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Experiment 1
PACKED COLUMN DISTILLATION PROCESS
1.0 OBJECTIVES
2.0 OVERVIEW
Distillation is one of the important unit operations in many chemical industries and has
been used from the inception of chemical and process industry. Distillation is used for the
separation of components in a liquid mixture of volatile constituents. The Distillation Column is
usually a vertical column where the liquid and vapor phases of the mixture are made to mix and
approach equilibrium.
The two types of distillations utilized in industry are batch and continuous. Batch
distillation is desirable when small quantities of high valued chemicals need to be separated. In a
batch system, the column can handle different mixtures by simply changing its operating
conditions. In this lab, the packing in the column is rachig rig glass. The distillation column also
contains a condenser, which cools and condenses the vapor leaving the top of the column. A
reboiler is connected to the bottom of the distillation apparatus and it provides the reboil heat that
is necessary for distillation.
Chemicals required:
Ethanol industrial grade.
Deionized-Water.
1. Obtain 21 test tubes; label the test tubes with A1 until A21. Total volume in each test
tube is 20 ml.
2. Prepare the mixture of ethanol and deionized water to each test tube according to
volume indicate by Table 1.
3. Note that, Stir the mixture of solution (A1 until A21) with glass rod.
4. Obtain the refractive index reading for solution in each tube using refractometer.
5. Record the refractive index reading for each tube tests using Table 1.
PART B: Operate vapor -liquid separation process using a Packed Column Distillation Unit
under reflux ratio.
Chemicals required:
Ethanol industrial grade.
Deionized-Water.
14 Allow a period of 15 minutes for the equipment to maintain thermal equilibrium with
surroundings.
15 The unit is now ready to be used for an experiment.
5.0 REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
Table of Results
APPENDIX B
1. Draw the equilibrium curve based on data given in Appendix B, by plotting mole fraction
of ethanol in vapor on the y-axis against mole fraction of ethanol in liquid on the x-axis.
2. Draw the 45-degree line( y =x)
3. Indicate distillate (xD), bottom (xB) and feed (xF) composition on the graph based on
data obtained from experiment.(refer to appendix A).
4. Draw the feed line (q line). For saturated liquid, this is a vertical line running from the
feed composition (xF) through the equilibrium curve.
5. For a specified reflux ratio, r, draw the 'rectifying' line (ROL). This rectifying line begins
at the point xD on the 45-degree line and has intercept on y-axis.
ROL equation:
6. Draw the 'stripping' line (SOL) by connecting the intersection of the feed line and the
rectifying line and the point xB on the 45-degree line.
7. Beginning at the point xD on the rectifying line, draw a horizontal line to the equilibrium
curve and then a vertical line to the operating (rectifying or stripping) line.
8. Repeat step 7 forming a staircase until you reach or pass the point x B on the 45-degree
line.
9. Each point where the staircase intersects the equilibrium curve denotes one stage in the
column.