CE 424: Sanitary Engineering Topic Level Outcome (TLO): TLO 3

Main Topic: Pipe Connections Prepared by: Group 3

Sources:
-What is a stopcock? (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2019, from https://www.wonkeedonkeetools.co.uk/stopcock-keys/what-is-a-stopcock
-What are the different types of water tap? (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2019, from https://www.wonkeedonkeetools.co.uk/tap-reseaters/what-are-the-types-of-water-tap
-Types of Pipe Fittings Used in Piping - A Complete Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2019, from https://hardhatengineer.com/pipe-fittings/
Source: Learn Different Types of Pipe Flanges Used in Piping. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2019, from https://hardhatengineer.com/types-flanges-used-piping/
-National Fire Protection Association. (1993). Fire hydrants. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Fire-Hydrant.html#ixzz5hUHUqB5e
Ludacer, R. and Orwig, J. (2017). Not all fire hydrants are red — here's what each different color means. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/meaning-of-different-fire-hydrant-colors-2017-11
-McClatchie, D. (2017). Fire hydrant color code table. Retrieved from https://www.fmsystems-inc.com/fire-hydrant-color-code-table/
-What is a Reflux Valve or Check Valve? (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2019 from https://gharpedia.com/reflux-or-check-valve/?fbclid=IwAR0HOSCTZvbWAnxdGQiIGVpZWOYn7yD_oaOJsefwNeQgAs-8g7aes2s1DEs
-What is a Sluice Valve and/or Gate Valve? (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2019 from https://gharpedia.com/sluice-valve/?fbclid=IwAR0HOSCTZvbWAnxdGQiIGVpZWOYn7yD_oaOJsefwNeQgAs-8g7aes2s1DEs
-Why Air Valves are Needed in Water Applications (June 21, 2017). Retrieved March 6, 2019 from http://www.valvemagazine.com/magazine/sections/water-works/8520-why-air-valves-are-needed-in-water-
applications.html?fbclid=IwAR1jkeZPUgekRaS1QCeGAIzf-EHiOLlS4b01WRfqAWH7CiBhM8bD_MP-udE

CHAPTER 8: PIPE CONNECTIONS

A. VALVES
A.1) AIR VALVES/ AIR RELIEF VALVES
Air valves release the pressure accumulated in the pipelines or introduce air into the system to reach adequate pressure.
These valves are installed the highest points in a pipeline where air naturally collects.
A.2) REFLUX VALVES/ CHECK VALVES
Check valves, also referred to as Non Return Valve, are installed to restrict the flow of water in one direction to prevent
backflow.

A.3) SAFETY VALVES/ PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

A pressure relief valve is a safety device that protects a pressurized vessel or system when the pressure isn’t at the right
level. This type of valve opens when a pressure level is reached in order to release the pressure, thus preventing damage to
the system or other areas. There are three types of pressure relief devices: Reclosing-type pressure relief devices, Non-
reclosing type pressure relief devices, Vacuum relief device.
A.4) SLUICE VALVES
Sluice Valves functions strictly to either start or stop the flow. The opening and closing of gate valve is perpendicular to line
of flow.

B. FITTINGS & TAPS

B.1) STOP COCKS
Stopcocks are used to prevent the flow of water into a domestic water system while carrying out maintenance. Without
turning off the stopcock, there would be a major leakage of water during the water operation. Types of Stop Cocks: a)
Internal stopcocks b) External stopcocks.
B.2) WATER TAPS
Types of water taps:
 Compression washer taps – These are the oldest and most common. Works by moving a washer covered nut up and down
against the seat, controlling the water flow.
 Ball taps/mixer tap – The ball rotates, lining up different holes to allow water to pass.
 Disk taps –They work using two ceramic disks which have holes that when aligned, allow the water to pass.
B.3) BENDS
 Tee – Is used for disturbing or collecting the fluid from the run pipe.
 Elbows - Is used more than any other pipe fitting. It provides flexibility to change the pipe direction.
 Unions - Unions are used as an alternative to flanges connection in low-pressure small bore piping where dismantling of the
pipe is required more often. Unions can be threaded end or socket weld ends. There are three pieces in a union, a nut, a
female end, and a male end, when the female and male ends are joined, the nuts provide the necessary pressure to seal the
joint.
 Caps - Covers the end of a pipe. Pipe caps are used at the dead end of the piping system. It is also used in piping headers for
future connections
 Plugs – are similar to caps but it has a male thread and is used to cover pipe endings with female thread
 Crosses - Also known as four-way pipe fitting. A cross has one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa).
 Backnuts – Also called a locking nut; provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint.
 Nipples - Is a short stub of pipe which has a male thread at each end or at one end. It is used for connecting two other
fittings. Nipples are used for connecting pipe, hoses, and valves.
 Flanges - Are used when joints need dismantling. It provides flexibility for maintenance. Flange connects the pipe with
various equipment and valves.
C. FIRE HYDRANTS
There are two types of pressurized fire hydrants: wet-barrel and dry-barrel. In a wet-barrel design, the hydrant is connected
directly to the pressurized water source. The upper section, or barrel, of the hydrant is always filled with water, and each outlet has
its own valve with a stem that sticks out the side of the barrel. In a dry-barrel design, the hydrant is separated from the pressurized
water source by a main valve in the lower section of the hydrant below ground. The upper section remains dry until the main valve is
opened by means of a long stem that extends up through the top, or bonnet, of the hydrant. There are no valves on the outlets. Dry-
barrel hydrants are usually used where winter temperatures fall below 32° F (0° C) to prevent the hydrant from freezing.
When the body color of the hydrant is colored yellow it means that the hydrant is connected to a public water main and
violet for hydrants where supply is from a pond or lake.
Top color of hydrant signifies the amount of water the hydrant can supply. The following are used: Blue for 1500 GPM or more,
green for 1000-1499 GPM, orange for 500-999 GPM, and Red for hydrants that can supply Below 500 GPM.
All hydrants are assumed to provide at least 20 psi. However, if it doesn’t it is recommended the following color of outlet caps:
Green for hydrants over 120 psi, orange for 50-120 psi, red for below 50 psi.

D. STANDPOSTS & DRINKING FOUNTAIN

A drinking fountain is a device that supplies water for people to drink in places such as streets, parks, or schools. It consists of a basin
with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from
the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to lower its
temperature.

E. WATER METER
A water meter is a device that measures the volume of water delivered to a property.
Types of Water Meters:
 Displacement Water Meters – measure how much water occupies a given space. The water flow displaces the measuring
device according to the volume of water in either gallons or cubic feet that passes through the meter.
 Positive Displacement Meters – are the most common water meters for homes and small businesses. They can measure
small volumes of water at low flow rates to a high degree of accuracy.
 Velocity Meters -it measure the speed at which the water moves. The velocity through the meter's specific volume is
measured and converted to units of volume, either gallons or cubic feet.

F. WATER PUMPING MACHINERY

Water pumps are commonly used on construction sites for dewatering or removing excess water accumulation. Water can build up
due to heavy rains or from a high water table, and pumps allow you to move the water quickly to minimize downtime. Water pumps
suitable for this application come in two main types and can be electric, gas-powered, hydraulic, or manual.