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Abstract
Liquefaction is a phenomenon where the saturated non-cohesive soil loses its strength caused by earthquake. That
condition of soil can be found in Benoa area, Denpasar. Therefore, liquefaction potential analysis must be conducted for
a consideration for a construction process in that area. Method which is used in liquefaction potential analysis is a
method developed by I.M Idriss and Boulanger (2008). This method use SPT and CPT data. SPT and CPT data is
analyzed to get CRR (Cyclic Resistance Ratio) value or the soil resistance against liquefaction. CRR value will be
compared to CSR (Cyclic Stress Ratio) value or shear stress which is caused by earthquake and the result is FS (Factor of
Safety) value against liquefaction. The result of the liquefaction potential, either use SPT or CPT data are expected to
produce similar result. The result of the analysis is in the form of soil stratigraphy which can shows clearly the soil layer
is potentially liquefied or not. From the analysis result in Benoa area, either SPT or CPT data shows the soil has a
liquefaction potential. FS value from SPT data shows all the test points have liquefaction potential in various depth, with
FS value ranges from 0.4 to 0.8. FS values from CPT data shows all of the test points have a liquefaction potential in
depth 1 to 12 m, with FS value ranges from 0.3 – 0.7.
Keywords: Liquefaction, CSR (Cyclic Resistance Ratio), CRR (Cyclic Stress Ratio), FS (Factor of Safety)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Soil is a very important element in the construction process. Soil serves as a foundation footing. Therefore, the
strength and the stability of the soil is something that must be kept in planning. If not properly taken into account in the
planning, failures in the soil can affect the whole building.
Problems on the soil that can occur in an earthquake is soil liquefaction. Liquefaction is a process of changing the nature
of the soil from solid to liquid state, which is caused by cyclic loading that is generally caused by the earthquake so that
pore water pressures rise toward the vertical stress. Liquefaction occurs when a non-cohesive soil in a water-saturated
state are losing a strong shear. During an earthquake soil more behaves as a liquid than as a solid, so that there is
liquefaction which can endanger buildings on top of it.
1.2. Objectives
From the background of the above problems, the objectives of this study are : Analyzing the liquefaction
potential, Determining the score of soil security against liquefaction with the data of SPT and CPT, Comparing the
security score of the soil using the liquefaction data of SPT and of SPT
2.2 Methods
Methods in liquefaction potential analysis in this study were as follows:
1. Soil type examination
2. Calculating the magnitude of Earthquake Plan and PGA
3. Calculating the value of CSR
4. Calculating the value of CRR from SPT data, then compared with CSR, the Factor of Safety (FS) was obtained
5. Comparing the value of FS from the data of SPT and CPT
…………………………………. (1)
Where :
amax : peak horizontal acceleration on the surface of soil caused by earthquake
g : gravity
σv : vertical overburden stress
σ‟vo : effective vertical overburden stress
rd : coefficient of stress reduction
……………….. (2)
Where :
(N1)60cs : Corrected Value of N SPT
Furthermore, CRR value is compared to the value of CSR of each layer of soil and it will get the value of FS.
Results of the values of CSR, CRR, and FS are plotted onto a graph showing the value in each layer of soil. Below is a
graph of the calculation of the liquefaction potential analysis of SPT data from each point of drilling.
Figure 1: Graph of Relationship Between CSR, CRR and FS with depth at the first location of BH-01
In the graph, the black line indicates the line is at a point that is equal to one. If the FS versus Depth graph is on
the left of the black line, it can be said that the layer of soil potentially experience liquefaction. Conversely, if the lines
are in the right black line, it can be said to have resistance to liquefaction.
………………………………………………………… (3)
Where :
Qc1Ncs : Value of resistant conical tip which has been corrected
Furthermore, the CRR value is compared with the value of CSR of each layer of soil and it will get the value of
FS. Results of the value of CSR, CRR and FS are plotted onto a graph showing the value in each layer of soil. Below is a
graph of the calculation of the liquefaction potential analysis of SPT data from each point.
Figure 2: Graph of Relationship Between CSR, CRR, and FS with depth at the First Location of S-01
3.6. Comparison of FS Value from the SPT and CPT Data
In the calculation of liquefaction potential analysis, the SPT and CPT data have its own advantages and
disadvantages. Thus it is necessary to compare the two data in order to obtain more comprehensive results. At each test
site, data retrieval of SPT and CPT was carried out side by side in the expectation that soil tested do not have too much
different characteristics of the soil.
Figure 3. Graph of Comparison of FS Value of SPT-1 and CPT-1 in the First Location
Figure 4. Graph of Comparison of FS Value of SPT-2 and DPT-2 at the First Location
Figure 5. Graph of Comparison of FS Value of SPT-2 and DPT-2 at the Second Location
The graph above shows the two data both used the data of SPT and CPT showed that the soil has the potential for
liquefaction. The difference is that in the data of soil CPT obtained was shallower than the SPT data, this is because the
CPT data collection will be stopped if there are hard soil (exceeding the capacity of the tool) although in the subsoil still
have the possibility of having the type of softer soil.
The graph shows that the liquefaction potential analysis using CPT data is more critical than using SPT data because the
value of FS generated from CPT data shows more layers of soil with liquefaction potential.
REFERENCES
(1) The National Standardization Agency. “ How Penetration Testing Tools Fields with CPT” SNI 2827,2008, Jakarta.
(2) The National Standardization Agency. „How Penetration Testing Tools Fields with SPT‟ SNI 4153,2008, Jakarta.
(3) The National Standardization Agency. “Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa untuk Struktur Bangunan Gedung dan
Non Gedung, SNI 1726, 2012, Jakarta.
(4) Budhu, Muni. “Soil Mechanic and Foundation” , 2000. USA.
(5) Das, Braja M. ”Principle of Soil Dynamic”, 2009, USA.
(6) Idriss, I.M. dan Boulanger, R.W. 2008. Soil Liquefaction During Earthquake. USA
(7) Ikhsan, Rifa. ”Analysis of Potential liquefaction of CPT and SPT data with Power Plant Case Study of Ende, Nusa Tenggara
Timur”, 2011, Civil Engineering Department Indonesia University.
(8) Politeknik Negeri Bali. 2009. Result soil investigation 1
(9) Prakash, Shamsher. ” Soil Dynamic. ”, 1981, USA.