n a reactive dye, a chromophore (an atom or group whose presence is responsible for the colour of

a compound) contains a substituent that reacts with the substrate. Reactive dyes have good
fastness properties owing to the bonding that occurs during dyeing. Reactive dyes are most
commonly used in dyeing of cellulose like cotton or flax, but also wool is dyeable with reactive dyes.
Reactive dyeing is the most important method for the coloration of cellulosic fibres. Reactive dyes
can also be applied on wool and nylon; in the latter case they are applied under
weakly acidic conditions. Reactive dyes have a low utilization degree compared to other types of
dyestuff, since the functional group also bonds to water, creating hydrolysis.[1]

Contents

 1Usage
o 1.1Bi- and polyfunctional reactive dyes
 2See also
 3Footnotes
 4External links

Usage[edit]
Reactive dyes had been tested in the late 1800s involving both adding functionalized dyes to the
substrate and then activating the substrate first followed by fixation of the dye. The first commercial
success was described in the early 1950s. Rattee and Stephens at Imperial Chemical
Industries popularlized the chlorotriazines as linkers between the substrate and the chromophore.
Trichlorotriazines remain a popular platform for reactive dyes. The chromophore, with an
amine functional group, is attached to the triazine, displacing one chloride:
(NCCl)3 + dye-NH2 → N3C3Cl2(NHdye) + HCl
The resulting dichlorotriazine can then be affixed to the cellulose fibre by displacement of one of
the two chloride groups:
N3C3Cl2(NHdye) + HO-cellulose → N3C3Cl(NHdye)(O-cellulose) + HCl
The fixation process is conducted in a buffered alkaline dye bath.
An alternative fixation process that is more dominant commercially is the vinylsulfonyl group.
Like the chlorotriazines, this functional group adds to the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. The
most popular version of this technology is Remazol. The dye is first attached to the
ethylsulfonyl group.
Methods for attaching reactive dyes to fibres (Cell = cellulose; R = chromophore).

Reactive dyes are categorized by functional group.[2]

Functionality Fixation Temperature Included in Brands

Basilen E & P, Cibacron

Monochlorotriazine Haloheterocycle 80 °C
E, Procion H,HE

Monofluorochlorotriazine Haloheterocycle 40 °C Cibacron F & C

Dichlorotriazine Haloheterocycle 30 °C Basilen M, Procion MX

Difluorochloropyrimidine Haloheterocycle 40 °C Levafix EA, Drimarene K & R

Dichloroquinoxaline Haloheterocycle 40 °C Levafix E

Trichloropyrimidine Haloheterocycle 80-98 °C Drimarene X & Z, Cibacron T

activated double
Vinyl sulfone 40˚ Remazol
bond

activated double
Vinyl amide 40˚ Remazol
bond

Bi- and polyfunctional reactive dyes[edit]

Dyestuffs with only one functional group sometimes have a low degree of fixation. To
overcome this deficiency, dyestuffs containing two (or more) different reactive groups were
developed. These dyestuffs containing two groups are also known as bifunctional dyestuffs
although some still refer to the original combination. Some contain two monochlorotriazines,
others have a combination of the triazines and one vinyl sulfone group). Bifunctional dyes
can be more tolerant to temperature deviations (better process). Other bifunctionals have
been created, some with fastness (better quality) or only fixation degree (better
environment/economy) in mind.[1]

See also[edit]
  Carbene dyes

Footnotes[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Horst Tappe, Walter Helmling, Peter Mischke, Karl Rebsamen, Uwe Reiher,
Werner Russ, Ludwig Schläfer and Petra Vermehren "Reactive Dyes"in Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_651
2. ^ Stig Hjortshøj (1999), pp. 44–45.

External links[edit]
For more info Fundamental Chemistry of reactive dyes Advancements in Reactive Textile
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Categories:

 Dyes

Name of the experiment: Dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes.

Introduction:
A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically with a substrate to form a covalent dye substrate linkage,
is known as reactive dye.

Here the dye contains a reactive group and this reactive group makes covalent bond with the fibre
polymer and act as an integral part of fibre. This covalent bond is formed between the dye molecules and
the terminal –OH (hydroxyl) group of cellulosic fibres on between the dye molecules and the terminal –
NH2 (amino) group of polyamide or wool fibres.

History:
Reactive dyes first appeared commercially in 1956, after their invention in1954 by Rattee & Stepheness
at the Imperial chemical Industry (ICI). Dyestuffs Divion site in Bleckley, Manchetor. UK.

Usages:
By reactive dyes the following fibres can be dyed successfully:

1. Cotton, rayon, flax and other cellulosic fibres.

2. Polyamide and wool fibres.
3. Silk and acetate fibres.
Trade names:

Trade name Manufacturer Country

Procion I.C.I U.K

Ciba cron Ciba Switzerland

Remazol Hoechst Germany

Levafix Bayer Germany

Reactone Geigy Switzerland

Primazin BASF Germany

Drimarine Sandoz Switzerland

Properties of reactive dye:

1. Reactive dyes are anionic dyes, which are used for dyeing cellulose, protein and polyamide fibres.
2. Reactive dyes are found in power, liquid and print paste form.
3. During dyeing the reactive group of this dye forms covalent bond with fibre polymer and becomes
an integral parts of the fibre.
4. Reactive dyes are soluble in water.
5. They have very good light fastness with rating about 6. The dyes have very stable electron
arrangement and can protect the degrading effect of ultra-violet ray.
6. Textile materials dyed with reactive dyes have very good wash fastness with rating Reactive dye
gives brighter shades and has moderate rubbing fastness.
7. Dyeing method of reactive dyes is easy. It requires less time and low temperature for dyeing.
8. Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap
9. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness with rating 4-5.
10. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness.
General structure of reactive dyes:

The general structure of reactive dye is: D-B-G-X.

Chemical structure of reactive dyes

 Chemical structure of reactive dyes

Here,

D= dye part or chromogen (color producing part)

Dyes may be direct, acid, disperse, premetallised dye etc.

B = bridging part.
Bridging part may be –NH- group or –NR- group.

G = reactive group bearing part.

X= reactive group.

Classification of reactive dyes:

Reactive dyes may be classified in various ways as below:

1) On the basis of reactive group:

a) Halogen (commonly chlorine) derivatives of nitrogen containing heterocycle, like 3 types-

 Triazine group
 Pyridimine group
 Quinoxaline dyes
Example:
Triazine derivatives: procion, cibacron.
Pyridimine derivatives: reactone
Quinoxaline derivatives: levafix.

b) Activated vinyl compound:

 Vinyl sulphone
 Vinyl acrylamide
 Vinyl sulphonamide.
Example:

 Vinyl sulphone: remazol

 Vinyl acrylamide: primazine
 Vinyl sulphonamide: levafix.
2) On the basis of reactivity:
a) Lower reactive dye: Medium reactive dye: here pH is maintained 11-12 by using Na2CO3 in dye bath.
b) Higher reactive dye: here pH is maintained 10-11 by using NaHCO3 in dye bath.

3) On the basis of dyeing temperature:

a) Cold brand:
These types of dyes contain reactive group of high reactivity. So dyeing can be done in lower temperature
i.e. 320-600C.

For example: PROCION M, LIVAFIX E.

b) Medium brand:
This type of dyes contains reactive groups of moderate reactivity. So dyeing is done in higher temperature
than that of cold brand dyes i.e. in between 600-710C temperatures.
For example, Remazol, Livafix are medium brand dyes.

c) Hot brand:
This type of dye contains reactive groups of least reactivity. So high temperature is required for dyeing
i.e. 720-930 C temperature is required for dyeing.
For example PRICION H, CIBACRON are hot brand dyes.

Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:

The dyeing mechanism of material with reactive dye takes place in 3 stages:-

1. Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye absorption.

2. Fixation under the influence of alkali.
3. wash-off the unfixed dye from material surface.
Now they are mentioned below:

Dye absorption:
When fibre is immersed in dye liquor, an electrolyte is added to assist the exhaustion of dye. Here NaCl is
used as the electrolyte. This electrolyte neutralize absorption. So when the textile material is introduces to
dye liquor the dye is exhausted on to the fibre.

Fixation:
Fixation of dye means the reaction of reactive group of dye with terminal –OH or-NH2 group of fibre and
thus forming strong covalent bond with the fibre and thus forming strong covalent bond with the fibre.
This is an important phase, which is controlled by maintaining proper pH by adding alkali. The alkali
used for this create proper pH in dye bath and do as the dye-fixing agent. The reaction takes place in this
stage is shown below: -

1. D-SO2-CH2-CH2-OSO3Na + OH-Cell = D-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-Cell + NaHSO3

2. D-SO2-CH2-CH2-OSO3Na + OH-Wool = D-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-Wool + NaHSO3
3. Wash-off:
As the dyeing is completed, a good wash must be applied to the material to remove extra and unfixed
dyes from material surface. This is necessary for level dyeing and good wash-fastness. It is done by a
series of hot wash, cold wash and soap solution wash.

Application method:
These are 3 application procedures available:
1. Discontinuous method-

 Conventional method
 Exhaust or constant temperature method
 High temperature method
 Hot critical method.
2. Cotinuous method-

 Pad-steam method
 Pad dry method
 Pad thermofix method
3. Semi continuous method-

 Pad roll method

 Pad jig method
 Pad batch method.
Stripping of reactive dye:
The reactive dye cannot be satisfactory stripped from fibre due to covalent bond between dye molecule
and fibre. Stripping becomes necessary when uneven dyeing occurs.

Partial stripping:
Partial stripping is obtained by treating the dyed fabric with dilute acetic acid or formic acid. Here
temperature is raised to 70-100°C and treatment is continued until shade is product of hydrolysis. The
amount of acid used is as below: -

Glacial acetic acid : 5-10 parts

With water :1000 parts

Or

Formic acid :2.5 to 10 parts

With water :1000 parts
Temperature : 70 - 100°C
Time : until desired shade is obtained.
Different methods of reactive dye application:
1) Pad-batch method.
Pad batch processes are of two types-

a) Pad (alkali)-batch (cold) process.

b) Pad (alkali)-batch (warm or hot) process.

2) Pad dry method

3) Pad steam method.

Conclusion:
By this experiment we came to know the reactive dyes are of the least reactivity because they take more
temperature and more time for dyeing.

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