A.

EXPERIMENT TITLE : Chemical Equilibrium

B. EXPERIMENT DATE
STARTED – FINISHED : February 19th 2019 at 13.00-15.30 pm
C. EXPERIMENT PURPOSE : To identify equilibrium of ions in the solution
D. BASIC THEORY :
a. The Concept of Equilibrium
Few chemical reactions proceed in only one direction. Most are, at
least to some extent, reversible. At the start of a reversible process, the
reaction proceeds toward the formation of products. As soon as some
product molecules are formed, the reverse process—that is, the formation
of reactant molecules from product molecules—begins to take place. When
the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the
concentrations of the reactants and products no longer change with time,
chemical equilibrium is reached. Chemists are particularly interested in
chemical equilibrium processes, such as the reversible reaction involving
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The progress of
the reaction :
N 2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
Can be monitored easily because N2O4 is a colorless gas, whereas
NO2 has a darkbrown color that makes it sometimes visible in polluted air.
Suppose that a known amount of N2O4 is injected into an evacuated flask.
Some brown color appears immediately, indicating the formation of NO2
molecules. The color intensies es as the dissociation of N2O4 continues
until eventually equilibrium is reached. Beyond that point, no further
change in color is observed. By experiment we find that we can also reach
the equilibrium state by starting with pure NO2 or with a mixture of NO2
and N2O4. In each case, we observe an initial change in color, caused either
by the formation of NO2 (if the color intensifies) or by the depletion of NO2
(if the color fades), and then the final state in which the color of NO2 no
longer changes. Depending on the temperature of the reacting system and
on the initial amounts of NO2 and N2O4, the concentrations of NO2 and
N2O4 at equilibrium differ from system to system
b. The Equilibrium Constant

This picture shows some experimental data for this reaction at 25°C.
The gas concentrations are expressed in molarity, which can be
 calculated from the number of moles of gases present initially and at
equilibrium and the volume of the flask in liters. Note that the
equilibrium concentrations of NO2 and N2O4 vary, depending on the
starting concentrations. We can look for relationships between [NO2]
and [N2O4] present at equilibrium by comparing the ratios of their
concentrations. The simplest ratio, that is, [NO2]/[N2O4], gives
scattered values. But if we examine other possible mathematical
relationships, we i nd that the ratio [NO2]2/[N2O4] at equilibrium gives
a nearly constant value that averages 4.63 X 10−3, regardless of the
initial concentrations present:
[𝑁𝑂2 ]2
𝐾= = 4.63 𝑋 10−3
[𝑁2 𝑂2 ]
Note that the exponent 2 in [NO2]2 is the same as the stoichiometric
coefi cient for NO2 in the reversible equation. It turns out that for every
reversible reaction, there is a specific mathematical ratio between the
equilibrium concentrations of products and reactants that yields a
constant value. We can generalize this discussion by considering the
following reversible reaction:
aA + bB ⇌ cC + d D
in which a, b, c, and d are the stoichiometric coeficients for the
reacting species A, B, C, and D. The equilibrium constant for the
reaction at a particular temperature is
[𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑
K = [𝐴]𝑎[𝐵] 𝑏
Equation is the mathematical form of the law of mass action. It relates
the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium in terms of a
quantity called the equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant is
defined by a quotient. The numerator is obtained by multiplying together
the equilibrium concentrations of the products, each raised to a power
equal to its stoichiometric coeficient in the balanced equation. The same
procedure is applied to the equilibrium concentrations of reactants to
obtain the denominator. This formulation is based on purely empirical
evidence, such as the study of reactions like NO2–N2O4.
c. Ways of Expressing Equilibrium Constants
i. Equilibrium Characteristic
 The rates of forward and reserve reactions are equal the reaction
must take place in a closed system—no reactant or product can
enter or leave the system.
 Second, the temperature must remain constant.
 Third, all reactants and products are present, and they are in
constant dynamic motion. This means that equilibrium is dynamic,
not static.
  The concentrations of reactant and product form concentration
continue to accure
ii. Homogeneous Equilibria
A chemical equilibrium process in which all reactants and
products are in the same phase is homogenous.The term
homogeneous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all
reacting species are in the same phase.
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
we can write :
[NO2 ]2
KC =
[N2 O4 ]
Note that the subscript in Kc denotes that the concentrations of
the reacting species are expressed in moles per liter. The
concentrations of reactants and products in gaseous reactions can
also be expressed in terms of their partial pressures. From
Equation we see that at constant temperature the pressure P of a
gas is directly related to the concentration in moles per liter of the
gas; that is, P = (n/V)RT. Thus, for the equilibrium process we
can write :
2
𝑃𝑁𝑂 2
𝐾𝑃 =
𝑃𝑁2 𝑂4
in which PNO2 and PN2O4 are the equilibrium partial pressures
(in atmospheres) of NO2 and N2O4, respectively. The subscript
in KP tells us that equilibrium concentrations are expressed in
terms of pressure.
iii. Heterogeneous Equilibria
A reversible reaction involving reactants and products that are in
different phases leads to a heterogeneous equilibrium. For
example, when calcium carbonate is heated in a closed vessel, this
equilibrium is attained:
CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
The two solids and one gas constitute three separate phases. At
equilibrium, we might write the equilibrium constant as:
[𝐶𝑎𝑂][𝐶𝑂2 ]
𝐾𝐶′ =
[𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ]
d. Predicting the Direction of a Reaction
To determine the direction in which the net reaction will proceed to
achieve equilibrium, we compare the values of Qc and Kc. The three
possible cases are as follows:
 Qc < Kc The ratio of initial concentrations of products to
reactants is too small. To reach equilibrium, reactants must be
 converted to products. The system proceeds from left to right
(consuming reactants, forming products) to reach equilibrium.
 Qc = Kc The initial concentrations are equilibrium
concentrations. The system is at equilibrium.
 Qc > Kc The ratio of initial concentrations of products to
reactants is too large. To reach equilibrium, products must be
converted to reactants. The system proceeds from right to left
(consuming products, forming reactants) to reach equilibrium.
e. Factors that Affect Chemical Equilibrium
i. Le Châtelier’s Principle
There is a general rule that helps us to predict the direction in
which an equilibrium reaction will move when a change in
concentration, pressure, volume, or temperature occurs. The rule,
known as Le Châtelier’s principle (after the French chemist Henri Le
Châtelier), states that if an external stress is applied to a system at
equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially
offset as it tries to reestablish equilibrium. The word “stress” here
means a change in concentration, pressure, volume, or temperature
that removes a system from the equilibrium state. We will use Le
Châtelier’s principle to assess the effects of such changes.
ii. Changes in Concentration
All reactants and products are present in the raecting system
at equilibrium. Increasing the concentrations of the products shifts
the equilibrium to the left and decreasing the concentration of the
product shift the equilibrium to the right.
iii. Changes in Pressure and Volume
And increase in pressure ( decrease in volume ) favors the net
reaction that decrease the total number of moles of gases, and a
decrease in pressure ( increase in volume ) favors the net reaction that
increases the total number of moles of gases.
iv. Changes in Temperature
A temperature increase favors the endhothermic direction of
the reaction, vice versa or a temperature increase favors and
endhothermic reaction, and a temperature decrease favors an
exothermic reaction.

E. EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS

A. EQUIPMENTS
1. Beaker glass 100 mL 1 piece
2. Test tube 6 pieces
3. Rack 1 piece
4. Pipette 10 pieces
5. Measurement glass 10 mL 1 piece
 6. Spiritus burner 1 piece
B. MATERIALS
1. FeCl3 0,1 M 2 drops, 3 drops
2. FeSO4 0,1 M 10 drops
3. K2Cr2O7 0,1 M 1 mL, 1 ml
4. NH4OH 0,5 M 2 ml
5. HCl 0,5 M as much as NaOH 0,5 M, 14 drops
6. NaH2PO4 one small spoon
7. KSCN 0,002 M 5 ml
8. KSCN 1M 3 drops
9. NaOH 0,5 M Until has a change, 1 ml, 1ml
10. NaNO3 0,1 M 10 drops
11. Pb(NO3)2 0,5 M 2 ml
12. NH4Cl 0,5 M 1 ml
13. H2SO4 1 M 1 drop
14. H2SO4 concentrated 20 drops
15. MgCl2 0,2 M 1 ml, 1 ml
16. Ethanol 1 drop

F. LINES WORK
1) EXPERIMENT 1 : Iron (III) Sianate (Rodanide) Equilibrium

5 mL KSCN 0,002 M

Added into the Beaker glass

Added 2 drops of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 0,1 M
Mixed it until done
Distributed

Test Tube 1 Test Tube 2 Test Tube 3 Test Tube 4

Save as standart Added 3 drops Added 3 drops Added one small

comparison of KSCN 1M of FeCl3 0,1 M spoon of NaH2PO4

Orange Red Blood Orange (+) Colorless

Observed, compared the color and the write down the color

The reaction :
1. 3KSCN (aq) + FeCl3 (aq) ⇌ 3KCl (aq) + Fe(SCN)3 (aq)
2. Fe3+ (aq) + 3SCN- (aq) ⇌ [Fe(SCN)3]2+
 3. Fe(SCN)3 (aq) + 3KCl (aq) + H2PO4 (aq) ⇌ 3KSCN (aq) + NaCl (aq) +
FePO4 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)

2) EXPERIMENT 2 : Potassium Dicromat Equilibrium

Test Tube 1 Test Tube 2

1 mL of K2Cr2O7 0,1 M 1 mL of K2Cr2O7 0,1 M
Save as comparison Added NaOH 0,5 M drop by drop

Orange until it has a change ( 14 drops)

Yellow
Added HCL 0,5 M as much as
drops of NaOH (14 drops)

Orange

Observed, and the write down all observation

The reaction :
1. K2Cr2O7 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) ⇌ 2Na2Cr2O4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq)
2. Na2Cr2O4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) +2HCl (aq) ⇌ K2Cr2O7 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) +
2H2O (l)

3) EXPERIMENT 3 : Magnesium Hydroxide Equilibrium

1 mL of MgCl2 1 M 1 mL of MgCl2 1 M
Putted into the test tube 1 Putted into the test tube 2
Added 1 ml of NaOH 0,5 M Added 1 ml of NaOH 0,5 M

Precipitate ⟶Turbid (white) Precipitate ⟶Turbid (white)

Added 1 ml of NH4Cl 0,5 M

Turbid (white) was dissolved

Comparison ⟶ colorless
of color

The reaction :
1. MgCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) ⇌ Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
2. Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2NH4Cl (aq) + ⇌ MgCl2 (aq) + 2NH4OH (aq)
4) EXPERIMENT 4 : Brown Ring Equilibrium
10 drops of NaNO3
Putted into the test tube
Added 20 drops of H2SO4 concentrate by wall of test tube

Colorless
Added 10 drops of FeSO4 0,1 M by wall of test tube

Brown Ring

The reaction :
1. 2NaNO3(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) + FeSO4(aq) ⇌ [ Fe(NO)3]2-+ + 2SO42- + Na+
+ H2O(l)
2. Fe2+(aq) + NO(g) ⇌ [Fe(NO)]2+

5) EXPERIMENT 5 :
2 mL of Pb(NO3)3 0,5 M

Putted into test tube

Added some drops of H2SO4 1M until has a change (1 drop)
Turbid (white)

Added some drops of ethanol until has a change (1 drop )

Precipitate formed (white)

Heated until dissolve

Let the solution cooled
Precipitate formed (white)

The reaction :
1. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + H2SO4(aq) ⇌ PbSO4(s) +2HNO3(aq)
2. Pb2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) ⇌ PbSO4(s)