CIVIL ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III (BFC 24103)

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SEM 1 SESSION 2018/2019

LECTURER’S NAME: DR HAIRUL BIN KHAMIDUN

TITLE: DEFLECTION OF BEAM BY USING DOUBLE
INTEGRAL METHOD
SECTION 5 & 6

GROUP 2
NO. GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC
NUMBERS
1. EIAD YAHYA ALAFIF AF170009

2. MUHAMMAD NAJMI AIMAN BIN KHARIL ANUAR AF170073

3. NIK NAZIERAH BINTI NIK MAHMOOD @ NIK MAT AF170209

4. NUR HAMIRUL IQMAL BIN HAMZAH AF170100

5. SHAHRIZ AMRI BIN MD HANIF AF170174

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 OBJECTIVE 2

3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

4.0 FILA TABLE 3

5.0 METHODOLOGY 4-8

6.0 DISCUSSION 9

7.0 CONCLUSION 10

8.0 APPENDIX 11 - 18

9.0 REFERENCES 19
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In Civil Engineering, construction building is one of the well-known branches that we

used to face in our daily life since the number of sky-crapers increasing throughout the world.
In this branch, engineers are familiar with the flexural member construction or beam as the
support to the building itself. Beams are always been constructed in housing and commercial
building. This is the important element which acts as the supporting member in the building.
However, engineers also face the problem on their constructed beam as it will be affected due
to the applied load to it. The beam will then crack and give some deflection.

By using Mathematical concepts, we can directly calculate the slope and the
deflection of the beam. This calculation can be solved by applying the double integral
method. This method is a powerful tool in solving deflection and slope of any beam at any
point because we will be able to get the equation of the elastic curve. In the general form, we
can write the equation of integral method as follows;

To obtain the Moment;

𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2

where 𝑀(𝑥) is the bending moment equation as a function of 𝑥 the horizontal distance.

Then, calculate for the Slope;

𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 0

𝑑𝑦
where 𝐶1 is a constant. This is called the slope equation since it gives the slope .
𝑑𝑥

Integrate with respect to 𝑥 one more time to obtain the Deflection;

𝑥 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = ∫0 [∫0 𝑀(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2

Where M = Bending moment at the point where the deflection is to be determined

E = Modulus of elasticity

I = Moment of inertia of the beam cross sectional area about its neutral axis

1
2.0 OBJECTIVE

2.1 Applying the theoretical concept in mathematic into the real life, by using the
integrals to calculate the deflection in beams to estimate how bend is going to be through
acting loaded.
2.2 Going deep with understanding the mathematical term (double integration method).

3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

When a beam is subjected to the applied load it will deflect downward. The maximum
deflection along the span is of particular interest to the designer. This is because the design
specifications required the maximum deflection to be within an allowable value otherwise it
is considered failed. One of the methods to determine the beam slope and deflection is double
integration method.

2
4.0 FILA TABLE

Facts Ideas Learning Issues Action

1. Application of beam 1. Important element 1. What are the 1. Find

in housing and in housing and important element information
commercial building commercial building. that used to be through books
emphasized in and journals
2. A supporting
building
member in building

2. Determining the beam Beam slope : 1. How to calculate 1. Information of

slope and deflection of the deflections, or double
a

the beam.  M ( x)dx  c

0
1 deformations, of integration
engineering method and its
Deflection of the beam structures subjected application.
: to loads.

a a
 [0 0
M ( x)dx c1 ]  c2

3. Type of support and a) Pin support 1. Determine the 1. By review a

boundary condition. type of support on few of journals
x=0,y=0
the beam to apply in the Internet.
b) Fixed support boundary condition.

dy
x=L,y=0, =0
dx

x = length

y = deflection of beam

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5.0 METHODOLOGY

Relationship between Radius of Curvature, R and Curve Function y = f(x)

𝑑2 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑥 2
=
𝑅 𝑑𝑦 3
[1 + ( )2 ]2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
is very small in the bending of elastic beam, thus (𝑑𝑥 )2 is very much smaller and can be
𝑑𝑥

considered negligible.

1 𝑑2 𝑦
=
𝑅 𝑑𝑥 2

From bending stress formula,

−𝑀𝑥
𝜎𝑥 =
𝐼

Then

1 1 𝑀𝑦 𝑀
= − ∙ (− )=
𝑅 𝐸𝑦 𝐼 𝐸𝐼

Therefore

𝑑2𝑦 𝑀 𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥

Slope equation

𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥 2 0

𝑀(𝑥) is bending moment equation

𝑐1 is a constant

4
Integrating with respect to x one more time (double integration)

Deflection equation

𝑥 𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑀(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 ] + 𝑐2
0 0

𝑐2 is a second constant

𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are determined from boundary conditions.

5
 Figure 1: The picture shows a house with a crack beam near to our residential college

Free Body-Diagram

7 kN/m

A B

3.40 m

7 kN/m

Ma Rax Rbx Mb
A B

Ray 3.40 m Rby

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Calculation of the beam deflection

↑+ ΣFy = 0

RAy + RBy – 7(3.4) = 0

RAy + RBy = 23.8 kN

ΣMA = 0

7(3.4)(3.4/2) – RBy (3.4) = 0

RBy = 11.9 kN

RAy = 11.9 kN

𝑊𝐿2
M A = MB = 8

7(3.4)2
=
8

= 6.74

7 kN/m

RAy

ΣM = 0

7𝑥 2
M+ –11.9𝑥– 6.74 = 0
2

−7𝑥 2
M= + 11.9𝑥 + 6.74
2

7
 𝑑2 𝑦
∫ EI 𝑑𝑥 2 = ∫ M

𝑑𝑦 −7𝑥 2
EI 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 11.9𝑥 + 6.74
2

𝑑𝑦 −7𝑥 3 11.9𝑥 2
EI 𝑑𝑥 = + + 6.74𝑥 + 𝑐1 Slope equation
6 2

𝑑𝑦 −7𝑥 3 11.9𝑥 2
∫ EI 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + + 6.74𝑥 + 𝑐1
6 2

−7𝑥 4 11.9𝑥 3 6.74𝑥 2

EI y = + + + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 Deflection equation
24 6 2

Boundary Condition:

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 0, y = 0, =0
𝑑𝑥

Apply on slope and deflection equation to achieve 𝑐1 and 𝑐2

𝑐1 = 0

𝑐2 = 0

𝑑𝑦 −7𝑥 3 11.9𝑥 2
EI 𝑑𝑥 = + + 6.74𝑥 (slope equation)
6 2

−7𝑥 4 11.9𝑥 3 6.74𝑥 2

EI y = + + (deflection equation)
24 6 2

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6.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the problem and the solution to get the value of beam deflection, firstly we
must obtain the standard force for the roof at 7 kN/m. Then, by using double integral method,
we managed to obtain the equation of moment, slope and deflection of the beam where we
integrate each of them. Boundary conditions were then been substituted in the slope and
deflection equation in determining the both of it. However, structural elements must be
designed to satisfy requirements for strength, to prevent failure or collapse, and stiffness, to
prevent excessive movement or deflection. So, in order to minimize the deflection of the
beam, we can use moment joints at the ends of beam. Besides, we can also decrease the load
of beam, increase beam moment of inertia, increase beam modulus of elasticity and many
more. Deflection is reduced when one or both ends of a beam resist moment, instead of being
completely free to rotate. This method is generally available for steel or reinforced concrete
construction.

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7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our group project is done successfully after a few weeks. At first, all
group members have our first discussion about the title of our project which needs to be
related in the Civil Engineering. After decided the title which is the deflection in the beams,
we had discussed the chapter and sub chapter in Civil Engineering Mathematics III to be used
in the calculation part. In our group project, we use triple integrals which are in chapter of
multiple integrals to solve the problem that we find out. Besides, we also had used the
application of multiple integrals to find the centre of gravity so we got more understanding on
its stability. Then, a video was done through our efforts. The video is including introduction,
methods to solve the problems and conclusion. It is described by using voice to be clearer to
hear and understand the whole project. At last, we would like to thank to our lecturer who are
for giving a lot of advices and he still willing to spend his time to help us solving those
problems that faced in the project work and we are really appreciate it very much. We are
also very appreciating the cooperation given by all the group members. Because of our
teamwork, the project finished on time successfully.

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8.0 APPENDICES

8.1 INSTRUCTOR’S APPROVAL

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8.2 WEEKLY PERSONAL REFLECTION

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN

HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Weekly Reflection on Personal

Week: 9

Date: 11/11/2018 to 13/11/2018

1. Reflect on your group weekly learning experience;

Book/article read: Integral Flexural Constitutive Model for Deformational Analysis of

Concrete Structures

Other learning activities: Distribute tasks for each group member equally and also find the
suitable time and place to plan on filming video for the selected project that has been
selected.

2. Reflect on your group weekly activities/performance: Based on the article chosen,

Mathematical studies are normally perform the theoretical side of construction design to
estimate the results. From this finding, we can conclude that Mathematical engineering is
essential when it comes to construction. Hence, we need to understand the fundamentals of
any engineering concepts in order to perform well once we have jobs in the future.

(Author Name: Eiad Yahya Abdulrab Alafif)

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FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN
HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Weekly Reflection on Personal

Week: 9

Date: 11/11/2018 to 13/11/2018

1. Reflect on your group weekly learning experience;

Book/article read: Solved Problems in Solid Mechanics

Other learning activities: Discuss with group members, search extra information in the
internet, answer tutorial question.

2. Reflect on your group weekly activities/performance: Distribute task for each member,
briefly explain to the member about the assignment, discuss about the calculation and other
requirement in the assignment and thinking about the solution. All the group member are
giving full commitment in this assignment.

(Author Name: Muhammad Najmi Aiman)

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FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN
HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019
Weekly Reflection on Personal
Week: 9
Date: 11/11/2018 to 13/11/2018

1. Reflect on your group weekly learning experience;

Book/article read: Solid Mechanics, by UITM.

Other learning activities: From this project report discussion, we learned on how to apply
the double integral method in the determination of beam deflection. We found the crack beam
and use the formulae to obtain the value of the slope and the deflection of the beam itself.

2. Reflect on your group weekly activities/performance: The tasks were distributed to all
of the members. At first we found the real condition of the deflected beam then we proceed
with the discussion.

(Author Name: Nik Nazierah)

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FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN
HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019
Weekly Reflection on Personal
Week: 9
Date: 11/11/2018 to 13/11/2018

1. Reflect on your group weekly learning experience;

Book/article read: Double integration method in civil engineering

Other learning activities: Set date and also find the suitable time and place to find on the
cracked beam that will be used in this project

2. Reflect on your group weekly activities/performance: Based on the article chosen,

double integration method is a powerful tool in solving deflection and slope. From this
method, we can solve the issued problem in this project.

(Author Name: Nur Hamirul Iqmal)

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FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN
HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Weekly Reflection on Personal

Week: 9

Date: 11/11/2018 to 13/11/2018

1. Reflect on your group weekly learning experience;

Book/article read: Solid Mechanics

Other learning activities: Discussion with group members to solve problems appeared in
our project. Finding cracked beam to calculate the slope and deflection equation. Discussing
type of cracked beam, list all the measures (force, distance, moment etc) and assumed the
standard force for the beam.

2. Reflect on your group weekly activities/performance: Brainstorming between group

member to apply double integration method in our calculation of beam. Cooperation between
group member to solve the problem. Skills to be covered throughout the project.

(Author Name: Shahriz Amri)

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8.3 OVERALL REFLECTION

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Overall reflection on learning experience for this project

(To be filled by student at the end of project)

1. Content

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objective
3.0 Problem statement
4.0 Fila table
5.0 Methodology
6.0 Discussion
7.0 Conclusion

2. Learning Activities

In this project, we learned on how to use the application of double integral method. As for
the condition that fulfil this project requirement problem, we found the cracked beam in
our neighbourhood which is in the residential area that is not far from our residential
college. This house has the deflected beam. So, from this beam, we determined the
standard distance, force, type of its support and others. We then discussed about the
problem and solution for the deflection of beam calculation.

3. Instructor (s)

Dr Hairul bin Khamidun

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 4. Group Members

1. Eiad Yahya bin Abdulrab Alafif (AF170009)

2. Muhammad Najmi Aiman bin Kharil Anuar (AF170073)
3. Nik Nazierah binti NIk Mahmood @ Nik Mat (AF170209)
4. Nur Hamirul Iqmal bin Hamzah (AF170100)
5. Shahriz Amri bin Md Hanif (AF170174)

5. Generic/Soft Skills

During this project report completion, we managed to apply the application of double
integral method in our daily life especially in Civil Engineering. Besides, we also could
give the solution to the problem on the deflection of beam based on our knowledge by
using the correct formulae.

6. Overall/Others

The objective of this project is to apply the Mathematics theoretical concept into the real
life, by using the double integral method to calculate the deflection in beams and to
estimate how bend is going to be through acting loaded. To calculate the deflection, the
measurements that we have to consider are the force, distance, moment, and the slope of
the beam.

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9.0 REFERENCES

1. Hibbeler, R. C. (2008). Mechanics of Materials. Malaysia: Pearson Education Inc.

2. Md. Noor, M. J., Jusoh, M. S., Ibrahim, M. H. W. (2018). Solved Problems in Solid
Mechanics. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Haji Jantan Sdn. Bhd.

3. Mann, J. F. (2018). Structure Designs Defect. Retrieved on April 20, 2018 from
https://www.structural101.com/default.html

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