Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lecture 3
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Water Mercury
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which the particles of solute and solvent cannot
be seen by the naked eye
The ions or molecules of the solute are being solvated in the solvent – the molecules of
solvent forms bonds with the molecules/ions of the solute. If the solvent is water – hydration.
Vegetable Oil
oil layer
Water Water
layer
Solubility of a substance - mass of the solute which under certain conditions (at given
temperature and pressure) can be dissolved in a given solvent volume.
Example.
At 25 °C 1L water can dissolve 360 g NaCl. What is the solubility?
a) 360 g/L
b) 36.0 g/100 g H2O
Saturated solution - a solution in which the solute doesn’t dissolve anymore at the given temperature.
Oversaturated solution - a solution which contains more solute than can be dissolved
at the given temperature.
• Pressure
• Pressure affects only the solubility of gases. By increasing the pressure, the solubility
of gas increases.
Temperature, °C
Example.
In 100 g of water 13.5 g of glucose (C6H12O6) is dissolved, what is the weight fraction of solute%?
Weight fraction can be expressed: percent (%, ·102), permille (‰, ·103),
ppm (parts per million, ·106), ppb (parts per billion, ·109).
Example.
In 250 mL of water 150 mL of acetone are dissolved, what is the acetone volume fraction %
in the solution?
𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑐=
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example.
In 500 mL of water 38.7 g of potassium chloride are dissolved (M=74.55 g/mol), what is the molar
concentration of the solution?
𝑚𝐾𝐶𝑙 38.7𝑔
𝑛𝐾𝐶𝑙 𝑀𝐾𝐶𝑙 74.55𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.52𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑐= = = = = 1.04𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙. 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙. 0.5𝐿 0.5𝐿
• Molal concentration
(amount of solute (in moles) in definite mass of the solvent (in kilograms))
𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑐𝑚 =
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Example.
38.7 g of potassium chloride (M=74.55 g/mol) are dissolved in 250 g of water, what is the molal concentration
of the solution?
𝑚𝐾𝐶𝑙 38.7𝑔
𝑛𝐾𝐶𝑙 𝑀𝐾𝐶𝑙 74.55𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.52𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑐𝑚 = = = = = 2.08𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 250𝑔 0.25𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝛾=
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example.
BROMHEXINE syrup is used in a condition where there is a lot of thick mucus in the airways, it helps to relieve productive
cough by thinning the mucus in the airways and facilitating the removal of the mucus. The concentration of the active
substance bromhexin in the syrup is γ = 0.8 mg/mL. How many milligrams of bromhexine do adults take per day when one
dose is 15 mL and daily intake is 3 doses?
𝑚𝑔
𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3 ∙ 𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 3 ∙ 15 𝑚𝐿 = 45 𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑚ℎ. = 𝛾 ∙ 𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 0.8 ∙ 15 𝑚𝐿 = 12 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝐿
Mass concentration units can be various: g/L; g/mL; mg/L; mg/mL; μg/mL u.c.
Units for solution density can be various: g/mL, g/cm3, g/L, kg/m3 etc.
𝑐1 ∙ 𝑉1 = 𝑐2 ∙ 𝑉2
𝑛 𝑚 𝑚
𝑐= ; 𝑛= ⇒𝑐= ⇒𝑚 =𝑐∙𝑀∙𝑉
𝑉 𝑀 𝑀∙𝑉
𝑔
mKMnO4 = c𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ∙ 𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ∙ 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙. = 0.08 𝑚𝑜𝑙ൗ𝐿 ∙ 158.03 ൗ𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 0.5 𝐿 = 6.32 𝑔
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑤 % 5%
𝑤 % = ∙ 100% ⇒ 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = ∙ 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 = ∙ 250𝑔 = 12.5𝑔
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙. 100% 100%
3. Calculate the mass that has to be weighed in order to prepare 250 g 5% MgCl2 solution from MgCl2·6H2O!
Given data: m = 250 g; w(%) = 5 %; M(MgCl2) = 95.21 g/mol; M(MgCl2·6H2O) = 203.30 g/mol
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑤 % 5%
𝑤 % = ∙ 100% ⇒ 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = ∙ 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 = ∙ 250𝑔 = 12.5𝑔
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙. 100% 100%
• Boiling-point elevation
If the solute is a non-volatile substance, it elevates the boiling point of the solution.
• Freezing-point depression
• Osmotic pressure
These properties can be observed only in dilute solutions and are not affected by the chemical
nature or size of the particles.
Osmosis
Π = 𝑖𝑐𝑅𝑇
Solutions of substances with identical osmotic pressures are called isotonic solutions.
Na2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
• Molecular equation
AgNO3 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) → Ag2CrO4 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
• Complete ionic equation
Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + 2K+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq) → Ag2CrO4 (s) + 2K+ (aq)+ 2NO3- (aq)