E(OLOGI(IIL

mODELLInG
ELSEVIER Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110

Evaluation of eutrophication control strategies for the Keban Dam

reservoir
S. Soyupak a, L. Mukhallalati a,1, D. Yemi§en b, A. Bayar a, C. Yurteri a, *
a Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical Unioersity, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
b General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, 06530 Ankara, Turkey

Received 7 March 1996; accepted 15 August 1996

Abstract

The reservoir of the Keban Dam in eastern Anatolia is a very deep and large water body subject to significant seasonal
water level fluctuations within a given hydrological year. At the present time, different sections of the reservoir have
different trophic status and the upper portion of the reservoir, in particular, is eutrophic. In this regard, there is a need for the
assessment of alternative strategies to be implemented for phosphorus and thus eutrophication control in this segment of the
reservoir. In this study, mathematical modeling techniques are used to compare various alternatives in terms of their relative
effectiveness for phosphorus control. With this intention, a two dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic model and a
three-dimensional compartmental water quality model are coupled to represent the complex water body dynamics prevailing
in the reservoir. After calibration and verification, the coupled model was used to simulate dissolved oxygen and euphotic
chlorophyll-a concentrations under different scenario conditions corresponding to various strategies proposed for phosphorus
control. The modelling effort has yielded valuable information that can be used by decision makers for the evaluation of
different management alternatives including reduction of the phosphorus load coming from point as well as diffuse sources
within the catchment area, use of baffles and construction of pre-dam structures. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Deep and large reservoirs; Hydrodynamic modelling; Water quality modelling; Eutrophication; Phosphorus control

I. Introduction ranean Sea level. At this level, surface area and

As can be seen in Fig. 1, the Keban D a m Reser-
voir (KDR) is located in eastern Anatolia between
35020 ' and 38037 ' northern latitudes, and 38015 ' and
39052 ' eastern longitudes. The m a x i m u m operation
level of the reservoir is 845 m above the Mediter-
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 90 312 210 5867; fax: 90 312 210
1260.
L. Mukhallalati was a graduate student at METU during the
time of this study. He is currently working for the Mediterranean
University, Antalya, Turkey.
volume o f the reservoir are 675 k m 2 and 30.6 × 109
m 3, respectively. Due to highly varying seasonal
hydrological inputs as well as power generation, the
reservoir is subjected to significant water level fluc-
tuations which lead to altemating drying and wetting
in some parts of the inundated area within a given
hydrological year. Further, the mass loads o f various
pollutants coming to the reservoir also exhibit a
highly varying seasonal trend. Consequently, the es-
timation of the temporal and spatial variations of
water quality parameters in the K D R is a very
complex problem.

0304-3800/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Pll S 0 3 0 4 - 3 8 0 0 ( 9 6 ) 0 0 0 7 7 - 4
100 S. Soyupak et a l . / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110

In recent years, governmental agencies including
the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Coun-
cil (TOBiTAK) and the General Directorate of State
Hydraulic Works (DSi) initiated long-term joint re-
search programmes to investigate water pollution
and eutrophication problems in the KDR. In this
regard, an extensive field monitoring programme has
been carried out for nearly four years. At the same
time, mathematical modelling studies have also been
started in order to develop a practical tool that can be
used for water quality management purposes includ-
ing eutrophication control (Mukhallalati, 1994;
Soyupak et al., 1994; Yemi§en and Soyupak, 1994).
As a result of these studies, it is concluded that
different segments of the KDR exhibit different
trophic levels. In particular, the upper segment of the
KDR between the towns of Palu and Elaz:~ is classi-
fied as eutrophic. The other two main segments

• ,J \ Mnditerrnn.n.."~~'I ,

1
o, ~, ,O,~m " l

Outflow

Uluova~,
Pumping

(~ Point source monitoring stotion • In- lake moniloring |totion

Fig. I. Locationof the KebanDam Reservoirand the reservoirsegmentof interest.

 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110 101

downstream of this portion display mezotrophic Table 1

(eutrophic) and mezotrophic (oligotrophic) proper- Flow rates and phosphorus loads of Uluova Creek and Murat
River
ties.
The eutrophic portion receives critically high pol- Source Date Flow rate PO4-P Total-P
(m3/s) (mg/1) (mg/l)
lutant loads mainly from the Uluova Creek carrying
untreated 2 wastewaters of Elazl~ province center Uluova Creek 26.03.1992 0.29 0.426 3.090
Uluova Creek 21.04.1992 0.26 0.544 4.820
which has a current population of over 200,000, and Uluova Creek 21.05.1992 0.29 0.618 1.745
from the Murat River transporting high amounts of Uluova Creek 24.06.1992 0.32 0.592 3.200
nitrogen and phosphorus to the reservoir (see Fig. 1). Uluova Creek 29.07.1992 0.35 0.554 5.275
The monitoring studies mentioned above have also Uluova Creek 13.08.1992 0.29 0.570 3.920
Uluova Creek 10.09.1992 0.40 0.409 2.750
revealed that the eutrophication problem in the KDR
Uluova Creek 26.10.1992 0.41 0.702 3.020
is limited by phosphorus. In terms of the phosphorus Murat River 17.03.1992 120 0.007 0.049
load to the reservoir segment of interest, the contri- Murat River 14.04. ! 992 1.375 0.008 0.071
butions of various sources were measured as follows Murat River 25.05.1992 710 0.014 0.109
(Yemi§en and Soyupak, 1994): Murat River 30.06.1992 260 0.013 0.194
Murat River 20.07.1992 80 0.003 0.046
Murat River 84.7% Murat River 19.10.1992 70 0.012 0.175
Uluova Creek 14.2%
Sugar factory 0.4%
Palu 0.7%
for the improvement of water quality in the upper
segment of the KDR. In this regard, the purpose of
In the subsequent modelling work, only the inputs this paper is to present a mathematical modelling
from Murat and Uluova are considered as other approach that can be used for the assessment of
sources are minor. As can be seen in Table 1, two various alternatives (such as construction of a pre-
different forms of phosphorus are measured; PO4-P dam for controlling sediment transport and phospho-
represents the soluble inorganic form while total-P rus load) in terms of their effectiveness for eutrophi-
represents both the dissolved and particulate forms cation (i.e., phosphorus) control in the reservoir seg-
together 3. As listed above and in Table 1, the phos- ment of interest. With this intention, the paper aims
phorus flux coming from the Murat River is signifi- to stress engineering and management evaluations
cantly higher than that of the Uluova Creek due to under different scenario conditions rather than details
the several orders of magnitude difference in flow and complexities of mathematical modelling. By the
rates. same token, the specifics of various erosion control
In other words, mainly due to severe erosion in a measures (agricultural and others) to be applied
vast catchment area, the waters of Murat carry the throughout the entire upper Murat catchment are
majority of the incoming phosphorus load to the beyond the scope of the paper.
eutrophic reservoir segment. It should also be noted
that the catchment area downstream of the conflu-
ence with the KDR is rather marginal compared to 2. Water quality surveys
the upper catchment area of the Murat River.
Therefore, design and implementation of viable For the entire KDR, a total of fifteen in-lake
phosphorus control strategies are of special interest measurement and sampling stations are established
for research and monitoring purposes. Considering
the eutrophic nature of the water body, five of these
stations are located in the upper reservoir segment.
2 Construction of the Elaz~, wastewater treatment plant is Further, there exist point source monitoring stations
completed after the time of this investigation. The wastewaters of
the city are now subjected to secondary (biological) treatment.
on both Murat River and Uluova Creek (see Fig. 1).
3 All values for Murat and Uluova are measured at the point of For all in-lake and point source stations, sampling
entrance to the KDR. and analyses are being conducted at monthly inter-
102 S. Soyupak et aL / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110
vals. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, light
intensity and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations
are measured in situ at many points along the depth
of the water column by using automated field instru-
ments. For the laboratory determination of other
quality parameters, water samples are collected at
three different depths (0.2 m from the surface, at the
level of thermocline and at 1 m above the bottom) 4
For each sample collected at a specific depth,
water quality parameters determined in the labora-
tory include acidity, alkalinity and concentrations of
nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate and ammonia), phosphorus
(total and orthophosphate), solids (suspended and
volatile), total iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium,
sodium, sulphate and chloride. Further, total Kjel-
dahl nitrogen as well as biological (BOD 5) and
chemical (COD) oxygen demands are analyzed for
depth-averaged composite samples. For each station,
determination of chlorophyll-a concentrations and
identification of plankton species are carried out on
two different composite samples separately collected
from the euphotic zone and the sublayer extending
from the bottom to the euphotic zone.
All analyses are being conducted at the DSi labo-
ratories in Elazl~ according to the standard methods
(Clesceri et al., 1989). Details and results of t h e
water quality surveys are given elsewhere (Yemi~en
and Soyupak, 1994).
3. Mathematical modelling studies
The KDR is subjected to a wide variation over
both time and space. For instance, the flow rate of
Murat fluctuates between 38 and 2000 m3/s, and the
water level of the reservoir exhibits changes up to 20
m in time spans less than four months. Conse-
quently, the dynamics of the reservoir is such that
major water quality parameters show wide variations
longitudinally, laterally and vertically. Under such
conditions, simple empirical models relating trophic
indicators and loading are not applicable. Further, it
is not possible to trace the concentrations of major
4 F o r the m o n t h s during w h i c h thermocline w a s not observed,
samples w e r e collected at the transect midpoint.
eutrophication indicators (e.g., dissolved oxygen and
chlorophyll-a) in time and space by using such sim-
plistic approaches.
Hence, the modelling approach adopted for the
KDR is based on coupling a three-dimensional water
quality model with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic
model yielding water levels, flow rates and velocities
required for the mass balance equations of the water
quality model. For this purpose, a linkage program is
developed to transfer the discretized outputs of the
hydrodynamic model into the water quality model.
3.1. Hydrodynamic modelling
The depth-averaged hydrodynamic model used for
the KDR is based on the following continuity equa-
tion:
Oqx Oqy
+ +--=S-e (1)
Ox ay at
In Eq. (1), qx and qe are water discharge compo-
nents in longitudinal (x) and lateral (y) directions
and t is time. The water surface elevation above still
water is denoted by "0. The source term S represents
the rate of water gain (e.g., precipitation) to the
water body; whereas, the sink term e represents the
rate of water loss (e.g., evaporation) from the water
body.
In addition to Eq. (1), pertinent momentum rela-
tionships are used in the present study to account for
the effects of numerous other factors including atmo-
spheric pressure gradient, Coriolis' force, tidal force,
wind stress as well as bottom and lateral friction
(Platzman, 1963; Reid and Bodine, 1968; Heaps,
1969; Cheng and Tung, 1970; Simons, 1971; Abbott
et al., 1973; Schuepfer et al., 1988; Jerome, 1990).
In order to account for vertical variation, the
water column was divided into eight equal-depth
layers. The vertical water velocity is kept constant
for each layer; but, the layers respond uniformly (by
changing equally) to changes in overall water depth
(increase or decrease).
The hydrodynamic model can predict water veloc-
ities and discharges at different time steps. In the
present case, the model was applied to the segment
of interest for different time periods during which
 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110 103

water surface elevations and rate of inflows were
recorded by the DSi. The details pertinent to the
spacial discretization and numerical solution of the
hydrodynamic model are given elsewhere (Mukhal-
lalati, 1994). It should, however, be noted that the
agreement between the water levels measured by the
DSI and those predicted by the model is satisfactory
(Mukhallalati, 1994). As a typical example, the pre-
dicted daily-averaged velocity field for a specific day
within the simulation period is presented in Fig. 2.
3.2• Water quality modelling
In terms of water quality modelling, the following
general advective-dispersive mass balance equation
is employed for the computation of the transient
constituent concentrations:
0C O 0 0 into consideration, the solution technique utilized in
at - ax ( u c ) - T;y ( v c ) - Tz (we)
In Eq. (2), C denotes the concentration of the se-
lected constituent, while U, V and W are the water
velocities in x, y and z directions. And, ~x, 8y and
Ez are the turbulent diffusion (or dispersion) coeffi-
cients in x, y and z directions. In terms of the
source-sink terms, Sz is the total rate of kinetic
transformations, SL is the point and diffuse source
loading rate and SB stands for the boundary loading
rate given in units of (mass/volume-time).
Numerical algorithms are available for solving
multi-dimensional transport expressions such as the
one given in Eq. (2) above (Shanahan and Harleman,
1984). Unfortunately, such algorithms mostly as-
sume control elements with constant (time invariant)
volumes. In a reservoir like the KDR, however,
water levels (and thus control volumes) exhibit sig-
nificant temporal changes. In order to take this fact
this study is based on a computational grid system

0
+ Ox
(oc) o(O y) (
E~--~x +
~y
ey +
OZ 8 - -
z Oz
having control elements with variable depth and
volume. In this grid system, each control element is
treated as a continuously stirred tank reactor for
computation of constituent concentrations. Transport
+ SK + SL + SB (2) rates of a given water quality constituent, on the

~ : .- - - - : ." , . . ~

Mural Rlvar Inflow : lOTO mS/a

Outflow • 1344 m 3 / s
Wel*ar l e v e l = 0 2 4 . 3 O r e
Wind spied ( W N W ) : 3.14 roll

Fig, 2. A typicaldaily-averagedvelocityfield for the eutrophicsegment.

104 S. Soyupaket al./ EcologicalModelling97 (1997)99-110
Table 2 • Changes in BOD content due to death of phyto-
Major parameters of the calibrated model
plankton and settling of particulate BOD as well
Parameter Value Unit as oxidation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous ma-
Temperature coefficient for CBOD 1.047 - terial.
deoxygenation • Changes in DO concentration due to reaeration,
Temperature coefficient for 1.08 -
oxidation of organic matter, nitrification and sedi-
nitrification
Temperature coefficient for 1.045 - ment oxygen demand as well as respiration and
phytoplankton respiration growth of phytoplankton.
Temperature coefficient for 1.078 - For such processes, the kinetic formulations used
phytoplankton growth in the present study are identical to those applied in
KBOo for oxygen limitation 0.50 mg O 2/1
water quality models (e.g., WASP4) developed for
Knit for oxygen limitation 2.00 mg 0 2 / 1
Knit for phytoplankton growth 0.025 mg N/I the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Phosphorous half-saturation 0.001 mg PO4-P/! (USEPA) (Di Toro et al., 1983; Connolly and Win-
constant for phytoplankton field, 1984; Ambrose et al., 1988) s. In this regard,
CBOD deoxygenation rate 0.04 day- the DO balance within a given control volume is
Nitrification rate 0.04 day-
computed by using the following expression:
Endogenous respiration rate of 0.06 day- i
phytoplankton
Maximum growth rate of 1.3 day- i OC=k2(Cs-C)-kd(~):-2°(C )
phytoplankton 0--;- KBO D -}- C CBOD
Non-predatory phytoplankton 0.02 day- l
death rate 64 r-20( C )CNH'
(C/chlorophyll-a) ratio in 30 - 14 kn~nit t Knit + C
phytoplankton
Saturation light intensity for 10.9 X 10 ' i j - 2 day- i SOD
phytoplankton D osr- 20

(32 48 14 _ PNH3)) Cphyt

+ G p " ~ ' + 1"~'" ~ ' ( 1

other hand, are calculated across the interfaces of the 32

adjoining control volumes (Mukhallalati, 1994). 12 kr ~ 7 - 2° Cphyt (3)

3.3. Kineticformulations
In water bodies, a myriad of transformation pro-
cesses lead to changes in the aqueous concentrations
of water quality parameters of interest. Based on the
information given in the pertinent literature, the fol-
lowing major processes are included in the water
quality model:
• Respiration, growth, death and settling of phyto-
plankton.
• Changes in phosphorus concentration due to
growth, death and settling of phytoplankton as
well as mineralization of organic phosphorus.
• Changes in nitrogen concentration due to growth,
death and settling of phytoplankton as well as
mineralization of organic nitrogen, nitrification
and denitrification.
Where C, C~, CBoo, CNm and Cphyt represent the
respective concentrations of DO, saturated DO, BOD,
ammonia and phytoplankton carbon in mg/l. On the
other hand k 2, k d, k n and k r are the reaeration,
deoxygenation, nitrification and phytoplankton respi-
ration rates (1/day) 6. KBoo and Knit are the half-
saturation constants for oxygen limitation of deoxy-
5 In terms of modelling, however, the present approach is quite
different than classical models such as the WASP since the
hydrodynamic model of WASP and its linkage to the water
quality model are one-dimensional.
6 The reaeration rate (k 2) is taken as the larger of the two
values computed either by the flow-induced calculation methodol-
ogy developed by Covar (1976) or the well-known wind-induced
calculation method developed by O'Connor (1983).
 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110 105

DO Concentration ( m g / I ) DO Concsntrotion(mg/I )
6 B I0 12 14 2 4 t~ 8 I0 12 14
0! '1 | II I'111'l' I i , 2 i~ i I I I I I I ~

I0 IO

30 Q 3O

Station No: 6
40
o,.,, B, ,o Run date: 3 0 , 0 6 . 1 9 9 2

. . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . a_o.~_- Bottom
~0 50

DO Concsntratlontmg/I ) DO Concentration ( m g / I )
4 6 8 I0 12 i4 0 2 4 6 8 I0 12
, i , i ~ J l t i~ ~ , , i , , , | im, t ~ l , , ,, I 0 '''1 .... I ~~ ~ ' I J '.~L~' ' ' I' ' ' ' I

I0 ~ Jr'°""
JO

20

I
40 Station No: 6 40 1 Slotion No:6
Run dote : 20.07.1992 Run date ; 19.10.1992

4 Bottom
50 .... Bottom

Model predictions ---e--- Measured values

F i g . 3. Comparison of measured and predicted DO profiles.

genation and nitrification 7. The growth rate of phy-
toplankton is Gp w h i l e PNrt3 is the ammonia prefer-
ence factor. The temperature correction coefficients
of deoxygenation, nitrification, sediment oxygen de-
mand and respiration rates are denoted by 0d, 0nit, 0s
and 0r with T being water temperature in degrees
Celsius.
7 Deoxygenation and nitrification rates are subject to saturation
kinetics and hence decrease as the DO concentration increases (Di
Taro and Connolly, 1980; Di Taro and Matystik, 1980; O'Connor,
1981; Thomarm and Fitzpatrick, 1982). Further, the model ac-
counts for oxygen production due to reduction of nitrate to
ammonia by phytoplankton when ammonia is not readily available
for their growth.
3.4. Calibration and verification
The adopted mathematical modelling approach
was subjected to a thorough calibration and verifica-
tion procedure prior to its use for management pur-
poses. With this intention, the results obtained from
a series of calibration and verification runs were
compared with prescribed sets of field measure-
ments. The purpose of executing calibration trials for
specified time spans was to find a suitable combina-
tion of numerical values for the model parameters
and hence to obtain an acceptable match between
model predictions and field data. The results of
calibration were checked using statistical tools such
as constrained regression analysis and root mean
106 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110

25 25

®
2o z0

o J
o 15

o 1o 1o
=
2

;tot!on NO : 5 [ Station No: V W

! I o[ I
Moy 1992 ~luno 1992 duly 1992 May 1992 3une 1992 Ouly Ig92

Z5 25

m 20 2o

~ ~--®
o
L. 15

o
!
I0 . 10

o 5

Station Ha: 6 Station No: 8

.... I I 0 ! I
May 1992 3uno 199;) 3uly 1992 May 199 ;~ Oun¢l 1992 ;3uly 1992

Model predictions ~ Measured values

Fig. 4. Comparisonof measuredand predictedchlorophyll-aconcentrations.

square error (RMSE) measuring goodness of fit
(Mukhallalati, 1994). The calibrated values of major
model parameters are listed in Table 2. Even though
it was not possible to find kinetic information and
data for a reservoir of similar nature (in terms of
climatological and operational conditions), all pa-
rameter values calibrated for the KDR are within the
general ranges reported in pertinent literature (Bowie
et al., 1985).
Following calibration trials, the response of the
calibrated model to different initial conditions and
data sets acquired from the measurement and sam-
pling programme was tested via a series of verifica-
tion runs. As exemplified in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, the
predictive capability and accuracy of the modelling
approach are satisfactory for the evaluation of future
management strategies. The details of calibration and
verification runs as well as model predictions can be
found elsewhere (Mukhallalati, 1994; Yemi~en and
Soyupak, 1994).
4. Results and discussion
It is generally accepted that, in cases where phos-
phorus is the limiting nutrient, control of phosphorus
at source is the only long-term solution to the prob-
lem of eutrophication. Other caretaking approaches
which endorse tackling symptoms rather than the
causes can only be acceptable when the feasibility of
applying phosphorus control at source is question-
able. In this regard, proposing viable strategies for
eutrophication control in a huge reservoir like the
KDR is not an easy task.
 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110 107

Specifically, both the enormity and the socio-eco- were executed with the calibrated parameter values
nomic structure of the catchment area propagate and started with the same initial conditions. The
severe complexities. Moreover, sequential drying and subsequent effectiveness evaluations are based on
wetting occur due to seasonal water level fluctua- potential improvements in DO and euphotic chloro-
tions imposed not only by the operation of the phyll-a concentrations which are selected as the
hydro-power plant, but also by the highly variable primary water quality variables of choice. In other
meteoro-logical characteristics of the area which in- words, temporal and spatial concentration variations
duce significant temporal variations in the incoming expected from the implementation of the strategy of
hydraulic loads. Under these circumstances, four dis- interest are compared with the predictions obtained
tinct alternatives for phosphorus control at source are under the currently existing conditions (see Fig. 5
evaluated in terms of overall effectiveness in mitiga- and Fig. 6). The DO comparisons are made for the
tion of eutrophication: month of October when oxygen content of the reser-
1. Phosphorus control within the catchment area of voir is at the lowest level.
the Murat River.
2. Tertiary treatment of Elazl~ wastewaters. 4.1. Phosphorus control within the catchment of
3. Construction of baffles in the eutrophic segment Murat River
of the reservoir.
4. Construction of pre-dam structures on the Murat Water quality surveys revealed that the majority
River. of the nutrients reaching the KDR is being carried by
Each mitigation strategy is assessed separately in the Murat River (Yemi§en and Soyupak, 1994). In
the following paragraphs. For this purpose, the this context, this strategy is the only one among all
adopted modelling approach was used to represent the proposed alternatives which truly pertains to
the behaviour of the eutrophic reservoir segment phosphorus control at source. However, regional so-
under different scenario conditions. All simulations cio-economic characteristics and the size of the

Dissolved oxygen ( m g / i )
0 2 4 6 8 I0 12
0 i , i , | I i i , I ! I , ' I i , ! , I I~: 11
It ~ W l ; l i l I

IO
: q-

•
:;t I
.
Station N o : 8
Run dote s 1 9 . i 0 . 1 9 9 2

Exist Ing conditions

50% P - control
20
•~ rll J ~ 25% P-control
E • ...... Boundary flow mixing
II
~'~ 'Tertiary treatment
• .~ jTIA
41,
c~

30

• ; I I
I! i .;oi:
,.,,...~-[.,
i I :
40
~i : I' BottQm

SO

F i g . 5. E f f e c t o f a l t e r n a t i v e s t r a t e g i e s o n D O profiles.
108 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110

25 | |
agricultural management techniques within the
catchment area since application of a treatment pro-
~ 2O
cess (physico-chemical or biological) to the waters
of Murat is not deemed feasible due to the magni-
tude of the flow ranging in between 38 and 2000
m3/s.
As illustrated in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, reduction of the
|
B j" \. phosphorus load transported by the Murat River will
lead to significant improvements in water quality.
For instance, based on a comparison of the predicted
o chlorophyll-a concentrations with the limits estab-
g s
lished by the OECD (1982), a 25% reduction of the
Stotion ~ o : S
phosphorus load will upgrade the existing eutrophic
I J conditions to eutrophic-mezotrophic levels. Based on
Hoy 1 9 9 2 :uncl992 ,July 1992 the same criteria, the conditions will be further up-
graded to mezotrophic levels as a result of a 50%
reduction of the incoming phosphorus load.
25

4.2. Tertiary treatment of Elazt~ wastewaters

20

3 This alternative examines the potential effects of

subjecting all Elazl~ wastewaters to tertiary treat-
ment which will hypothetically reduce the BOD S,
nitrogen and phosphorous levels in the effluent to
IO zero. However, as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, a
complete removal of nutrients from the wastewater
o of Elazl~ will only bring about marginal improve-
ments in the concentrations of DO and euphotic
chlorophyll-a.
Stoffon No: 8
I I
May 1992 3une 1992 3uly 1992 4,3. Construction of baffles
E x i s t i n g condition . . . . 5 0 °/o P - control
~.m Ttrt;orytrnotmnnt ~ - - 25% P-control
The results of the monitoring programme have
indicated that a sub-layer having a low DO concen-
Fig. 6. Effectof alternativestrategieson chlorophyll-aconcentra-
tions. tration is formed between two layers of higher DO
content during and immediately after summer strati-
fication. The phenomenon of a non-uniform DO
catchment area (25,500 km 2) will pose major diffi- profile is particularly apparent near the narrow sec-
culties in terms of implementing this alternative. tion in the eutrophic segment of the reservoir. In this
Leaving the practical aspects aside, it was of respect, DO profiles observed at this section (Station
interest to estimate the positive effects of such an 5) reveal that the DO concentration in the mid-layer
undertaking on water quality in the reservoir. With can be as low as 2-3 mg/1; whereas, the upper layer
this intention, two sets of simulations were run corre- maintains a high DO content reaching supersatura-
sponding to 25 and 50% reduction of the phosphorus tion values near the surface (Soyupak et al., 1994).
load coming from the catchment area. It is assumed Consequently, it was decided to investigate the
that such reductions in the phosphorus load of the potential water quality impacts of constructing a set
Murat River can only be achieved by applying proper of baffles across the narrow strait in the vicinity of
 S. Soyupak et al. / Ecological Modelling 97 (1997) 99-110
Station 5 and thus creating a uniform DO distribu-
tion with depth. The results of model runs for this
scenario demonstrated that conception of such a
boundary of uniform bio-chemical composition will
considerably improve the bottom DO concentrations
downstream of Station 8 (see Fig. 5).
4.4. Effect of pre-dam structures
Rather than being an original strategy, this alter-
native merely refers to future DSi plans regarding
dams on the Murat River and in particular to the
proposed Palu Dam situated immediately upstream
of the KDR. It is clear that, as a pre-dam structure,
the reservoir of the Palu Dam will eliminate a por-
tion of the incoming pollutants including phospho-
rus. Based on the principles of methods developed
by Benndorf and P~tz (1987) for the estimation of
phosphorus removal in pre-dam structures, potential
phosphorus reductions in the reservoir of the planned
Palu Dam will range from 0% during times of high
flow to 27% in a relatively short period during fall.
The mean annual phosphorus reduction provided by
the Palu Reservoir is expected to be about 7.5%
(Karul, 1995). Thus, it is obvious that, without im-
plementing proper control measures in the upper
catchment of Murat, only marginal water quality
improvements can be anticipated from the construc-
tion of the proposed Palu Dam.
5. Concluding remarks
A mathematical modelling approach, based on
coupling a compartmental water quality model with
a hydrodynamic model has been applied to the eu-
trophic segment of the KDR in order to determine
the effectiveness of various eutrophication control
alternatives. For this purpose, the dynamic behaviour
of the reservoir segment of interest has been exam-
ined under different scenarios related to phosphorus
control.
According to simulation results obtained by using
a set of calibrated model parameters, significant
improvements in water quality can only be achieved
by applying proper phosphorus reduction strategies
within the catchment of the Murat River. Sole appli-
cations of other end-of-pipe control measures (i.e.,
109
tertiary treatment of Elazl~ wastewaters, provision of
boundary flow mixing with baffles and construction
of pre-dam structures) will only result in marginal
improvements.
The modelling approach utilized for the analysis
of the eutrophication problem in the KDR has yielded
sufficiently accurate information on the overall effec-
tiveness of alternative management strategies to be
implemented in the future. Such modelling ap-
proaches are especially useful to decision makers
when other simplistic methods are not applicable due
to the complex properties of the system under con-
sideration.
Acknowledgements
This study has b~en supported by the Turkish
Scientific and Technical Research Council
(TOBiTAK) through DEBAG contracts 1/G and
83/6. The authors thank the related personnel of the
State Hydraulic Works (DSi) and Environmental En-
gineering Department of Middle East Technical Uni-
versity.
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