The coefficient of calculated contingency was C = 0.5. It was found that Entrepreneurship
Development Programme status as a parameter had significant role on the respondents’ advance
towards the entrepreneurial activities. This is evident from the illustrations of Table 4-10 where
the highest percentage (72.6%) of respondents came from the group that attended the
the clusters.
Table 4-11
Consolidation of Hypothesis Test results on the variables.
has the highest value of coefficient of contingency among all other independent variables. This
result revealed that INCOME has been the influencing factor for the villagers to become
entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, this has urged the researcher to investigate further on the
correlations of INCOME with other independent variables to know the significance of INCOME
against other independent variables namely experience, Skill Based Training and
INCOME and the stated Independent variables the ANOVA was adopted..(Ref. Table 4-12)
Using the SPSS, the multiple regression was calculated. It is shown in Table 4-12 this reveals
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (EDP) has the highest coefficient value of β=0.663 followed
by EXPERIENCE with the second highest coefficient value of β=0.181 and SKILL BASED
TRAINING (SBT) that has the least coefficient value β=0.161. As such the results show that the
b
Variables Entered/Removed
Variables
Model Variables Entered Removed Method
1 EDP, Experience,
. Enter
SBTa
Model Summary
ANOVAb
a
Coefficients
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant)
-653.363 131.593 -4.965 .000
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (K1) revealed that highest count of 223 out
of 600 (about 37.2 per cent) villagers agree that EDP has assisted them in business
management and 7.3 per cent of villagers were recorded as strongly agreeing that EDP
has improved their business. Among the clusters, Vallam was listed as having the
highest response on this independent variable. About 63.8 percent of the villagers in
effectiveness and 1 % of the villagers in Vallam indicated that they strongly agreed that
the results, Palayapatti villagers were better off than Vallam as 11.2 percent of villagers
have indicated that that they strongly agree to the EDP which has the impact in their
shown their disagreement but 77.1 per cent of the villagers shown agreement on EDP.
have indicated that they strongly agree that EDP had an impact in their business as
entrepreneurs. In relation to the findings, 22.9 per cent of villagers have shown their
disagreement but 77.1 per cent of the villagers have shown agreement on the effectiveness of
EDP.
Table 4-14
CLUSTERS K2- Skill Based Training (SBT) has improved my technical skills
Strongly Disagree No Agree Strongly
Disagree Opinion Agree
Total
Vallam Count 2 31 16 38 7 94
% within Cluster 2.1% 33.0% 17.0% 40.4% 7.4% 100 %
Achampatti Count 1 22 8 24 0 55
% within Cluster 1.8% 40.0% 3.6% 43.6% .0% 100%
Budhalur Count 5 67 34 71 8 185
% within Cluster 2.7% 36.2% 18.4% 38.4% 4.3% 100%
Veeramarasanpat Count 0 23 19 31 1 74
ti % within cluster .0% 31.1% 25.7% 41.9% 1.4% 100%
Rayamundanpatti Count 0 14 30 16 7 67
% within Cluster .0% 20.9% 44.8% 23.9% 10.4% 100%
Palayapatti Count 0 7 38 38 32 125
% within Cluster .0% 13.6% 30.4% 30.4% 25.6% 100%
Total Count 8 174 145 218 55 600
% within Cluster 1.3% 29.0% 24.2% 36.3% 9.2% 100%
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (K2) revealed that the highest count of 218 out of
600 (about 36.3 percent) of the villagers agree and 9.2 per cent of the villagers strongly agree
that skill based training has improved their technical skills. Among the clusters, 41.9 per cent of
villagers in Achampatti indicated that they agree that the Skill Based Training improved their
technical skills. 25.6 per cent of villagers in Palayapatti strongly agree that Skill Based Training
has improved their technical skills. At a glance, 70 per cent of the population have agreed that
Skill Based Training has enhanced their technical skills and also provided an opportunity to set-
up their entrepreneurial activities. With reference to the above, about 30.3 per cent of villagers
have shown their disagreement but 69.7 per cent of the villagers have shown their agreement that
the Skill Based Training has enhanced the villagers’ technical skills and also provided an
Table 4-15
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (K3) revealed that the highest count of 188 out of
600 (about 31.3 percent) villagers have no opinion with regard to rural marketing. Among the
clusters, 43.3 per cent of villagers in Rayamundanpatti indicated that they have no opinion with
regard to rural marketing. However, 38.2 per cent of villagers in Achampatti and 35.1 per cent of
villagers in Budhalur have indicated that they agree that rural marketing has assisted them in
managing their rural products. Likewise, 28.4 per cent of villagers in Veeramarasanpatti
indicated that they strongly agree that rural marketing has assisted them in managing their rural
products. As regards to the findings, 29.4 per cent of villagers have shown their disagreement but
70.6 per cent have indicated their agreement that Rural Marketing has assisted them in engaging
in rural business.
Table 4-16
CLUSTERS K4- Government Policy and Schemes has assisted in the business
Strongly Disagree No Agree Strongly
Disagree Opinion Agree
Total
Vallam Count 9 26 36 22 1 94
% within Cluster 9.6% 27.7% 38.3% 23.4% 1.1% 100 %
Achampatti Count 2 16 8 23 6 55
% within Cluster 3.6% 29.1% 14.5% 41.8% 10.9% 100%
Budhalur Count 10 49 72 41 13 185
% within Cluster 5.4% 26.5% 38.9% 22.2% 7.0% 100%
Veeramarasanpat Count 3 27 13 19 12 74
ti % within Cluster 4.1% 36.5% 17.6% 25.7% 16.2% 100%
Rayamundanpatti Count 3 18 20 21 5 67
% within Cluster 4.5% 26.9% 29.9% 31.3% 7.5% 100%
Palayapatti Count 5 32 22 59 7 125
% within Cluster 4.0% 25.6% 17.6% 47.2% 5.6% 100%
Total Count 32 168 171 185 44 600
% within Cluster 1.7% 27.7% 31.3% 29.8% 9.5% 100%
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (K4) revealed that highest count of 185 out of 600
(about 29.8 per cent) of villagers indicated they agree that Government Policies and Schemes
assisted in their business; about 9.5 per cent of the villagers strongly agree that the Government
Policies and Scheme has assisted them in their business. Among the clusters, Palayapatti was
listed as having the highest response on this independent variable. 47.2 percent of the villagers in
the Palayapatti have indicated that they agree to the Government Policies and Schemes that
assisted in their business, and 16.2 % of the villagers in Veeramarasanpatti indicated that they
strongly agree that Government Policies and Schemes have assist in their business. On the
whole, 29.4 per cent of villagers have shown their disagreement but 70.6 per cent of the villagers
250
223
218
100
Rural Marketting and
55 57
Management
44 44
50 37
32 Government Policies and
8 10
Scheme
0
Strongly Disagree No opinion Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
The response from the villagers on the effects of knowledge connectivity for all six
clusters was relatively high. Entrepreneurship Development Programme has scored the highest,
223 out of 600 villagers have agreed to the outcome of the Programme; 218 out of 600 villagers
have agreed on the Skill Based Training, 57 out of 600 villagers have strongly agreed on Rural
Marketing and Management. However, 188 out of 600 villagers have no opinion on Rural
Marketing and Management and 37 out of 600 villagers strongly disagreed on the impact of
Programmes, Skill Based Training, Rural Marketing and Management and Government Policies
and Schemes have enhanced their entrepreneurial activities. Thus, the result revealed that PURA
We wanted to know the decision of the entire sample of the villagers chosen for analysis.
We have divided the population into two groups so as to determine the popularity of the
knowledge connectivity based on the scores. Using the K-Mean Cluster Analysis, the number of
Table 4-18
No of Clusters No. of Cases Total
(Mean Value)
1 2 1 2
Entrepreneurship 3.42 2.59
Development
Programme
(EDP) has
improved my
business
Skill Based 3.63 2.35
Training (SBT)
has improved my
technical skill 412 188 600
Rural Market has 3.56 2.35
assisted in
managing the
product
Government 3.47 2.31
Policies and
schemes has
assisted in the
business
The result revealed that 412 out of 600 villagers were found with high mean value that was
consolidated from their scores and 188 villagers were with low mean value. This indicates that
68.7 per cent of the population agree to the contribution of knowledge connectivity to the
PURA Scheme Villages. The analysis returned K1- “Entrepreneurship Development Programme
has improved my business” with mean value of X = 3.42, K2-Skill Based Training has improved
my technical skill” with mean value of X = 3.63, K3 – “Rural Marketing has assisted in
managing the product” with mean value of X = 3.56 and K4 – “ Government Policy and Schemes
has assisted in the business” with mean value of X = 3.47. Among the scores, K2- “Skill Based
Training has improved my technical skill” has scored the highest mean value. This indicates that
villagers were interested in learning new skills that will be used in operating a business on their
own.
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E5) revealed that the highest count (185 out of 600,
about 37.7 per cent of villagers) agree that Cost Effectiveness for Agricultural Products has
assisted them in planning their products. About 6.5 per cent of villagers reflected that they
strongly agree that the Cost Effectiveness of Agricultural Products does help them in the product
pricing. Among the clusters, Achampatti returned as having the highest response on this
independent variable. About 45.5 per cent of the villagers in Achampatti agree on the Cost
Effectiveness of Agricultural Products, and 11.9 % of the villagers in Budhalur indicated that
they strongly agree on Cost Effectiveness of Agricultural Products. On the whole, 22.9 per cent
of villagers in total have shown their disagreement but 77.1 per cent of the villagers shown their
acceptance of Cost Effectiveness of Agricultural Product pricing as the most important factor for
marketing.
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E6) revealed that the highest count of 215 out of
600 (about 35.8 per cent) villagers agree that the demand and supply management supported
their business transaction and 6.8 per cent of the villagers strongly agree on the subject. Among
the clusters, Achampatti was listed as the one with the highest response on this independent
variable. About 54.4 per cent of the villagers in Achampatti have indicated that they agree that
the Demand & Supply Management helped them in the business transactions, and 9.2 % of the
villagers in Budhalur indicated that they strongly agree on the concept of Demand & Supply
Management. On the subject as a whole, 27.7 per cent of villagers have shown their
disagreement but 72.3 per cent of the villagers have accepted that Demand and Supply
Table 4-21
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E7) revealed that the highest count of 160 out of
600 ( about 35.8 per cent) villagers have agreed that management of harvest and storage of crop
assisted them in projecting the demand and supply, and 6.8 per cent of the villagers strongly
agree on the subject. Among the clusters, Vallam was listed as the one with the highest response
on this independent variable. About 48.9 per cent of the villagers in Vallam have indicated that
they agree on the importance of Harvest and Storage of crops, and 14.9 per cent of the villagers
in Vallam indicated that they strongly agree on the concept of Harvest and Storage of crop
management. On whole, 27.7 per cent of villagers in total have shown their disagreement and
72.3 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their agreement towards management of
Table 4-22
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E8) revealed that the highest count of 194 out of
600 (about 32.3 per cent) villagers have agreed that Manpower Utilisation promotes productivity
and 4.2 per cent of the villagers responded that they strongly agree on the role of Manpower
Utilisation. Among the clusters, Achampatti was listed as the one with the highest response on
this independent variable. About 43.6 per cent of the villagers in Achampatti have indicated that
they agree on the role of Manpower Utilisation, and 16.0 per cent of the villagers in Vallam
indicated that they strongly agree on Manpower Utilisation. On the whole, 35.2 per cent of
villagers in total have shown their disagreement and 64.8 per cent of the villagers in total have
Table 4-23
250
226
211 215
198 194
200
174 178 170 Cost Effectiveness for
160 162 160
Agricultural Products
150 133
Demand & Supply
Management
100
Harvest & Storage
66
Management
50 37 3941
25 Manpower Utilisation
461
0
Strongly Disagree No Opinion Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
Based on the response from the villagers it is found that the effects of Economic connectivity for
all six clusters were relatively high. As for the highest score , 226 out of 600 villagers have
agreed that the Cost effectiveness has helped them in managing the product pricing, 66 out of
600 villagers have indicated that they strongly agreed on the role of Cost Effectiveness for
Agricultural Products. However, 198 out of 600 villagers have no opinion on Cost Effectiveness
and 37 out of 600 strongly disagree on the role of Manpower Utilisation. Nevertheless, most of
them have indicated that they know the role of Cost Effectiveness for Agricultural Products,
Demand and supply Management, Harvest & Storage Management and Manpower Utilisation.
At a glance, the bar chart reveals the response of the villagers towards Economic Connectivity.
Response towards economics connectivity was relatively high except for the Harvest and
Storage.
The entire sample was divided into two groups based on the mean value score from the
response to determine the popularity of the Economic connectivity. Using the K-Mean Cluster
Table 4-24
No of Clusters (Mean No. of Cases Total
Value)
1 2 1 2
Cost effective 3.15 3.44
for
agricultural
product
assisted
product
pricing
Demand & 2.78 3.79
supply
management
assisted in
347 253 600
business
transactions
Harvest and 2.44 4.09
storage
assisted in
crops
management
Manpower 2.71 3.38
Utilisation
assisted in
productivity
The result revealed that 253 out of 600 villagers were found with high mean value that
was consolidated from their scores and 347 villagers were with low mean value. This indicates
that 42.2 per cent of the population agreed on Economic connectivity’s contribution to the
PURA Scheme Villages. K5- “Cost Effectiveness for Agriculture Product assisted in product
pricing” had a mean value of X = 3.15 with K6- “Demand and Supply Management assisted in
business transaction” with mean value of X = 3.79, K7 – “Harvest and Storage assisted in crops
productivity” with mean value of X = 3.38. Among the scores, K7- “Harvest and Storage
assisted in crops management” has scored the highest mean value. This indicates that villagers
were interested in learning the techniques that will be used in harvesting and storage of their
products.
(about 44.7 per cent) was recorded as villagers having no opinion on the Wi-Max services.
Among the clusters, Veeramarasanpatti with 37.8 per cent of the villagers agreed that Wi-Max
has assisted them in training on farming. About 5.5 per cent of the villagers in Achampatti
strongly agree that Wi-Max has assisted them in training. On the whole, 26.6 per cent of villagers
in total have shown their disagreement and 73.4 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their
Table 4-26
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E10) revealed that highest count 268 out of 600
(about 44.7 per cent) was recorded as villagers having no opinion on the usage of computer and
102 out of 600 (17.0 per cent) registered as villagers agreeing that they the use of computer.
Among the clusters, Budhalur was listed as one with the highest response on this independent
variable. About 42.7 per cent of the villagers in Budhalur have indicated that they have no
opinion on the usage of computer, and 20.0 per cent of the villagers in Budhalur indicated that
they agree that they know how to use a computer. On the whole, 36.3 per cent of villagers in
total have shown their disagreement and 63.7 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their
Table 4-27
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E11) revealed that highest count of 230 out of 600
(about 38.3 per cent villagers) were recorded as having no opinion on the telephone services and
217 out of 600 (36.2 per cent of the villagers) agree that they know of Telephone services.
Among the clusters, Rayamundanpatti was listed as having the highest percentage of response on
this independent variable. About 49.3 per cent of the villagers in the Rayamundanpatti and 45.6
per cent of the villagers in Palayapatti have indicated that they have no opinion on Telephone
Services. On the whole, 22.7 per cent of villagers in total have shown their disagreement and
77.3 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their agreement that telephone services have
helped them in communicating to their counterparts during emergency and keeping in touch with
Table 4-28
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (E12) revealed that highest count of 228 out of 600
(about 38.0 per cent) was recorded as villagers disagreeing on the awareness of Internet services
and 226 out of 600 (37.7 per cent) villagers having no opinion on Internet services. Among the
clusters, Veeramarasanpatti was listed as the one with highest percentage of response on this
independent variable. About 58.1 per cent of the villagers in the Veeramarasanpatti have
indicated that they have no opinion on Internet Services, and 46.3 per cent of the villagers in
Rayamundanpatti indicated that they disagree on the awareness of Internet Services. However,
36.2 per cent of villagers in Vallam and 29.7 per cent of villagers in Budhalur have indicated that
they agree on the awareness of the internet services. On the whole, 40.0 per cent of villagers in
total have shown their disagreement and 60.0 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their
Table 4-29
300
268
268
50 35
11 4 12 17
8 12 10
0
Strongly Disagree No opinion Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
Based on the response from the villagers it is observed that the effects of Electronic connectivity
on all six clusters were relatively high. As for the highest score, 217 out 600 villages agreed that
telephone service assisted in their business contacts and 17 out of 600 villagers strongly agree
that the telephone services have assisted in their business contact. However, 268 out of 600
villagers have indicated that they have no opinion on usage of computer and 35 out of 600
villagers strongly disagreed on the role of Wi-Max Services. Despite the mixed feeling of the
villagers, most of them have indicated that they are aware of Wi-Max Services, Usage of
Computer, Telephone Services and Internet Services which shows that the Electronic
The entire sampling of the villagers was divided into two groups to determine the popularity of
Electronic Connectivity. Using the K-Mean Cluster Analysis the mean value of each group was
determined.
Table 4-30
No of Clusters (Mean No. of Cases Total
Value)
1 2 1 2
W-Max service 3.35 3.04
assisted in
Training
Usage of 3.36 2.35
Computer
assisted in
Business
Telephone 3.52 2.53
280 320 600
services
assisted in
communication
Internet 3.16 2.54
Service
assisted in
Sharing the
Knowledge
The result revealed that 280 out of 600 villagers were found with high mean value that was
consolidated from their scores and 320 villagers were with low mean value. This indicates that
46.7 per cent of the sampled population agree to the contribution of Electronic Connectivity to
the PURA Scheme Villages. K9- “Wi-Max Service have assisted in the training” has a mean
value of X = 3.35; K10- “Usage of computer assisted in business” mean value of X = 3.36; K11
– “Telephone Services assisted in communication” mean value of X = 3.52 and K12 – “ Internet
Services assisted in sharing the knowledge” mean value of X = 3.16. Among the scores, K11-
“Telephone Services assisted in communication” has scored the highest mean value. This
indicates that villagers were interested in using the electronic connectivity which gives them
access to fast communication channel and also helps in keeping in contact with their clients.
Table 4-31
CLUSTERS P13-Improvement in road condition
Strongly Disagree No Agree Strongly
Disagree Opinion Agree
Total
Vallam Count 1 14 33 12 34 94
% within Cluster 1.1% 14.9% 35.1% 12.8% 36.2% 100 %
Achampatti Count 0 6 21 6 22 55
% within Cluster .0% 10.9% 38.2% 10.9% 40.0% 100%
Budhalur Count 2 14 35 127 7 185
% within Cluster 1.1% 7.6% 18.9% 68.6% 3.8% 100%
Veeramarasanpat Count 1 10 9 47 7 74
ti % within Cluster 1.4% 13.5% 12.2% 63.5% 9.5% 100%
Rayamundanpatti Count 3 6 15 8 35 67
% within Cluster 4.5% 9.0% 22.4% 11.9% 52.2% 100%
Palayapatti Count 5 12 23 14 71 125
% within Cluster 4.0% 9.6% 18.4% 11.2% 56.8% 100%
Total Count 12 62 136 214 176 600
% within Cluster 2.0% 10.3% 22.7% 35.7% 29.3% 100%
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (P13) revealed that highest count 214 out of 600
(about 35.7 per cent) was recorded as agreeing that the road condition assists them in
transportation and 176 out of 600 (29.3 per cent registered) as strongly agreeing to the role of the
road condition. Among the clusters, Budhalur with 68.6 per cent and Veeramarasanpatti with
63.5 per cent were listed as the ones having the highest percentage respectively for this
independent variable. Similarly, the villagers in Rayamundanpatti (52.2 per cent) and Palayapatti
(56.8 per cent) strongly agree that the road condition has assisted villagers to travel. On the
whole, 12.3 per cent of villagers in total have shown their disagreement and 87.7 per cent of the
Table 4-32
CLUSTERS P14-Sanitary build-in prevent disease
Strongly Disagree No Agree Strongly
Disagree Opinion Agree
Total
Vallam Count 3 5 38 42 6 94
% within Cluster 3.2% 5.3% 40.4% 44.7% 6.4% 100 %
Achampatti Count 2 1 13 33 6 55
% within Cluster 3.6% 1.8% 23.6% 60.0% 10.9% 100%
Budhalur Count 5 13 55 78 34 185
% within Cluster 2.7% 7.0% 29.7% 42.2% 18.4% 100%
Veeramarasanpat Count 0 3 1 12 58 74
ti % within Cluster .0% 4.1% 1.4% 16.2% 78.4% 100%
Rayamundanpatti Count 6 3 23 32 3 67
% within Cluster 9.0% 4.5% 34.3% 47.8% 4.5% 100%
Palayapatti Count 10 5 38 64 8 125
% within Cluster 8.0% 4.0% 30.4% 51.2% 6.4% 100%
Total Count 26 30 168 261 115 600
% within Cluster 4.3% 5.0% 28.0% 43.5% 19.2% 100%
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (P14) revealed that highest count 261 out of 600
(about 43.5 per cent )was recorded as agreeing on sanitary services and 115 out of 600 (19.2 per
cent ) are registered as villagers strongly agreeing on sanitary services. Among the clusters,
Achampatti with 60.0 per cent and Palayapatti 51.2 per cent were listed as having the highest
with 78.4 per cent strongly agree to the role of sanitary facilities in preventing disease. The result
revealed that PURA Scheme has improved the condition of the sanitary service which in turn
prevents the outbreak of diseases. On the whole, 9.3 per cent of villagers in total have shown
their disagreement and 90.7 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their agreement towards
Table 4-33
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (P15) revealed that highest count of 154 out of 600
(about 25.7 per cent ) was recorded as villagers agreeing on improvement of water supply and
138 out of 600, 23.0 per cent registered as villagers strongly agreeing on improvement of water
supply. Among the clusters, Veeramarasanpatti with 55.4 per cent was listed as the one with the
highest percentage for this independent variable with respect to the improvement of water
supply. However, villagers in Rayamundanpatti with 55.2 per cent agree on the improvement of
water supply. The result revealed that PURA Scheme has improved the water supply to the
villages. Concerning disagreement, 29.8 per cent of villagers in total have shown their
disagreement whereas 70.2 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their agreement towards
Table 4-34
The analysis of cross tabulation on variable (P16) revealed that highest count of 298 out of 600
(about 33.0 per cent) was recorded as having no opinion on improvement of electrical supply to
their villages and 193 out of 600 (32.2 per cent) registered agreeing on the improvement of
electrical supply. Among the clusters, Veeramarasanpatti with 45.9 per cent was listed as having
the highest percentage on this independent variable. However, villagers in Achampatti with 12.7
per cent strongly agree to the improvement of electrical supply. The result revealed that the
PURA Scheme has improved the electrical supply by coordinating with necessary local bodies.
In relation to disagreement, 28.5 per cent of villagers in total have shown their disagreement and
71.5 per cent of the villagers in total have shown their agreement towards improvement of
electrical supply.
Table 4-35
300
261
250
214
198 193
200 176
168 Road Condition
151 154
150 136 129 138
120 115 Sanitation
Based on the response from the villagers it is observed that the effects of Physical connectivity
on all six clusters were relatively high. Most of them have indicated that they agree on the
improvement of road condition and sanitary, water and electrical facilities. We could see the
highest among all responses was shown related to the sanitation in the villagers. This has
upgraded the hygiene factor in the village that is most welcome. Next on the list was the road
The entire sample of the villagers was divided into two groups to determine the popularity of
Physical Connectivity. Using the K-Mean Cluster Analysis the mean value of each group was
determined.
Table 4-36
No of Clusters (Mean No. of Cases Total
Value)
1 2 1 2
Improvement 3.82 3.78
in road
condition
Improvement 3.58 3.78
in sanitary
Improvement 2.32 4.47 308 292 600
in Water
Supply
Improvement 3.14 3.12
in Electrical
Supply
The result revealed that 292 out of 600 villagers were found with high mean value that was
consolidated from their scores and 308 villagers were with low mean value. This indicates that
48.7 per cent of the sampled population agree to the contribution Physical Connectivity to the
PURA Scheme Villages. P13- “Improvement in road condition” has a mean value X = 3.78;
P14- “Sanitary building prevent diseases” mean value X = 3.78; P14 – “Improvement in Water
Supply” mean value = X 4.47; and P15 – “Improvement in Water Supply” mean value= X =
3.16. Among the scores, P14- “Improvement in Electrical Supply” has scored the highest mean
value of X =4.47. This indicates that villagers were well taken care of through the Physical
Table 4-37
Comparison on Response of Villagers in the Cluster
Looking at the overall response from the villagers, the results reveal the strength of the
PURA Scheme in developing the villages into modernised villages that have the essentials of
urban dwelling. The villagers responded that they strongly agree on Knowledge Connectivity
(8%), Economic Connectivity (7%), Electrical Connectivity (2%) and Physical Connectivity
(20%) which has highest score for this response. On an average, 9.25 per cent of the villagers
strongly agree to the innovativeness of the PURA Scheme which has transformed their land to be
active in entrepreneurial activities. The villagers agreed on the role of Knowledge Connectivity
(33%), Economic Connectivity (33%), Electrical Connectivity (26%) and Physical Connectivity
(34%) which was highest score for this response. On the average, 31.5 per cent of the villagers
were agreeing that the improvement has been made to their villages through these connectivities
Economic Connectivity (30%), Electrical Connectivity (42%) and Physical Connectivity (26%).
The highest score was registered as 42 per cent for Electrical Connectivity as the villagers were
not sure of the supply rendered by Electrical Board of Thanjavur District. This also reflects on
the villagers’ complacency towards the improvement provided by the supporting institutions.
and Physical Connectivity (15%, 5%) respectively. On an average, 28.25 per cent of the
4.5 SUMMARY
The data analysis on the collected data through questionnaires has been carried out by
using the Chi-Square Test, F-Test, Multiple Regression Analysis, Cross Tabulation Analysis and
K-Mean Cluster Analysis. The result shows strong evidence of achievement of PURA Scheme
during the past seven years. Income has become eminent source for villagers to become
entrepreneurs and a deciding factor for the villagers to start a business of their own. It has strong
relationship with experience of the villagers, entrepreneurship development programme and Skill
Based Training. The independent variable ‘experience’ was not found to be significnt during the
Chi-Square Test. This shows that experience was not a factor for becoming entrepreneurs as the
villagers’ experience can be nurtured from the family background, or family business
environment. Since starting a small venture does not need much capital, many have begun with
small business within their village which has given them adequate experience.
Entrepreneurship Development programmes organized by the supporting institutions was
an added value for the villagers to gain the appropriate business skills and also in sustaining their
business in this fast competitive world. Likewise, Skill Based Training has transformed many
youth in the village to become business owners by starting a small scale industry in their village.
This has been popular among younger entrepreneurs, examples are mobile repair shop, two-
wheeler repair shop, welding workshop, carpentry workshop, electrical repair shops etc. Women
in the villages have also learnt technical skills on repairing cooking utensils, sewing machines,
and woodworks. Many women have taken up sewing which can be operated within their home.
In conclusion, the result has shown that PURA Scheme has effectively contributed to villages’