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STRIP METHOD
KEVIN COWIE
CLARK HYLAND
NANDOR MAGO
ABSTRACT
Kevin Cowie is a Structural
Engineer in the Steel Structures Finite element analyses of column base plates show
Analysis Service at the New that neither the Thornton model, recommended by
Zealand Heavy Engineering American Institute of Steel Construction, nor the
Research Association. Eurocode 3 Annex L model adequately reflects the
bearing stress distribution. Finite element analysis
shows a concentration in bearing stress occurs
where the flanges of an H section meets the web.
Kevin Cowie This paper presents an improved design procedure
incorporating this observation. Uniform bearing
Clark Hyland is a Structural stress distributions under the web and flanges are
Engineer and the manager for superimposed to give an increased bearing stress in
the Steel Structures Analysis the region where the flanges meet the web.
Service at the New Zealand
Heavy Engineering Research
Association.
Clark Hyland
In this paper a brief description of literature Figure 2: Cantilver Model – collapse mechanism
reviewed is presented along with their various
assumptions. The procedure developed by the As the cantilever extension reduces the predicted
authors, called the Lapping Strip method approach, capacities becomes increasingly unconservative.
is then presented including a description of Finite
Element Analysis, (FEA), testing. The Lapping 2.2. Fling Model
Strip method for base plate design is used in HERA
The Fling model is a modification to the cantilever
Report R4-100:2003 Structural Steelwork
model. It is only applicable to H shaped sections.
Connections Guide.
This model recognized limitations of bare plate
stiffness on load capacity by introducing a
serviceability check.
2. Literature Review
Ranzi and Kneen made a comprehensive review of For base plates where sizes are similar to the
column base plate procedures and a summary is column, Fling recommended a strength check based
presented below. (Rabzi, G and Kneen, P., 2002) on yield line theory with a pattern as shown in
Figure 3. The support conditions assumed for the
2.1. Cantilever Model
plate are fixed along the web, simply supported
The cantilever model was the first available along the flanges and free on the edges opposite to
approach to design of column pinned base plates. the web.
This model is appropriate for design of large base
plates where the dimensions of the base plate are
much larger than that of the column.
Rigid Area
tw
ti
σb
Figure 6: “T” stub model assumed stress
distribution
FEA results are presented in Table 3 and 4 and the contact pressure distribution is shown in Figures 15 to 17.
The maximum stress and the average stress in the stress block area based on Lapping Strip Method are
presented. This is compared to the predicted stress for the area in the vicinity of where the web meets the
flanges. The first predicted pressure is calculated using idealised material properties with no material reduction
factors applied. The second predicted pressure uses material properties with reduction factors applied. The
design concrete bearing capacity, accounting for confinement of the concrete, is calculated in accordance with
New Zealand Concrete Structures code NZS 3101:1995. The equation being
A2
φσb = φc 0.85fc' , φc 0.85fc' 2 (24)
A1 min
fc' 28 day concrete cylinder strength
A1 Base plate foot print area
A 2 Design effective concrete bearing area
Model No. Axial load Finite Element Analysis Lapping Strip Method Prediction
kN
Max Stress Ave Stress in Stress Ideal material Material Reduction
MPa Block MPa Factors Applied
MPa MPa
1 14913 26.9 21.5 38.0 30.9
3 14112 46.4 40.9 60.0 50.4
Table 4: Predicted Stress verus FEA Stress in Lapping Areas
The minimum area base plate FEA shows stress
concentration on the concrete immediate below the
edge of the base plate on the concrete. Some local
crushing of the concrete and redistribution of
bearing pressure will be necessary. Further
investigations of this effect in minimum area base
plate are required. Currently the Lapping Strip
Method is therefore limited to base plates sized to
extend beyond the rigid base plate area. For lightly
loaded columns, the thickness required is small and
thus the rigid area extensions from the faces of
Figure 15: No 1 1200WB455 bearing stress columns are also small.
distribution
5. CONCLUSION
Literature review shows that there are a number of
different models for column pinned base plates.
Each model has different assumptions for bearing
pressure area under the base plate. Finite element
analysis shows that that the bearing pressure
increases in the vicinity of where the flanges meets
the web. The Lapping Strip Method presented in
this paper reflects the distribution of bearing stress
more accurately. Further investigated on minimum
sized base plates and what values to use for
Figure 16: No 4 500WC440 base plate bearing concrete bearing capacity is required.
stress distribution
6. NOTATION
REFERENCES
1. AS/NZS 4600:1996. Cold-formed steel
structures. Standards New Zealand/ Standards
Australia
2. ABAQUS/Standard. Finite Element Analysis
Program. 2001. HKS Inc, Pawtucket RI, USA.
3. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures DD Env
1993-1-1 Part 1.1 General rules and rules for
buildings, 1992
4. Hyland, C., HERA Report R4:100:1999
Structural Steework Connections Guide, 1999,
HERA, Manukau, New Zealand
5. Hyland, C., Cowie, K., Clifton,. C., HERA
Report R4:2003 Structural Steework
Connections Guide, 2003, HERA, Manukau,
New Zealand
6. Joints in Steel Construction Moment
Connections. 1997, The Steel Construction
Institute, England
7. NZS 3101:1995. Concrete Structures
Standard. Wellington: Standards New
Zealand.
8. NZS 3404:1997. Steel Structures Standard.
Wellington: Standards New Zealand.
9. Ranzi, G and Kneen, P Design of Pinned
Column Base Plates. Steel Construction, Vol
36 No 2 September 2002, Australian Steel
Institute, Australia.