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CHAPTER I

EFFICACY OF VARIOUS PROPORTIONS OF FERMENTED BUNGARNGAR


(Choromolaena odorata) AND KAKAWATE (Gliricidia sepium) AS BOTANICAL
INSECTICIDES TO THE CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) ON THE GROWTH
OF PECHAY (Brassica chinensis)

Backround of the study

Introduction

Indiscriminate use of chemical makes the environment vulnerable to its hazardous effect.

The commonly synthetic I nsecticides used are toxic to other species and could kill non-target

species of living organism. Improper uses of chemical insecticides can cause human health

problem (Rodriguez, 2006).

For over three decades, Philippine agriculture sector has depended and relied on

inorganic fertilizers and pesticides for food production. Because of the lack of an effective and

locally available fertilizer and pesticides technologies, the Philippines resorted to the

imporyation of 85% of the total inorganic fertilizers and more than 90% of pesticide

requestment. Large amount of foreignexchange spent on importation have contributed to the

stagnant and limited growth of our economy. It is in this regard that bio-fertilizer and bio-

pesticides research in the country was undertaken in the late 70’s to come up with more cost-

efficient and local alternative to imported fertilizers and pesticides (Javier & Brown, 2015).

According to Fagoonee (1999), Dreye (1997), and Isman (2000), numerous plant extract

or plant-derived compounds can potentially be incorporated into an alternative and novel strategy

to control pest. Plant chemicals are selective and biodegradable, which suggest environmental

acceptability and compatibility in integrated pest management (IPM) programs as well as being

effective in resistance management. Integrated pest management (IPM) is now widely practiced
by the farmers in order to keep the balance ecosystem and reduce the use of chemicals especially

to those high value crops like rice plant resources, which are free to the farmer and, therefore,

suitable for low- input integrated pest management system extract ,essential oils from plant and

theirconstituent have been shown to be a potential source of botanical pesticides.The botanical

pesticide have several ecological advantages related to their inherent nature.These compounds

strategically represent the actual concern in regard to biodiversity and absence toxic of residues

(croteau, kutchan, & lewis, 2000).

According to Dumaluan, (2010) in the Philippines, pechay (Brassica Chinensis) is one of

the best source of food for the people. It is an erect annual herb about 15-30 cm tall invegetative

stage with ovate leave arrangened spirally and spreding can grown from low to midelivation

throughout the year in many parts of the world.

There are several factors affecting the growth and development of growing pechay plant.

Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) is a serious pest of cruciferous plants such as cabbage, petchay,

cauliflower, broccoli and brussels sprouts. The adult cabbage looper is a gray, mottled moth with

a characteristics white or silver “Y” mark on each looper forewing. All cruciferous plants at all

stages of growth are attacked by cabbage loopers, which are capable of completely defoliating

plants. Larvae feed on the underside of developing leaves (missouribotanicalgarden.org, 2009).

Thus, the researcher are promted to conduct this study to find out the effectiveness

various proportions of fermented bungarngar and kakawate extract insecticide in the control of

cabbage looper in pechay.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


This study will be conducted to determine the efficacy of various proportions of

fermented bungarngar and kakawate extract (FBKE) will be used as botanical insecticide of the

control cabbage looper in pechay. Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:

1. What is the effect of various proportions of fermented bungarngar and kakawate

extract insecticide in the control of cabbage looper in terms of :


a. Total number of damage leaf;
b. Total number of repelled cabbage looper; and
c. Mortality of cabbage looper?
2. Is there a significant difference on various proportions FBKE insecticide in the

control of cabbage looper?


3. Which of the treatment levels will show the best results in controlling the cabbage

looper?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of FBKE to control cabbage

looper in pechay. This has the following specific objectives:

1. To determine the effect various proportions FBKE insecticide in the control of

cabbage looper in terms of:


a. Total number of danaged leaf;
b. Total number of repelled cabbage looper; and
c. Mortality of cabbage looper .

2. To test the significant differences on various proportions of FBKE insecticide in the

control of cabbage looper.

3.To determine the best treatment levels in controlling the cabbage looper.
HYPOTHESIS

Various proportions of FBKE insecticide have no significant effect in controlling cabbage

looper.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study provides the importance of FBKE botanical insecticide used to control insect

pest in pechay. Specifically, this study would give insights on the potential uses on bungarngar

and kakawate insecticide to the following:

The farmers especially the pehay growers. For being exposed from chemical insecticides,

it may affect their health and destroy other beneficiqal organisms need ed in the ecosystem. It

may lessen also their expenses and they produce their own formulation.

The consumers. Pechay apllied with botanical is much safe to eat than those applied with

chremicals. Their health and safety should be considered.

The student researchers. This study may help them to enrich their work as they conduct

research study. This may serve as their guide and provide them information and findings about

the uses and benefits insecticides considering the natural environment.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study is limited only on the effectiveness of FBKE insecticide in the control of

cabbage looper . It covers three parameters such as total number of damage leaf, total number of

repelled cabbage looper, and mortality of cabbage looper. The variation in proportions of extract

and waterin water levels will be the indication of increasing toxicity to he cabbage looper.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of this study is illustrated in the paradigm depicted in Fig. 1.

It shows the procedure that will be guided the researcher in conduct this study.

The first box contains the independent variables which is the FBKE with control and

various treatments that will be applied directly to the second box, the experimental plant or the

pechay wherein pests are priority for the application. The total number of damage leaf, total

number of repelled cabbage looper, and mortality of cabbage looper are important parameters to

be determined in this study.

Various Proportion of FBKE Parameters;


1.total number of damage leaf
BK0= Control
2.total number of repelled
BK1= 100 mL FBKE/1L water cabbage looper

BK2= 150 mL FBKE/1L water 3.mortality of cabbage looper

BK3= 200 mL FBKE/1L water

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to make readers fully understand this study, the following words are

operationally defined:

Fermented bungarngar and kakawate extract. It is a kind of botanical insecticide extracted

from bungarngar and kakawate through natural fermentation. In this study, bungarngar and

kakawate extract was used to control the insect pests in pechay.


Number of cabbage looper repelled. This refer to the populations of major cabbage looper

of pechay being affected or repelled by the application of various amounts of fermented

bungarngar and kakawate extract insecticide. This was measured in terms of manual counting.

Number of damaged leaf. This refers to the portion of leaf eaten or pierced by the larva. This was

measured to determine the degree of damage on the leaves by getting the area of size of leaves

that have eaten or pierced by insect larva through estimation.

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