believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans[1][2][3] using rafts or boats at least 67,000

years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested.[4] Negrito groups first inhabited the isles.
Groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands.
Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various settlements or
polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and political
organization.[5] Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas) achieved such
a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered
early states.[6] This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such
as Maynila, Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu[2] as well
as some polities, such as Ma-i, whose possible location are still the subject of debate among
scholars.[7]
These polities were either influenced by the Hindu-
Buddhist[8] Indian religion, language, culture, literature and philosophy from India through many
campaigns from India including the South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I,[9] Islam
from Arabia or were Sinifiedtributary states allied to China. These small maritime states flourished
from the 1st millennium.[10][11] These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan,
Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia.[12] The remainder of the settlements were
independent barangays allied with one of the larger states. These small states alternated from
between being part of or being influenced by larger Asian empires like the Ming
Dynasty, Majapahit and Brunei or rebelling and waging war against them.
The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar
Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan,
Eastern Samar.[13] Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's
expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement
in Cebu.[14] Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political
structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity,
the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the
Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain. After which, the colony was directly governed by Spain.
Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The Philippines then
became a territory of the United States. U.S forces suppressed a Philippine Revolution led by Emilio
Aguinaldo. The United States established the Insular Governmentto rule the Philippines. In 1907, the
elected Philippine Assembly was set up with popular elections. The U.S. promised independence in
the Jones Act.[15] The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step
prior to full independence. However, in 1942 during World War II, Japan occupied the Philippines.
The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945. The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established an
independent Philippine Republic.

Contents

 1Timeline
 2Prehistory
o 2.1The Jade culture
o 2.2The Sa Sa Huỳnh Culture
o 2.3Timeline of Iron Age
 3Pre-colonial period (900 AD to 1565)
o 3.1Initial recorded history
o 3.2The Polity of Tondo
o 3.3Caboloan (Pangasinan)
 o 3.4The Nation of Ma-i
o 3.5The Kedatuan of Dapitan
o 3.6The Kedatuan of Madja-as
o 3.7The Rajahnate of Cebu
o 3.8The Rajahnate of Butuan
o 3.9Struggle against Majapahit
o 3.10The Sultanate of Sulu
o 3.11The Sultanate of Maguindanao
o 3.12The Sultanate of Lanao
o 3.13The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam
 4Spanish settlement and rule (1565–1898)
o 4.1Early Spanish expeditions and conquests
o 4.2Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries
o 4.3Spanish rule during the 18th century
 4.3.1British invasion (1762–1764)
 4.3.2Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century
o 4.4Spanish rule during the 19th century
o 4.5Philippine Revolution
 5American rule (1898–1946)
o 5.1Philippine–American War
o 5.2The Tagalog, Negros and Zamboanga Cantonal Republics
o 5.3Insular Government (1901–1935)
o 5.4Commonwealth
o 5.5World War II and Japanese occupation
 5.5.1Military
 5.5.2Home front
 6Postcolonial Philippines and the Third Republic (1946–1965)
o 6.1Administration of Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)
o 6.2Administration of Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)
o 6.3Administration of Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)
o 6.4Administration of Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961)
o 6.5Administration of Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965)
 6.5.1Land Reform Code
 6.5.2Maphilindo
 7Marcos era
o 7.1Martial law
o 7.2Fourth Republic
 8Fifth Republic (1986–present)
o 8.1Administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino (1986–1992)
o 8.2Administration of Fidel Valdez Ramos (1992–1998)
o 8.3Administration of Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998–2001)
o 8.4Administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001–2010)
o 8.5Administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010–2016)
o 8.6Administration of Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016–present)
 9See also
 10Notes
 11References
 12Further reading
 13External links
Timeline[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Philippine history

Prehistory[edit]
Main article: Prehistory of the Philippines
Docking station and entrance to the Tabon Cave Complex Site in Palawan, where one of the oldest human
remains was located.

Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga has
pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years.[16] Still, the
earliest archeological evidence for man in the archipelago is the 67,000-year-old Callao
Man of Cagayan and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal, both of whom appear to suggest the
presence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking
people.[17][18][19][20][21]
There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa
Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally.[citation needed] Wilhelm
Solheim's Island Origin Theory[22] postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade
networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide-scale
migration. The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo-Polynesians coming from Taiwan
began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals.[23][24]
The Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably
dated.[25] They were followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of
the Austronesian language family, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000
BC, displacing the earlier arrivals.[26][27] Before the expansion out of Taiwan, archaeological, linguistic
and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such
as the Hemudu, its successor the Liangzhu[28][29] and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China.[30][31][32][33][34] During
this neolithic period, a "jade culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of
exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC.[35][36] The jade is said to
have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland
Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between
prehistoric Southeast Asian societies.[37]

The Ifugao/Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over
2000 years ago.
By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of
peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo, Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended
on hunter-gathering and were concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as
the Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains; the
petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon;
and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while
participating in trans-island maritime trade.[38] It was also during the first millennium BC that early
metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with
India[39][40]
Around 300–700 AD, the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with
the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting
influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism.[41][42]

The Jade culture[edit]

Metal lingling-o earrings from Luzon.

Existence of a "Jade culture" in the Philippines is evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely

crafted jade artifacts found at a site in Batangas province.[35][36]
Jade artifacts are made from white and green nephrite a